普通油茶营养诊断及施肥研究
|
摘要
油茶(Camellia Oleifera)属山茶科山茶属常绿小乔木或灌木,是我国特有的重要木本食用油料树种。油茶生产中普遍存在的低产现象已成为油茶产业发展的瓶颈问题。研究表明,管理粗放和良种缺乏是油茶低产低效主要原因。针对不同林分进行有效的营养诊断和根据营养诊断结果进行科学合理的施肥是提高油茶产量和效益最有效的方式之一。本研究将野外调查、田间试验以及室内试验分析相结合,采用植株分析、土壤分析和“3414”正交试验等方法,依据不同产量水平油茶林地土壤状况、油茶枝梢、叶片和根系生长发育规律、叶片和果实的大量元素含量及其年周期动态变化规律,试图建立实用的油茶营养诊断标准和和合理的推荐用肥方案。本研究主要结果如下：
1.普通油茶枝梢、果实及根系年生长规律。普通油茶果实生长是与新梢生长是交替进行的,3月初春稍开始生长,3—5月份是春梢生长最旺盛的季节,5月底春梢停止生长后,果实开始快速增长,6-7月份油茶果实的体积增大速度最快。根系第1次高峰从12月份开始,发根数量比较多,第2次高峰出现在秋梢停止生长以后。
2.不同树龄普通油茶的根系分布规律。油茶根系几乎集中在0-40 cm深的土层,该区域根系数量占总量的比例最高,最高可达98.7%,40 cm以下土层根系分布很少；5a-15a生油茶根幅都在2m以内,15a-30a扩展到4m左右,根系主要分布在距树干基部1 m的范围内,该区域内的比例占整个根系数量的58.2%以上；根系趋水肥性强。
3.缺素对普通油茶根系形态及活力的影响。缺素不同程度抑制油茶幼苗主根生长,使根冠比不协调；缺钾会抑制油茶幼苗侧根分化和生长,缺氮会促进侧根伸长,但是根系相对细弱；磷的缺乏对油茶根系活力影响明显,NPK全素营养能提高扩大根系表面积和提高根系活力；三元素不平衡对油茶幼苗生长发育更为不利。
4.普通油茶叶片、果实中N、P和K元素含量年变化规律。叶片和果实中N元素含量都随着时间推移而浓度不断下降；在果实速生期阶段,果实的P元素含量是在不断上升的,而到油脂合成阶段,其含量不断下降,叶片中的磷元素含量变化规律基本和果实一致；叶片中K元素的含量在5月5日处于最高(6.66 g·Kg-1),随后经历一个急剧的下降过程,到6月5日下降到4.10 g·Kg-1,随后升高到5.85 g·Kg-1(7月20日),进而开始下降,直至采收期(3.89 g·Kg-1)。果实中K含量随果实膨大始终保持着稳步上升的趋势。
5.普通油茶林地土壤诊断标准和叶片DRIS诊断标准。通过对不同油茶林土壤物理性质和化学性质的分析,建立了土壤物理性质诊断三相坐标和养分诊断指标；通过测定高产林和低产林的叶片N、P和K元素含量,运用DRIS原理,经统计分析和N、P和K DRIS参数的筛选,建立了油茶林叶片DRIS初步诊断分级标准、诊断图以及指数式,为油茶营养诊断和施肥提供了标准和依据。
6.普通油茶高低产林土壤性质差异及施肥方案。对不同产量水平油茶林地土壤状况进行了分析,明晰了湖南省各油茶主产区的土壤三相和养分变异情况,初步确定油茶林普遍缺磷的现状；通过“3414”配方施肥试验,得出17a生油茶林大量元素施肥比例约为1：1：1,施肥量约为尿素1Kg/株、过磷酸钙1Kg/株、氯化钾1Kg/株；并根据枝梢、果实和根系生长和分布规律以及叶片、果实矿质元素变化规律,确定了油茶施肥方式、时期及肥料种类。
Oil-tea (Camellia Oleifera) is a small evergreen tree or shrub belongs to theaceae, which is an important woody specie provide unique edible oil. Presently there is 3.02×106 ha oil-tea forest in China and 26.25 tons of oil was produced annually, average oil output per ha is only 87 Kg, common phenomenon of low-yield has become the bottleneck of oil-tea industry. Lots of research results showed that the lack of extensive management and improved varieties is the main reason, while the nutrition diagnosis and scientific and rational fertilization according to the results of nutrition diagnosis can increase production and efficiency effectively. combined field investigation, field trials and laboratory experiments, used plant analysis, soil analysis and "3414" orthogonal test method, based on soil conditions and new shoot, leaf and root growth and development, and nutrient content of leaf and fruit and nutrient dynamics, this study trying to work out practical nutrition diagnosis systems and reasonable recommended fertilizer program. The main results of are as follows:
1. Annual growth characteristics of fruit shoot and root in camellia oleifera. Growth is alternating between shoot and fruit, shoots began to grow slightly in spring in early March, gradually speed up its growth rate, and march-May is the most productive season of spring shoots growth. By the end of May spring shoots stop growing, the fruit volume began to increase rapidly in mid-June to late July. Root 1st growth peak started from December, the number of hair root was more, and 2ed peak after fall shoots growth become slowly.
2. Roots distribution of different age in camellia oleifera. The result showed that the roots of Camellia Oleifera centralized in upper soil layer at the depth of 0～40 cm and the circle of 1 m Off the trunk; root range become deeper and wider with the increase of age; the roots have obvious characteristics of tending to fertilizer and water.
3. The influence of nutrient deficiency on Roots was studied. Sand culture experiment was employed to study the effects of nutrients deficiency on roots morphological and activity of Camellia Oleifera seedlings, The result showed that the main roots length was inhibited, and root-shoot ratio(R/T) uncoordinated by nutrients deficiency, especially N deficiency; the lateral root differentiation and elongation was significantly reduced when seedlings grown in K deficiency, but promoted in N deficiency; The treatments with nutrients deficiency could reduce roots vigor. To roots development, nutritional imbalance' inhibitory effect was significantly.
4. Annual dynamics of macronutrient content in leaf of camellia oleifera was studied. N (nitrogen) concentration in leafs falling as the leaf and fruit growing. In the fruit fast growing period, P(phosphorus) content is rising, while on the oil synthesis phase, element contents falling, P content variation in leafs as same as in fruit. K (Potassium) concentration in leaf is at the highest (6.66 g·Kg-1) in the May 5, followed by a dramatic decline in the process, fell down to the 4.10 g·Kg-1 in June 5, from June 20 to July 20 rose to 5.85 g·Kg-1, then begin to decline again until harvest (3.89 g·Kg-1). K content in fruit increased steadily as fruit enlargement.
5. Soil diagnostic criteria and leaves DRIS diagnostic criteria were established. Through analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil in different oil-tea forest, diagnosis of the physical properties of soil and nutrient diagnosis of three-phase was established. using DRIS principle, by measuring the macronutrient content in the leaf respectively, which collected from plant from high-yield and low-yield stand, through statistical analysis, DRIS diagnosis classification criteria, diagnostic plan, and exponential were established, these criteria provides a standard and basis of fertilization.
6. Nutritional content differences in the high-yield and low-yield stand and fertilization scheme was studied. Nutritional content differences of soil in the high-yield and low-yield stand were analyzed, soil condition variation in Hunan production area was clarify, the results showed P deficiency is common in these areas. And by the result of "3414" orthogonal test method,17 years-old oil-tea plant should be fertilized with urea 1Kg/strains, super phosphate 1Kg/strains and potassium chloride 1Kg/strains
1.普通油茶枝梢、果实及根系年生长规律。普通油茶果实生长是与新梢生长是交替进行的,3月初春稍开始生长,3—5月份是春梢生长最旺盛的季节,5月底春梢停止生长后,果实开始快速增长,6-7月份油茶果实的体积增大速度最快。根系第1次高峰从12月份开始,发根数量比较多,第2次高峰出现在秋梢停止生长以后。
2.不同树龄普通油茶的根系分布规律。油茶根系几乎集中在0-40 cm深的土层,该区域根系数量占总量的比例最高,最高可达98.7%,40 cm以下土层根系分布很少；5a-15a生油茶根幅都在2m以内,15a-30a扩展到4m左右,根系主要分布在距树干基部1 m的范围内,该区域内的比例占整个根系数量的58.2%以上；根系趋水肥性强。
3.缺素对普通油茶根系形态及活力的影响。缺素不同程度抑制油茶幼苗主根生长,使根冠比不协调；缺钾会抑制油茶幼苗侧根分化和生长,缺氮会促进侧根伸长,但是根系相对细弱；磷的缺乏对油茶根系活力影响明显,NPK全素营养能提高扩大根系表面积和提高根系活力；三元素不平衡对油茶幼苗生长发育更为不利。
4.普通油茶叶片、果实中N、P和K元素含量年变化规律。叶片和果实中N元素含量都随着时间推移而浓度不断下降；在果实速生期阶段,果实的P元素含量是在不断上升的,而到油脂合成阶段,其含量不断下降,叶片中的磷元素含量变化规律基本和果实一致；叶片中K元素的含量在5月5日处于最高(6.66 g·Kg-1),随后经历一个急剧的下降过程,到6月5日下降到4.10 g·Kg-1,随后升高到5.85 g·Kg-1(7月20日),进而开始下降,直至采收期(3.89 g·Kg-1)。果实中K含量随果实膨大始终保持着稳步上升的趋势。
5.普通油茶林地土壤诊断标准和叶片DRIS诊断标准。通过对不同油茶林土壤物理性质和化学性质的分析,建立了土壤物理性质诊断三相坐标和养分诊断指标；通过测定高产林和低产林的叶片N、P和K元素含量,运用DRIS原理,经统计分析和N、P和K DRIS参数的筛选,建立了油茶林叶片DRIS初步诊断分级标准、诊断图以及指数式,为油茶营养诊断和施肥提供了标准和依据。
6.普通油茶高低产林土壤性质差异及施肥方案。对不同产量水平油茶林地土壤状况进行了分析,明晰了湖南省各油茶主产区的土壤三相和养分变异情况,初步确定油茶林普遍缺磷的现状；通过“3414”配方施肥试验,得出17a生油茶林大量元素施肥比例约为1：1：1,施肥量约为尿素1Kg/株、过磷酸钙1Kg/株、氯化钾1Kg/株；并根据枝梢、果实和根系生长和分布规律以及叶片、果实矿质元素变化规律,确定了油茶施肥方式、时期及肥料种类。
Oil-tea (Camellia Oleifera) is a small evergreen tree or shrub belongs to theaceae, which is an important woody specie provide unique edible oil. Presently there is 3.02×106 ha oil-tea forest in China and 26.25 tons of oil was produced annually, average oil output per ha is only 87 Kg, common phenomenon of low-yield has become the bottleneck of oil-tea industry. Lots of research results showed that the lack of extensive management and improved varieties is the main reason, while the nutrition diagnosis and scientific and rational fertilization according to the results of nutrition diagnosis can increase production and efficiency effectively. combined field investigation, field trials and laboratory experiments, used plant analysis, soil analysis and "3414" orthogonal test method, based on soil conditions and new shoot, leaf and root growth and development, and nutrient content of leaf and fruit and nutrient dynamics, this study trying to work out practical nutrition diagnosis systems and reasonable recommended fertilizer program. The main results of are as follows:
1. Annual growth characteristics of fruit shoot and root in camellia oleifera. Growth is alternating between shoot and fruit, shoots began to grow slightly in spring in early March, gradually speed up its growth rate, and march-May is the most productive season of spring shoots growth. By the end of May spring shoots stop growing, the fruit volume began to increase rapidly in mid-June to late July. Root 1st growth peak started from December, the number of hair root was more, and 2ed peak after fall shoots growth become slowly.
2. Roots distribution of different age in camellia oleifera. The result showed that the roots of Camellia Oleifera centralized in upper soil layer at the depth of 0～40 cm and the circle of 1 m Off the trunk; root range become deeper and wider with the increase of age; the roots have obvious characteristics of tending to fertilizer and water.
3. The influence of nutrient deficiency on Roots was studied. Sand culture experiment was employed to study the effects of nutrients deficiency on roots morphological and activity of Camellia Oleifera seedlings, The result showed that the main roots length was inhibited, and root-shoot ratio(R/T) uncoordinated by nutrients deficiency, especially N deficiency; the lateral root differentiation and elongation was significantly reduced when seedlings grown in K deficiency, but promoted in N deficiency; The treatments with nutrients deficiency could reduce roots vigor. To roots development, nutritional imbalance' inhibitory effect was significantly.
4. Annual dynamics of macronutrient content in leaf of camellia oleifera was studied. N (nitrogen) concentration in leafs falling as the leaf and fruit growing. In the fruit fast growing period, P(phosphorus) content is rising, while on the oil synthesis phase, element contents falling, P content variation in leafs as same as in fruit. K (Potassium) concentration in leaf is at the highest (6.66 g·Kg-1) in the May 5, followed by a dramatic decline in the process, fell down to the 4.10 g·Kg-1 in June 5, from June 20 to July 20 rose to 5.85 g·Kg-1, then begin to decline again until harvest (3.89 g·Kg-1). K content in fruit increased steadily as fruit enlargement.
5. Soil diagnostic criteria and leaves DRIS diagnostic criteria were established. Through analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil in different oil-tea forest, diagnosis of the physical properties of soil and nutrient diagnosis of three-phase was established. using DRIS principle, by measuring the macronutrient content in the leaf respectively, which collected from plant from high-yield and low-yield stand, through statistical analysis, DRIS diagnosis classification criteria, diagnostic plan, and exponential were established, these criteria provides a standard and basis of fertilization.
6. Nutritional content differences in the high-yield and low-yield stand and fertilization scheme was studied. Nutritional content differences of soil in the high-yield and low-yield stand were analyzed, soil condition variation in Hunan production area was clarify, the results showed P deficiency is common in these areas. And by the result of "3414" orthogonal test method,17 years-old oil-tea plant should be fertilized with urea 1Kg/strains, super phosphate 1Kg/strains and potassium chloride 1Kg/strains
引文
[1]庄瑞林.中国油茶[M](第二版).北京：中国林业出版,2007.1—7
[2]国家林业局.全国油茶产业发展规划(2009-2012年)[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2009：2,9
[3]胡芳名,谭晓风,刘惠民.中国主要经济树种栽培与利用[M].中国林业出版社,2007.前言
[4]贾治邦.解决突出问题,把住关键环节,积极稳妥地推进油茶产业又好又快发展一在全国油茶产业发展现场会上的讲话[J].湖南林业科技,2008,10：7—8
[5]M. Hossainl & V.P. Singh. Fertilizer use in Asian agriculture:implications for sustaining food security and the environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2000,57:155-169.
[6]张万儒.国外森林土壤研究现状与趋向[J].世界林业研究,1990,3(2)：23-29
[7]中国农业百科全书总编辑委员会.中国农业百科全书林业卷[M].北京：农业出版社,1989：323
[8]REINHARD F.HUTTL. Fertilization as a tool to mitigate forestry decline associated with nutrient deficiencies. Water, Air,& Soil pollution.1987,(33)3-4:265-275
[9]W.M.LANGILLE and K.S.MACLEAN. Some essential nutrient elements in forest plant as related to species, plant part, season and location. Plant and Soil,1976,45:17-26
[10]Rumpa Biswas Bhattacharjee, Aqbal Singh, S. N. Mukhopadhyay. Use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as biofertiliser for non-legumes:prospects and challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2008,80:199-209
[11]万泉.土壤林木营养诊断及平衡施肥现状及展望[J].福建林业科技,2008.35(1)：239-243
[12]李贻锉.林木施肥研究[J].中国林业年鉴,1988：277
[13]刘寿坡,刘献忠,朱占学等.杨树林地施肥的系统效应[A].见：张万儒,刘寿坡主编.森林与土壤[C].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1992.154-158
[14]杉木施肥试验课题协作组.杉木幼林施肥效应研究[A].见：盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[C].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1992.198-200
[15]陈玉东.谈谈油茶施肥和出油率之间的关系[J].林业实用技术,1960,14：16-17
[16]徐祥隆.抚育、垦覆、施肥对油茶增产的作用[J].浙江农业科学,1960,3：48—50
[17]湘西土家族苗族自治州林科所.施肥对缩小油茶大小年的作用[J].湖南林业科技,1976，3：21—22
[18]李振纪.油茶壕沟抚育施肥[J].湖南林业科技,1976,4：19-21
[19]李振纪.油茶施肥与灌溉[J].湖南林业科技,1976,6：31—32
[20]李振纪.油茶耕作制度上的创新——壕沟抚育施肥[J].林业实用技术,1976,7：14-15
[21]柳州地区林科所.油茶施肥试验[J].广西林业科学.1976,3：16
[22]岳季林,徐文彬,孙洪祥等.油茶播种育苗施肥正交试验初报[J].贵州林业科技.1981.3：21—26
[23]韦雍时.油茶施肥增产显著[J].浙江林业科技.1982,3：20-22
[24]范双德.油茶施肥效果调查[J].江西林业科技,1983,3：30-31
[25]周树荣.油茶成林施肥试验初报[J].广西林业科学,1983,4：40-44
[26]丘星初,张余生.油茶营养诊断研究(摘要)[J].江西林业科技,1982,1：19-30
[27]李克瑞,刘煊章,漆龙林.油茶品种比较试验—苗期生长量生物量及营养元素含量[J].经济林研究,1983,1：42—52
[28]方建初,谢明信,彭仲明.施用不同氮肥量对油茶产油量及营养物质代谢的影响[J].湖北林业科技,1980,3；1-13
[29]何方,毛献策,王义强等.中国油茶林地土壤类型的研究.经济林研究[J].1993,11(2)：2-14
[30]何方,何柏.油茶栽培分布与立地分类的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(5)：64-72
[31]申巍.修剪施肥对油茶生长结实特性影响研究[J].重庆：西南大学,2008
[32]Zhao Zhonghua, GuoXiaomin, LI Fakai, etcl. Effects of Different Fertilizing Treatment on the Photo-biological Characters in Oil-tea [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2007,29(4):576-581
[33]周国英,陈小艳,李倩茹等.油茶林土壤微生物生态分布及土壤酶活性的研究[J].经济林研究,2001,19(1)：9—12
[34]陈永忠,彭邵锋,王湘南等.油茶高产栽培系列技术研究——配方施肥试验[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(5)：650-655
[35]谭云峰,黄建旗,陈新媛等.油茶林生态系统中营养元素循环的研究[J].生态学报,1989,9(3)：213-219
[36]B.B蔡尔林格.植物需肥的诊断[J].土壤,1962,2：59—60
[37]广南油茶研究站.油茶生长发育特性的观察(摘要)[J].湖南林业科技,1976,2：10
[38]浙江天目林学院,浙江农业科学院林业科学研究所.油茶生物学特性的初步研究[J].林业科学,1962,1：45-52
[39]湘西土家族苗族自治州林科所.施肥对缩小油茶大小年的作用[J].湖南林业科技,1976,3：21—22
[40]Zhou Liangliu, Du Guohua, Zhang Fulin, etcl. Regreesion anlysis nutritive elements effects on the yield of oil-tea camellia [J].J.Biomath.1994,9(3):242-243
[41]张吉祥,吴家森.稀土微肥对油茶植株生理指标及产果量的影响[J].江苏林业科 技,2003,30(3)：9—11
[42]龙远开.硼、钼与油茶座果[J].生命世界,1983,5：13
[43]李培庆,龙伯央,宋永庆.S-3307对油茶营养生长和开花结实的影响[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(5)：551-555
[44]张广琰,李谋成.油茶幼树根系发育与整地方式的关系[J].林业科学,1966,11(3)：140—142
[45]周正贤.油茶生态习性、根系发育及垦覆效果的调查研究[J].林业科学,1963,8(4)：336—346
[46]黄华锋,张运山.油茶根系生长状况及其对地上部分影响[J].湖北林业科技,1993,1：33-37
[47]毛达如主编.植物营养研究方法[M](第二版).北京：中国农业大学,2005.395
[48]王宝山主编.植物生理学[M](第二版).北京：科学出版社,2007.36—38
[49]Jonhn L.Havilin, James D.Beaton, Samuel L.Tisdale etc.Soil fertility and fertilizers-an introduction to nutrient management (seventh edition) [M]. Pearson education.
[50]Flavio J. Luizao Regina C. C. Luizao John Proctor. Soil acidity and nutrient deficiency in central Amazonianheath forest soils[J], Plant Ecol (2007) 192:209-224
[51]Walworth J L and Sumner M E.Foliar diagnosis-a review [J]. InAdv. Plant Nutr., vol III. Ed. B P Tinker. pp 193-241. Elsevier, New York.1986
[52]汪仁,安景文,邢月华.精准施肥技术应用效果及发展前景[J].农业经济,2004,8：36-37
[53]鲁如坤.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1998.38—39
[54]Jose L. Garca-Hernandezl, Ricardo D. Valdez-Cepeda, Narciso Y. Avila-Serranol,etc. Preliminary compositional nutrient diagnosis norms for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) grown on desert calcareous soil [J]. Plant and Soil,2005,271:297-307
[55]J. Deenik, A. Ares & R.S. Yost. Fertilization response and nutrient diagnosis in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes):a review [J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2000,56: 195-207
[56]张行峰.实用农化分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.326
[57]Weatermann, R.L. (Ed.). Soil testing and plant analysis.No.3.Madison, Wis.:Soil Science Society of American.1990
[58]郭传州,陈建华,周强等.油茶林地和树体内营养元素变化研究[J].湖南林业科技,1994,21(2)：13—18
[59]唐光旭,唐仕斌,李勇.油茶林地土壤的研究[J].江西林业科技,2002,1：20-24
[60]胡冬南,孙科辉,范方礼等.油茶幼林土壤养分限制因子的研究[J].土壤肥料,2005,6：20-22
[61]Beautifils,E.R. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated system[J].Univ,Natal Soil Sci.bull,1973,1:32
[62]Summer ME.Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System as a Guide to orchard fertilization. unvi. Of Georgia [J]. Athens Ext.Bull,1986,78:1046-1052
[63]潘晓杰,侯红波.不同土壤类型的油茶树体营养元素分析[J].湖南林业科技,2002,29(2)：73-75
[64]陈升高.油茶土壤母岩和叶片养分关系分析[J].湖南林业科技,1987,4：26-27
[65]Ballard,R,Fertilization of plantations[M],In" Nutrition of Plantation Forests." Academic press.1984.346-349
[66]Baule,H.etal.,The Fertilizer Treatment of Forest Trees[J],BLVVerlag.,Munich.1970
[67]郭晓敏.毛竹林平衡施肥及营养施肥管理研究[D].南京：南京林业大学,2003.5
[68]P.H.D.De Visser.effect of irrigation and balanced fertilization on nutrient cycling in a Douglas fir stand[J].plant and soil,1995,168-169:353-363
[69]D.W.Dibb,P.E.fixen & L.s.Murphy.balanced fertilization with particular reference to phosphates:ineraction of phosphorus with other inputs and management practices[J].Fertilizer Researcher,1990,26:29-52
[70]郭晓敏,余林,德奎.平衡施肥油茶林土壤酶活性研究[A].见：李保国、张福锁中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会论文集(上)[C],北京：中国农业出版社,2008.438—444
[71]胡冬南,游美红,袁生贵等.不同配方施肥对幼龄油茶的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(1)：94—97
[72]潘晓杰,侯红波,廖芳等.配方施肥对油茶中幼林营养生长的影响[J].中南林学院学报,2003,23(2)：82—84
[73]刘欲晓,谭湘伟.油茶优良无性系林配方施肥促丰产试验研究[J].湖南林业科技,2001.28(3)：81-82
[74]中国绿色时报/2009年/2月/19日/第B03版
[75]Md. Zahid Hossain. Farmer's view on soil organic matter depletion and its management in Bangladesh[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,61: 197-204,
[76]E.Aescht and W. Foissner. Effect of mineral and organic fertilizer on the microfauna in a high-altitude reafforestation trial[J].Biol Fertil Soil,1992,13:17-24
[77]曹国保.腐肥对油茶林的肥效观察[J].江西腐殖酸.1981.1：20—24
[78]申巍,杨水平,姚小华等.施肥对油茶生长和结实特性的影响[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(2)：239—242
[79]Peter Gruhn, Francesco Goletti, and Montague Yudelman.Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Fertility, and Sustainable Agriculture:Current Issues and Future Challenges [M]. Washington, D.C:International Food Policy Research Institute, 2000.456
[80]STEPHEN F. HIGGINS, MARK S. COYNE, SCOTT A, SHEARER, etcl. Evaluating a rapid on-farm nutrient determination model for use in implementing nutrient management plans[J].Water, air,&soil pollution.2006,171,(1-4):265-275
[81]JACOB BEAR1, FULI WANG and AVI SHAVIV. An N-dynamics Model for Predicting N-behavior Subject to Environmentally Friendly Fertilization Practices:I-Mathematical Model[J].Transport in Porous Media,1998,31:249-274
[82]彭玉蓉,胡曰利,吴晓芙.林木施肥研究——施肥模型在毛竹林中的应用[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,20(3)：209-212
[83]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木生长与营养动态模型研究——立地养分效应配方施肥模型[J].中南林学院学报,2002,22(3)：1-7
[84]P. C. Robert. Precision agriculture:a challenge for crop nutrition management [J]. Plant and Soil 2002,247:143-149
[85]Claudia B. Silva,Sonia Maria Leite Ribeiro do Vale,Francisco A. C. Pinto. The economic feasibility of precision agriculture in MatoGrosso do Sul State, Brazil:a case study[J], Precision Agric,2007,8:255-265
[86]Luis Montanes, Luis Heras, Javier Abadia, etcl. Plant analysis interpretation based on a new index:deviation from optimum percentage(DOP) [J].plant nutrient,1993,16(7), 1289-1308
[87]J. L. Walworth, M. E. Sumner, R. A. Isaac,etcl. Preliminary DRIS Norms for Alfalfa in the Southeastern United States and a Comparison with Midwestern Norms[J]. Agronomy J.1986,78:1046-1052
[88]Sanz, M., Heras, L., and Montanes, L. Relationships between yield and leaf nutrient contents in peach trees:Early nutritional status diagnosis [J]. J.Plant. Nutr,1992, 15:1457-1466.
[89]Sumner, M.E. Preliminary N, P and K foliar diagnostic norms for soybeans [J]. Agron.J.1977,9:226-230.
[90]Sumner, M.E. Preliminary N, P and K foliar diagnostic norms for wheat [J]. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal.1977,8:149-167.
[91]Sumner, M.E., Rameau, Jr. R.B., Schulte, E.E., and Aragon, J.O. Foliar diagnosis norm for sorghum[J]. Soil Sc. Plant Anal.1983,14:817-825.
[92]熊庆娥.植物生理学实验教程[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,2003：28—30
[93]张喜英,P.B.Barraclough.土壤N、P、K含量对小麦早期根系生长的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,29(6)：270-272
[94]黄华锋,张云山.油茶根系生长状况及其对地上部分影响[J].湖北林业科技.1993,1：33—37
[95]周政贤.油茶生态习性、根系发育及垦覆效果调查研究[J].林业科学,1963,8(4)：336-346
[96]严小龙.根系生物学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：75-79
[97]K.K.S.BHAT. Nutrient inflows into Apple roots [J].plant and soil,1983,71:371-380
[98]闫国华,甘立军,孙瑞红等.赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究[J].园艺学报,2000,27(1)：11-16
[99]李国良,姚丽贤,付长营等.香蕉营养诊断的DRIS标准的初步研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008,3：74-77
[100]冯茂松,张健,钟宇.四川巨桉人工林大中量营养元素DRIS诊断[J].四川农业大学学报,2009,27(1)：55-59
[101]SUMMER M E. Use of the DRIS system in foliar diagnosis of crops at yield level [J]. Common. Soil Sci. and Plant Analysis,1977,8:251-268
[102]陈伦寿,毛达如,张承东.关于推荐(配方)施肥中几个技术性问题[J].土壤,1990,4：169-172
[103]陈新平,张福锁.通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系[J].中国农技推广,2006,4：36—39
[2]国家林业局.全国油茶产业发展规划(2009-2012年)[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2009：2,9
[3]胡芳名,谭晓风,刘惠民.中国主要经济树种栽培与利用[M].中国林业出版社,2007.前言
[4]贾治邦.解决突出问题,把住关键环节,积极稳妥地推进油茶产业又好又快发展一在全国油茶产业发展现场会上的讲话[J].湖南林业科技,2008,10：7—8
[5]M. Hossainl & V.P. Singh. Fertilizer use in Asian agriculture:implications for sustaining food security and the environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2000,57:155-169.
[6]张万儒.国外森林土壤研究现状与趋向[J].世界林业研究,1990,3(2)：23-29
[7]中国农业百科全书总编辑委员会.中国农业百科全书林业卷[M].北京：农业出版社,1989：323
[8]REINHARD F.HUTTL. Fertilization as a tool to mitigate forestry decline associated with nutrient deficiencies. Water, Air,& Soil pollution.1987,(33)3-4:265-275
[9]W.M.LANGILLE and K.S.MACLEAN. Some essential nutrient elements in forest plant as related to species, plant part, season and location. Plant and Soil,1976,45:17-26
[10]Rumpa Biswas Bhattacharjee, Aqbal Singh, S. N. Mukhopadhyay. Use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as biofertiliser for non-legumes:prospects and challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2008,80:199-209
[11]万泉.土壤林木营养诊断及平衡施肥现状及展望[J].福建林业科技,2008.35(1)：239-243
[12]李贻锉.林木施肥研究[J].中国林业年鉴,1988：277
[13]刘寿坡,刘献忠,朱占学等.杨树林地施肥的系统效应[A].见：张万儒,刘寿坡主编.森林与土壤[C].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1992.154-158
[14]杉木施肥试验课题协作组.杉木幼林施肥效应研究[A].见：盛炜彤主编.人工林地力衰退研究[C].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1992.198-200
[15]陈玉东.谈谈油茶施肥和出油率之间的关系[J].林业实用技术,1960,14：16-17
[16]徐祥隆.抚育、垦覆、施肥对油茶增产的作用[J].浙江农业科学,1960,3：48—50
[17]湘西土家族苗族自治州林科所.施肥对缩小油茶大小年的作用[J].湖南林业科技,1976，3：21—22
[18]李振纪.油茶壕沟抚育施肥[J].湖南林业科技,1976,4：19-21
[19]李振纪.油茶施肥与灌溉[J].湖南林业科技,1976,6：31—32
[20]李振纪.油茶耕作制度上的创新——壕沟抚育施肥[J].林业实用技术,1976,7：14-15
[21]柳州地区林科所.油茶施肥试验[J].广西林业科学.1976,3：16
[22]岳季林,徐文彬,孙洪祥等.油茶播种育苗施肥正交试验初报[J].贵州林业科技.1981.3：21—26
[23]韦雍时.油茶施肥增产显著[J].浙江林业科技.1982,3：20-22
[24]范双德.油茶施肥效果调查[J].江西林业科技,1983,3：30-31
[25]周树荣.油茶成林施肥试验初报[J].广西林业科学,1983,4：40-44
[26]丘星初,张余生.油茶营养诊断研究(摘要)[J].江西林业科技,1982,1：19-30
[27]李克瑞,刘煊章,漆龙林.油茶品种比较试验—苗期生长量生物量及营养元素含量[J].经济林研究,1983,1：42—52
[28]方建初,谢明信,彭仲明.施用不同氮肥量对油茶产油量及营养物质代谢的影响[J].湖北林业科技,1980,3；1-13
[29]何方,毛献策,王义强等.中国油茶林地土壤类型的研究.经济林研究[J].1993,11(2)：2-14
[30]何方,何柏.油茶栽培分布与立地分类的研究[J].林业科学,2002,38(5)：64-72
[31]申巍.修剪施肥对油茶生长结实特性影响研究[J].重庆：西南大学,2008
[32]Zhao Zhonghua, GuoXiaomin, LI Fakai, etcl. Effects of Different Fertilizing Treatment on the Photo-biological Characters in Oil-tea [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2007,29(4):576-581
[33]周国英,陈小艳,李倩茹等.油茶林土壤微生物生态分布及土壤酶活性的研究[J].经济林研究,2001,19(1)：9—12
[34]陈永忠,彭邵锋,王湘南等.油茶高产栽培系列技术研究——配方施肥试验[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(5)：650-655
[35]谭云峰,黄建旗,陈新媛等.油茶林生态系统中营养元素循环的研究[J].生态学报,1989,9(3)：213-219
[36]B.B蔡尔林格.植物需肥的诊断[J].土壤,1962,2：59—60
[37]广南油茶研究站.油茶生长发育特性的观察(摘要)[J].湖南林业科技,1976,2：10
[38]浙江天目林学院,浙江农业科学院林业科学研究所.油茶生物学特性的初步研究[J].林业科学,1962,1：45-52
[39]湘西土家族苗族自治州林科所.施肥对缩小油茶大小年的作用[J].湖南林业科技,1976,3：21—22
[40]Zhou Liangliu, Du Guohua, Zhang Fulin, etcl. Regreesion anlysis nutritive elements effects on the yield of oil-tea camellia [J].J.Biomath.1994,9(3):242-243
[41]张吉祥,吴家森.稀土微肥对油茶植株生理指标及产果量的影响[J].江苏林业科 技,2003,30(3)：9—11
[42]龙远开.硼、钼与油茶座果[J].生命世界,1983,5：13
[43]李培庆,龙伯央,宋永庆.S-3307对油茶营养生长和开花结实的影响[J].林业科学研究,1998,11(5)：551-555
[44]张广琰,李谋成.油茶幼树根系发育与整地方式的关系[J].林业科学,1966,11(3)：140—142
[45]周正贤.油茶生态习性、根系发育及垦覆效果的调查研究[J].林业科学,1963,8(4)：336—346
[46]黄华锋,张运山.油茶根系生长状况及其对地上部分影响[J].湖北林业科技,1993,1：33-37
[47]毛达如主编.植物营养研究方法[M](第二版).北京：中国农业大学,2005.395
[48]王宝山主编.植物生理学[M](第二版).北京：科学出版社,2007.36—38
[49]Jonhn L.Havilin, James D.Beaton, Samuel L.Tisdale etc.Soil fertility and fertilizers-an introduction to nutrient management (seventh edition) [M]. Pearson education.
[50]Flavio J. Luizao Regina C. C. Luizao John Proctor. Soil acidity and nutrient deficiency in central Amazonianheath forest soils[J], Plant Ecol (2007) 192:209-224
[51]Walworth J L and Sumner M E.Foliar diagnosis-a review [J]. InAdv. Plant Nutr., vol III. Ed. B P Tinker. pp 193-241. Elsevier, New York.1986
[52]汪仁,安景文,邢月华.精准施肥技术应用效果及发展前景[J].农业经济,2004,8：36-37
[53]鲁如坤.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1998.38—39
[54]Jose L. Garca-Hernandezl, Ricardo D. Valdez-Cepeda, Narciso Y. Avila-Serranol,etc. Preliminary compositional nutrient diagnosis norms for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) grown on desert calcareous soil [J]. Plant and Soil,2005,271:297-307
[55]J. Deenik, A. Ares & R.S. Yost. Fertilization response and nutrient diagnosis in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes):a review [J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2000,56: 195-207
[56]张行峰.实用农化分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.326
[57]Weatermann, R.L. (Ed.). Soil testing and plant analysis.No.3.Madison, Wis.:Soil Science Society of American.1990
[58]郭传州,陈建华,周强等.油茶林地和树体内营养元素变化研究[J].湖南林业科技,1994,21(2)：13—18
[59]唐光旭,唐仕斌,李勇.油茶林地土壤的研究[J].江西林业科技,2002,1：20-24
[60]胡冬南,孙科辉,范方礼等.油茶幼林土壤养分限制因子的研究[J].土壤肥料,2005,6：20-22
[61]Beautifils,E.R. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated system[J].Univ,Natal Soil Sci.bull,1973,1:32
[62]Summer ME.Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System as a Guide to orchard fertilization. unvi. Of Georgia [J]. Athens Ext.Bull,1986,78:1046-1052
[63]潘晓杰,侯红波.不同土壤类型的油茶树体营养元素分析[J].湖南林业科技,2002,29(2)：73-75
[64]陈升高.油茶土壤母岩和叶片养分关系分析[J].湖南林业科技,1987,4：26-27
[65]Ballard,R,Fertilization of plantations[M],In" Nutrition of Plantation Forests." Academic press.1984.346-349
[66]Baule,H.etal.,The Fertilizer Treatment of Forest Trees[J],BLVVerlag.,Munich.1970
[67]郭晓敏.毛竹林平衡施肥及营养施肥管理研究[D].南京：南京林业大学,2003.5
[68]P.H.D.De Visser.effect of irrigation and balanced fertilization on nutrient cycling in a Douglas fir stand[J].plant and soil,1995,168-169:353-363
[69]D.W.Dibb,P.E.fixen & L.s.Murphy.balanced fertilization with particular reference to phosphates:ineraction of phosphorus with other inputs and management practices[J].Fertilizer Researcher,1990,26:29-52
[70]郭晓敏,余林,德奎.平衡施肥油茶林土壤酶活性研究[A].见：李保国、张福锁中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会论文集(上)[C],北京：中国农业出版社,2008.438—444
[71]胡冬南,游美红,袁生贵等.不同配方施肥对幼龄油茶的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(1)：94—97
[72]潘晓杰,侯红波,廖芳等.配方施肥对油茶中幼林营养生长的影响[J].中南林学院学报,2003,23(2)：82—84
[73]刘欲晓,谭湘伟.油茶优良无性系林配方施肥促丰产试验研究[J].湖南林业科技,2001.28(3)：81-82
[74]中国绿色时报/2009年/2月/19日/第B03版
[75]Md. Zahid Hossain. Farmer's view on soil organic matter depletion and its management in Bangladesh[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,61: 197-204,
[76]E.Aescht and W. Foissner. Effect of mineral and organic fertilizer on the microfauna in a high-altitude reafforestation trial[J].Biol Fertil Soil,1992,13:17-24
[77]曹国保.腐肥对油茶林的肥效观察[J].江西腐殖酸.1981.1：20—24
[78]申巍,杨水平,姚小华等.施肥对油茶生长和结实特性的影响[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(2)：239—242
[79]Peter Gruhn, Francesco Goletti, and Montague Yudelman.Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Fertility, and Sustainable Agriculture:Current Issues and Future Challenges [M]. Washington, D.C:International Food Policy Research Institute, 2000.456
[80]STEPHEN F. HIGGINS, MARK S. COYNE, SCOTT A, SHEARER, etcl. Evaluating a rapid on-farm nutrient determination model for use in implementing nutrient management plans[J].Water, air,&soil pollution.2006,171,(1-4):265-275
[81]JACOB BEAR1, FULI WANG and AVI SHAVIV. An N-dynamics Model for Predicting N-behavior Subject to Environmentally Friendly Fertilization Practices:I-Mathematical Model[J].Transport in Porous Media,1998,31:249-274
[82]彭玉蓉,胡曰利,吴晓芙.林木施肥研究——施肥模型在毛竹林中的应用[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,20(3)：209-212
[83]吴晓芙,胡曰利.林木生长与营养动态模型研究——立地养分效应配方施肥模型[J].中南林学院学报,2002,22(3)：1-7
[84]P. C. Robert. Precision agriculture:a challenge for crop nutrition management [J]. Plant and Soil 2002,247:143-149
[85]Claudia B. Silva,Sonia Maria Leite Ribeiro do Vale,Francisco A. C. Pinto. The economic feasibility of precision agriculture in MatoGrosso do Sul State, Brazil:a case study[J], Precision Agric,2007,8:255-265
[86]Luis Montanes, Luis Heras, Javier Abadia, etcl. Plant analysis interpretation based on a new index:deviation from optimum percentage(DOP) [J].plant nutrient,1993,16(7), 1289-1308
[87]J. L. Walworth, M. E. Sumner, R. A. Isaac,etcl. Preliminary DRIS Norms for Alfalfa in the Southeastern United States and a Comparison with Midwestern Norms[J]. Agronomy J.1986,78:1046-1052
[88]Sanz, M., Heras, L., and Montanes, L. Relationships between yield and leaf nutrient contents in peach trees:Early nutritional status diagnosis [J]. J.Plant. Nutr,1992, 15:1457-1466.
[89]Sumner, M.E. Preliminary N, P and K foliar diagnostic norms for soybeans [J]. Agron.J.1977,9:226-230.
[90]Sumner, M.E. Preliminary N, P and K foliar diagnostic norms for wheat [J]. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal.1977,8:149-167.
[91]Sumner, M.E., Rameau, Jr. R.B., Schulte, E.E., and Aragon, J.O. Foliar diagnosis norm for sorghum[J]. Soil Sc. Plant Anal.1983,14:817-825.
[92]熊庆娥.植物生理学实验教程[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,2003：28—30
[93]张喜英,P.B.Barraclough.土壤N、P、K含量对小麦早期根系生长的影响[J].土壤通报,1998,29(6)：270-272
[94]黄华锋,张云山.油茶根系生长状况及其对地上部分影响[J].湖北林业科技.1993,1：33—37
[95]周政贤.油茶生态习性、根系发育及垦覆效果调查研究[J].林业科学,1963,8(4)：336-346
[96]严小龙.根系生物学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：75-79
[97]K.K.S.BHAT. Nutrient inflows into Apple roots [J].plant and soil,1983,71:371-380
[98]闫国华,甘立军,孙瑞红等.赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究[J].园艺学报,2000,27(1)：11-16
[99]李国良,姚丽贤,付长营等.香蕉营养诊断的DRIS标准的初步研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008,3：74-77
[100]冯茂松,张健,钟宇.四川巨桉人工林大中量营养元素DRIS诊断[J].四川农业大学学报,2009,27(1)：55-59
[101]SUMMER M E. Use of the DRIS system in foliar diagnosis of crops at yield level [J]. Common. Soil Sci. and Plant Analysis,1977,8:251-268
[102]陈伦寿,毛达如,张承东.关于推荐(配方)施肥中几个技术性问题[J].土壤,1990,4：169-172
[103]陈新平,张福锁.通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系[J].中国农技推广,2006,4：36—39