我国现代城市广场的旅游功能研究
|
摘要
城市广场既是城市形态的载体,又是城市文化的体现,是城市公共活动空间中最具活力、最具标志性的部分。它除了作为市民的休憩娱乐场所,还在一定程度上代表着城市的形象,是旅游者了解一个城市最直观的窗口。随着现代旅游业的飞速发展,一些城市广场正在成为城市中最重要的旅游景观。
本文以旅游学和城市规划理论为基础,结合建筑学、地理学、生态学、行为心理学等理论,从旅游学角度对城市广场的主体和功能进行研究,并重点针对其旅游功能提出评价方法。目的是对现代城市广场的旅游功能进行系统认识和准确定位,以期对我国的城市广场建设,尤其是以旅游景观为主要功能的广场建设给予理论和实践上的支持。主要内容包括:
首先,对城市广场进行理论解析,包括广场的概念和特征、理论研究基础、国内外广场发展历史和研究现状以及现代城市广场在城市景观中的具体作用。
其次,对城市广场的类型和功能进行研究。本文突破传统的分类方法,将城市广场按照旅游功能的大小进行分类。通过研究广场的主体——人的心理需求和行为模式,来确定城市广场的功能类型,并重点对其旅游景观功能进行研究。
然后,分析了城市广场旅游功能的影响因素,包括区域环境影响因素和区位影响因素两部分。区域环境影响因素主要指广场所在城市的自然、社会、经济环境;区位影响因素则指广场自身的位置、形态、文化内涵和其他构成要素。
接着,对现代城市广场的旅游功能进行评价。根据影响因素确定城市广场旅游功能的评价指标,并引入灰色综合评价方法建立合理的指标评价模型,力求突出评价过程的系统性、科学性。
最后的实证分析部分,以大连市的城市广场建设为例。通过实地考察,收集大量一手资料,选取大连市最具代表性的星海广场和人民广场,利用所设计的指标评价模型进行分析并加以比较,从而确立不同类型的城市广场在城市旅游中的地位,旨在为我国城市广场的旅游功能建设提供参考依据。
City squares are widely recognized as the most dynamic and the most symbolic part of urban public spaces for activities. They act not only as the carriers of urban morphology but also as the representations of urban culture. In addition to being a recreation and amusement place for citizens, city square, to a certain degree, stands for the image of the city and acts as the most intuitive window for tourists to explore the city. With the rapid development of modern tourism, some of city squares are gradually turning into the most important tourism landscapes.
On the basis of tourism science and urban planning theory, this thesis introduces the theories from such subjects as architecture, geography, ecology and behavior psychology and so on, carries out the researches on the subjects and functions of city squares and puts forward an evaluation method which focuses on the tourism function of city squares. The purpose for doing so is to systematically recognize and accurately orientate the tourism function of modern city squares, and to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the construction of city squares in China, especially for those primarily functioning as tourism landscapes. The main contents of this thesis are as following:
First, the thesis makes theoretical analysis on city square, including the concept and characteristics of a city square, basic theoretical theories, the development history and research status of city squares both in China and in foreign countries, and the specific role that a modern city square plays in city landscapes.
Second, the analysis on the types and functions of city squares are conducted. In this thesis, city squares are classified based on the size of tourism functions, which has gone beyond the traditional means of classification. With the researches on the psychological needs and behavioral patterns of modern city squares’subject—human being, the functional types of modern city squares are determined, and the study is focused on the squares’function as tourism landscapes.
Third, the influencing factors on tourism function of city squares are analyzed, whose specific contents include regional environment influencing factors and locational influencing factors. The regional environment influencing factors mainly refer to the natural, social and economic environments of the city in which a square is located, while the factors of locational influence refer to the location, pattern, cultural connotation and other constituent elements of city squares themselves.
Furthermore, tourism function of modern city squares is then evaluated. The evaluation indexes for tourism function of city squares are confirmed based on the influencing factors, and an evaluation model is established by using the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Method. It is aimed at the systematicness and scientificity of the evaluation process.
Finally, the construction of city squares in Dalian City is taken as example in the part of empirical analysis. A large amount of first-hand data have been collected after on-the-spot investigation. Xinghai Square and People’s Square in Dalian City have been selected for their most representativeness. Then the index evaluation model designed is applied to the analysis and comparison. Thus, the roles that different kinds of city squares play in city tourism are established and the references for the construction of tourism function of city squares in China may be provided.
本文以旅游学和城市规划理论为基础,结合建筑学、地理学、生态学、行为心理学等理论,从旅游学角度对城市广场的主体和功能进行研究,并重点针对其旅游功能提出评价方法。目的是对现代城市广场的旅游功能进行系统认识和准确定位,以期对我国的城市广场建设,尤其是以旅游景观为主要功能的广场建设给予理论和实践上的支持。主要内容包括:
首先,对城市广场进行理论解析,包括广场的概念和特征、理论研究基础、国内外广场发展历史和研究现状以及现代城市广场在城市景观中的具体作用。
其次,对城市广场的类型和功能进行研究。本文突破传统的分类方法,将城市广场按照旅游功能的大小进行分类。通过研究广场的主体——人的心理需求和行为模式,来确定城市广场的功能类型,并重点对其旅游景观功能进行研究。
然后,分析了城市广场旅游功能的影响因素,包括区域环境影响因素和区位影响因素两部分。区域环境影响因素主要指广场所在城市的自然、社会、经济环境;区位影响因素则指广场自身的位置、形态、文化内涵和其他构成要素。
接着,对现代城市广场的旅游功能进行评价。根据影响因素确定城市广场旅游功能的评价指标,并引入灰色综合评价方法建立合理的指标评价模型,力求突出评价过程的系统性、科学性。
最后的实证分析部分,以大连市的城市广场建设为例。通过实地考察,收集大量一手资料,选取大连市最具代表性的星海广场和人民广场,利用所设计的指标评价模型进行分析并加以比较,从而确立不同类型的城市广场在城市旅游中的地位,旨在为我国城市广场的旅游功能建设提供参考依据。
City squares are widely recognized as the most dynamic and the most symbolic part of urban public spaces for activities. They act not only as the carriers of urban morphology but also as the representations of urban culture. In addition to being a recreation and amusement place for citizens, city square, to a certain degree, stands for the image of the city and acts as the most intuitive window for tourists to explore the city. With the rapid development of modern tourism, some of city squares are gradually turning into the most important tourism landscapes.
On the basis of tourism science and urban planning theory, this thesis introduces the theories from such subjects as architecture, geography, ecology and behavior psychology and so on, carries out the researches on the subjects and functions of city squares and puts forward an evaluation method which focuses on the tourism function of city squares. The purpose for doing so is to systematically recognize and accurately orientate the tourism function of modern city squares, and to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the construction of city squares in China, especially for those primarily functioning as tourism landscapes. The main contents of this thesis are as following:
First, the thesis makes theoretical analysis on city square, including the concept and characteristics of a city square, basic theoretical theories, the development history and research status of city squares both in China and in foreign countries, and the specific role that a modern city square plays in city landscapes.
Second, the analysis on the types and functions of city squares are conducted. In this thesis, city squares are classified based on the size of tourism functions, which has gone beyond the traditional means of classification. With the researches on the psychological needs and behavioral patterns of modern city squares’subject—human being, the functional types of modern city squares are determined, and the study is focused on the squares’function as tourism landscapes.
Third, the influencing factors on tourism function of city squares are analyzed, whose specific contents include regional environment influencing factors and locational influencing factors. The regional environment influencing factors mainly refer to the natural, social and economic environments of the city in which a square is located, while the factors of locational influence refer to the location, pattern, cultural connotation and other constituent elements of city squares themselves.
Furthermore, tourism function of modern city squares is then evaluated. The evaluation indexes for tourism function of city squares are confirmed based on the influencing factors, and an evaluation model is established by using the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Method. It is aimed at the systematicness and scientificity of the evaluation process.
Finally, the construction of city squares in Dalian City is taken as example in the part of empirical analysis. A large amount of first-hand data have been collected after on-the-spot investigation. Xinghai Square and People’s Square in Dalian City have been selected for their most representativeness. Then the index evaluation model designed is applied to the analysis and comparison. Thus, the roles that different kinds of city squares play in city tourism are established and the references for the construction of tourism function of city squares in China may be provided.
引文
[1]陈沧杰.关于城市广场建设的若干思考[J].城市规划,2002,26(2):90~91.
[2]张景波.浅谈城市广场规划建设[J].中国科技信息,2005,(11):105.
[3] Cliff.Moughtin. Urban Design:Street and Square[M]. Architectural Press,1999.
[4]刘滨谊.现代景观规划设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.
[5]邹运.用城市形态学理论研究城市广场设计[D].长沙:湖南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[6]金笠铭.浅论新城市文化与新城市空间规划理念[J].城市规划,2001,25(4):14~20.
[7]金俊.理想景观——城市景观空间系统建构与整合设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2003.
[8]梁雪,肖连望.城市空间设计[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2000.
[9] Hillier.B, J.Hanson. The Social Logic of Space[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[10]保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学[M].北京:中国教育出版社,2004.
[11]周进步,庞规荃,秦关民.现代中国旅游地理[M].青岛:青岛出版社,2001.
[12] Hall.Edward.T. The Hidden Dimension[M]. New York:Doubleday, 1966.
[13]杨进.城市广场规划与设计[D].成都:西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[14]张军民.现代城市广场规划与设计[D].天津:天津大学建筑学院硕士学位论文,2005.
[15]李永生.城市小型广场设计研究[D].西安:西北农业科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[16]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,卡罗琳·弗朗西斯著,俞孔坚,孙鹏,王志芳等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[17]王柯,夏健,杨新海.城市广场设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.
[18]刘瑞杰.城市广场发展趋势探索[J].小城镇建设,2005,(07):42~43.
[19]阎整.传统城市广场的演变研究[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,1999,(09):38~43.
[20]杨·盖尔著,何人可译.交往与空间[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[21]杨秉德.中国近代城市与建筑[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[22]阎保平.中国古代的“庭院广场”[J].南阳师范学院学报,2004,3(2):80~82.
[23]曹文明.中国传统广场与社会文化生活[J].东方论坛,2006,(6):122~127.
[24]张蕾.中国当代城市广场设计——反思与再研究[D].北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[25]黄海芸.关于“广场热”的一些思考[J].城乡建设,2000,(7):32~33.
[26]王建平,高璟.对城市广场建设若干问题的思考[J].河北农业大学报,2003,(09):87~88.
[27]金经元.环境建设的“政绩”和“民心”[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):31~35.
[28]徐进.关于城市广场设计的几点思考[J].装饰,2003,(05):29.
[29]夏季芳.城市广场面面观[J].安徽建筑,2002,3:2~3.
[30]郭恩章.对城市广场设计中几个问题的思考[J].城市规划,2002,26(2):60~63.
[31]吴松涛.寒地城市广场的问题与对策[J].城市规划,2002,26(l):40~41.
[32]鲍海君.城市广场功能小议[J].决策咨询,2002,(05):33.
[33]姚闻青.建筑入口广场的环境与行为塑造[J].武汉工业大学学报,1998,(09):64~66.
[34]亢滨.广场与城市一体化设计研究[D].北京:北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[35]胡敬伟,张真媛.城市广场规划设计初探[J].浙江建筑,2004,21(6):1~3,9.
[36]候鲁文.城市广场设计理念[J].城乡建设,2000,10:31~32.
[37] I.Altman,E.Zube. Control as a Dimension of Public Space Quality,In Public Places and Spaces[J]. Human Behavior and Environment,1989,10: 147~172.
[38]周俭,刘文波.城市广场的文化与生活意义探索──以桂林市城市中心广场规划设计为例[J].城市规划,1999,23(11):58~62.
[39]胡权,吴世民,王照文.城市广场规划与建设初探[J].辽宁政学院学报,2005,7(5):99,102.
[40]姚翔.城市广场规划设计探析[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[41]李道增,曹旭.环境行为学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[42]张树夫.旅游心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[43]洪霞.城市广场设计中人的行为心理特性分析[J].科学之友(B版),2007,(5):129~130.
[44]张辉.城市广场空间环境人性化设计研究[J].福建建设科技,2004,(02):27~28.
[45]张凯华.以人为本——城市文化广场的人性化设计初探[J].中外建筑,2003,(03):49~51.
[46]欧阳勇峰.城市广场人性化设计研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[47] Hasegawa,Sandra,Steve Elliott. Public Places by Private Enterprises[J]. Urban Land,1983,42(5): 12~15.
[48]郑振华.城市游憩广场使用状况及优化设计研究[D].成都:西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[49]方松林.城市开放空间中广场的闲暇性作用研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[50]孔冰.广场选择性休憩行为方式研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2000(6):55~59.
[51]陶心怡,张瑜译.守望城市的脉动与灵魂——环游世界100个广场建筑[M].北京:文物出版社,2007.
[52]张志勋.论城市广场规划设计原则[J].基建优化,2005,26(4):96~98.
[53]赵和生.城市规划与城市发展[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2005.
[54]吴青.关于城市广场规划的思考[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2004,(12):74.
[55]张军民,崔东旭,阎整.城市广场规划控制指标[J].城市问题,2OO3,(5):23~28.
[56]段进.应重视城市广场建设的定位、定性与定量[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):37~38.
[57]严军.城市广场的物质环境建构[J].南京林业大学学报,2004(1):61~65.
[58]刘君.城市广场文化研究[J].学术交流,2005,(08):131~133.
[59]薛立新.城市广场应具有文化内涵[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):45.
[60]傅朝晖,陈晓春,邢利民.一个富有文化内涵的新型城市广场──铁岭驻跸文化广场规划设计赏析[J].中国园林,2001,2:17.
[61]王农.城市广场的视觉环境分析[J].西北建筑工程学院学报,1997(3):13~17.
[62]刘豫.城市广场设计中的地域特色研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[63]姜婧.城市大型广场空间景观的地域性和场所精神表达[D].合肥:合肥工业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[64]约翰·O·西蒙兹,俞孔坚.景观设计法[M].北京:中国建筑上业出版社,2000.
[65]李开然,冯炜.城市环境艺术设计手法探析[J].规划师,2001,17(4):63~65.
[66]胡志山,赵文玲.街道·设施·景观·人[J].规划师,2000,16(6):37.
[67]严亮,李和平.城市绿色广场营造[J].工业建筑,2004,(04):28~30.
[68]刘哲夫.浅析城市广场水景形态的生成及其评价[J].四川建筑,2004,(03):19~20.
[69]周秀欢.我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力影响因素及评价研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[70]张文红,陈森发.农业生态环境灰色综合评价及其支持系统[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,(11):119~124,134.
[71]郭鹏,施品贵.项目风险模糊灰色综合评价方法研究[J].西安理工大学学报,2005,21(01):106~109.
[72] Huang Kun,Chen Senfa,Sun Yan,Qi Xia. Study and Implementation on the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Support System of Ecocity[J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition),2002,18(4): 356~360.
[73]何晓军.大连及西安城市广场评析[J].四川建筑,1998,18(01):21~24,33.
[74]姜立婷.谈大连的城市广场建设[J].大连大学学报,1999,20(03):12~15.
[75]宋淑范,王海岩.大连城市广场纵横谈[J].中国花卉园艺,2002,(14):13~15.
[2]张景波.浅谈城市广场规划建设[J].中国科技信息,2005,(11):105.
[3] Cliff.Moughtin. Urban Design:Street and Square[M]. Architectural Press,1999.
[4]刘滨谊.现代景观规划设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.
[5]邹运.用城市形态学理论研究城市广场设计[D].长沙:湖南大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[6]金笠铭.浅论新城市文化与新城市空间规划理念[J].城市规划,2001,25(4):14~20.
[7]金俊.理想景观——城市景观空间系统建构与整合设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2003.
[8]梁雪,肖连望.城市空间设计[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2000.
[9] Hillier.B, J.Hanson. The Social Logic of Space[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[10]保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学[M].北京:中国教育出版社,2004.
[11]周进步,庞规荃,秦关民.现代中国旅游地理[M].青岛:青岛出版社,2001.
[12] Hall.Edward.T. The Hidden Dimension[M]. New York:Doubleday, 1966.
[13]杨进.城市广场规划与设计[D].成都:西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[14]张军民.现代城市广场规划与设计[D].天津:天津大学建筑学院硕士学位论文,2005.
[15]李永生.城市小型广场设计研究[D].西安:西北农业科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[16]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,卡罗琳·弗朗西斯著,俞孔坚,孙鹏,王志芳等译.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[17]王柯,夏健,杨新海.城市广场设计[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.
[18]刘瑞杰.城市广场发展趋势探索[J].小城镇建设,2005,(07):42~43.
[19]阎整.传统城市广场的演变研究[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,1999,(09):38~43.
[20]杨·盖尔著,何人可译.交往与空间[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[21]杨秉德.中国近代城市与建筑[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[22]阎保平.中国古代的“庭院广场”[J].南阳师范学院学报,2004,3(2):80~82.
[23]曹文明.中国传统广场与社会文化生活[J].东方论坛,2006,(6):122~127.
[24]张蕾.中国当代城市广场设计——反思与再研究[D].北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[25]黄海芸.关于“广场热”的一些思考[J].城乡建设,2000,(7):32~33.
[26]王建平,高璟.对城市广场建设若干问题的思考[J].河北农业大学报,2003,(09):87~88.
[27]金经元.环境建设的“政绩”和“民心”[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):31~35.
[28]徐进.关于城市广场设计的几点思考[J].装饰,2003,(05):29.
[29]夏季芳.城市广场面面观[J].安徽建筑,2002,3:2~3.
[30]郭恩章.对城市广场设计中几个问题的思考[J].城市规划,2002,26(2):60~63.
[31]吴松涛.寒地城市广场的问题与对策[J].城市规划,2002,26(l):40~41.
[32]鲍海君.城市广场功能小议[J].决策咨询,2002,(05):33.
[33]姚闻青.建筑入口广场的环境与行为塑造[J].武汉工业大学学报,1998,(09):64~66.
[34]亢滨.广场与城市一体化设计研究[D].北京:北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[35]胡敬伟,张真媛.城市广场规划设计初探[J].浙江建筑,2004,21(6):1~3,9.
[36]候鲁文.城市广场设计理念[J].城乡建设,2000,10:31~32.
[37] I.Altman,E.Zube. Control as a Dimension of Public Space Quality,In Public Places and Spaces[J]. Human Behavior and Environment,1989,10: 147~172.
[38]周俭,刘文波.城市广场的文化与生活意义探索──以桂林市城市中心广场规划设计为例[J].城市规划,1999,23(11):58~62.
[39]胡权,吴世民,王照文.城市广场规划与建设初探[J].辽宁政学院学报,2005,7(5):99,102.
[40]姚翔.城市广场规划设计探析[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[41]李道增,曹旭.环境行为学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[42]张树夫.旅游心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[43]洪霞.城市广场设计中人的行为心理特性分析[J].科学之友(B版),2007,(5):129~130.
[44]张辉.城市广场空间环境人性化设计研究[J].福建建设科技,2004,(02):27~28.
[45]张凯华.以人为本——城市文化广场的人性化设计初探[J].中外建筑,2003,(03):49~51.
[46]欧阳勇峰.城市广场人性化设计研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[47] Hasegawa,Sandra,Steve Elliott. Public Places by Private Enterprises[J]. Urban Land,1983,42(5): 12~15.
[48]郑振华.城市游憩广场使用状况及优化设计研究[D].成都:西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[49]方松林.城市开放空间中广场的闲暇性作用研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[50]孔冰.广场选择性休憩行为方式研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2000(6):55~59.
[51]陶心怡,张瑜译.守望城市的脉动与灵魂——环游世界100个广场建筑[M].北京:文物出版社,2007.
[52]张志勋.论城市广场规划设计原则[J].基建优化,2005,26(4):96~98.
[53]赵和生.城市规划与城市发展[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2005.
[54]吴青.关于城市广场规划的思考[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2004,(12):74.
[55]张军民,崔东旭,阎整.城市广场规划控制指标[J].城市问题,2OO3,(5):23~28.
[56]段进.应重视城市广场建设的定位、定性与定量[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):37~38.
[57]严军.城市广场的物质环境建构[J].南京林业大学学报,2004(1):61~65.
[58]刘君.城市广场文化研究[J].学术交流,2005,(08):131~133.
[59]薛立新.城市广场应具有文化内涵[J].城市规划,2002,26(1):45.
[60]傅朝晖,陈晓春,邢利民.一个富有文化内涵的新型城市广场──铁岭驻跸文化广场规划设计赏析[J].中国园林,2001,2:17.
[61]王农.城市广场的视觉环境分析[J].西北建筑工程学院学报,1997(3):13~17.
[62]刘豫.城市广场设计中的地域特色研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[63]姜婧.城市大型广场空间景观的地域性和场所精神表达[D].合肥:合肥工业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[64]约翰·O·西蒙兹,俞孔坚.景观设计法[M].北京:中国建筑上业出版社,2000.
[65]李开然,冯炜.城市环境艺术设计手法探析[J].规划师,2001,17(4):63~65.
[66]胡志山,赵文玲.街道·设施·景观·人[J].规划师,2000,16(6):37.
[67]严亮,李和平.城市绿色广场营造[J].工业建筑,2004,(04):28~30.
[68]刘哲夫.浅析城市广场水景形态的生成及其评价[J].四川建筑,2004,(03):19~20.
[69]周秀欢.我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力影响因素及评价研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[70]张文红,陈森发.农业生态环境灰色综合评价及其支持系统[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,(11):119~124,134.
[71]郭鹏,施品贵.项目风险模糊灰色综合评价方法研究[J].西安理工大学学报,2005,21(01):106~109.
[72] Huang Kun,Chen Senfa,Sun Yan,Qi Xia. Study and Implementation on the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Support System of Ecocity[J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition),2002,18(4): 356~360.
[73]何晓军.大连及西安城市广场评析[J].四川建筑,1998,18(01):21~24,33.
[74]姜立婷.谈大连的城市广场建设[J].大连大学学报,1999,20(03):12~15.
[75]宋淑范,王海岩.大连城市广场纵横谈[J].中国花卉园艺,2002,(14):13~15.