基于遥感与地理信息系统的岐山县景观格局分析
摘要
一个地区的景观布局是否合理,直接影响到地区的经济发展和生态环境。景观布局不合理可能造成水土流失,边缘效应加剧,生物多样性丧失,物种灭绝率升高等恶果。本文通过分析岐山县16年来的景观格局变迁,得出了该县的景观格局变化结果及其可能的生态与社会后果,从而提出可能的对策,以促进其景观格局的合理化,以及经济与生态环境的协调发展。
本文将遥感与地理信息系统相结合。将岐山县卫星遥感影像在计算机上进行校正和解译,并在ArcGIS9.2中以经校正后的影像为底图,用不同颜色代表不同的土地利用类型,根据底图绘制出多层shapefile文件。然后在ArcGIS9.2中将绘制出的多层shapefile文件叠加在《岐山县行政图》上,添加地名、图例,制成《岐山县土地利用现状图》。同时从ArcGIS9.2中导出数据进行进一步分析。
数据分析工作将ArcGIS9.2中归类出的49个土地利用类型归并为7个景观类型(耕地、林地、未利用土地、水域、牧草地、居民点及工矿交通用地、园地)。利用ArcGIS9.2中导出的斑块类型、斑块面积、斑块数目等数据,计算出了各景观类型的总面积、距离指数、破碎度和分离度,以及研究区的景观多样性指数。
结果表明16年间岐山县景观多样性提高,林地与牧草地面积增加,耕地减少,居民点及工矿交通用地明显增加,未利用土地几乎耗竭。这些表明该县生态环境有所改善,但人地矛盾愈发加重,生态脆弱和水土流失的隐患并未消失,并有发生粮食危机的可能。
Whether a region's landscape is rational which influences directly on its economic development and ecological environment. If landscape distribution is irrational, it may lead to disastrous effects such as water and soil erosion, edge effect aggravation, biological diversity loss and species extinction rate rise. This thesis analyzed the landscape change during 16 years in Qishan, reached the landscape change result, and brought up some reasonable ways to deal with the change, and to optimize its landscape distribution, and to coordinate its economy and ecosystem.
This thesis integrated RS and GIS. Rectified Qishan's RS images on computer, and used the rectified images as base maps in ArcGIS9.2, used different colors for different land utilization types to draw layers of SHP files on the basis of the base map. Then superposed all the SHP files upon“Qishan Administration Map”in ArcGIS9.2, with place name and legend added, made it a "Contemporary Land Utilization Map of Qishan". At the same time, had data exported from ArcGIS9.2 for further analyzing.
The data analyzing work was to incorporate the 49 land utilization types from ArcGIS9.2 into 7 landscape patterns (farmland, forest, unutilized land, water area, pasture, land for resident/industry/mining/traffic, and fruit garden). Use the data from ArcGIS9.2 such as patch type, patch area, patch numbers; the area, distance index, fragmentation index and isolation index of each landscape pattern, and the landscape diversity index of the whole region, was calculated out.
The result showed that the landscape diversity index of Qishan had raised in the 16 years. Forest and pasture had increased, and farmland had decreased. Lands for resident/industry/mining/traffic increased obviously. And the "unutilized land" had been almost used up. These showed that the ecological environment had been improved, but the conflict between population and land had really become more serious. The hidden danger of ecological fragility and soil erosion had not been disappeared, and may lead to food crisis.
本文将遥感与地理信息系统相结合。将岐山县卫星遥感影像在计算机上进行校正和解译,并在ArcGIS9.2中以经校正后的影像为底图,用不同颜色代表不同的土地利用类型,根据底图绘制出多层shapefile文件。然后在ArcGIS9.2中将绘制出的多层shapefile文件叠加在《岐山县行政图》上,添加地名、图例,制成《岐山县土地利用现状图》。同时从ArcGIS9.2中导出数据进行进一步分析。
数据分析工作将ArcGIS9.2中归类出的49个土地利用类型归并为7个景观类型(耕地、林地、未利用土地、水域、牧草地、居民点及工矿交通用地、园地)。利用ArcGIS9.2中导出的斑块类型、斑块面积、斑块数目等数据,计算出了各景观类型的总面积、距离指数、破碎度和分离度,以及研究区的景观多样性指数。
结果表明16年间岐山县景观多样性提高,林地与牧草地面积增加,耕地减少,居民点及工矿交通用地明显增加,未利用土地几乎耗竭。这些表明该县生态环境有所改善,但人地矛盾愈发加重,生态脆弱和水土流失的隐患并未消失,并有发生粮食危机的可能。
Whether a region's landscape is rational which influences directly on its economic development and ecological environment. If landscape distribution is irrational, it may lead to disastrous effects such as water and soil erosion, edge effect aggravation, biological diversity loss and species extinction rate rise. This thesis analyzed the landscape change during 16 years in Qishan, reached the landscape change result, and brought up some reasonable ways to deal with the change, and to optimize its landscape distribution, and to coordinate its economy and ecosystem.
This thesis integrated RS and GIS. Rectified Qishan's RS images on computer, and used the rectified images as base maps in ArcGIS9.2, used different colors for different land utilization types to draw layers of SHP files on the basis of the base map. Then superposed all the SHP files upon“Qishan Administration Map”in ArcGIS9.2, with place name and legend added, made it a "Contemporary Land Utilization Map of Qishan". At the same time, had data exported from ArcGIS9.2 for further analyzing.
The data analyzing work was to incorporate the 49 land utilization types from ArcGIS9.2 into 7 landscape patterns (farmland, forest, unutilized land, water area, pasture, land for resident/industry/mining/traffic, and fruit garden). Use the data from ArcGIS9.2 such as patch type, patch area, patch numbers; the area, distance index, fragmentation index and isolation index of each landscape pattern, and the landscape diversity index of the whole region, was calculated out.
The result showed that the landscape diversity index of Qishan had raised in the 16 years. Forest and pasture had increased, and farmland had decreased. Lands for resident/industry/mining/traffic increased obviously. And the "unutilized land" had been almost used up. These showed that the ecological environment had been improved, but the conflict between population and land had really become more serious. The hidden danger of ecological fragility and soil erosion had not been disappeared, and may lead to food crisis.
引文
陈小勇,宋永昌. 2004.受损生态系统类型及影响其退化的关键因素.长江流域资源与环境, 13(1): 78～83
高增祥,陈尚,李典谟,徐汝梅. 2007.岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源.生态学报, 27 (1) : 304～313
韩宇平. 2000.周原岐山全新世植被与生态环境演化. [硕士学位论文].西安:陕西师范大学
贾宝全,孙鹏森,王国柱,慈龙骏. 2003.鄂尔多斯高原景观格局变化分析——以伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区地理, 26(3): 203～207
李德荣,董闻达,王锋尖,张贤明,刘士余. 2004.红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施对磷素流失的影响.水土保持学报, 18(4): 81～84
李宏,邓良基,吴金涛. 2005.成都平原县域景观格局时空变异与驱动因子分析———以成都市双流县为例.资源科学, 27(2): 148～153
梁一民,陈云明. 2004.论黄土高原造林的适地适树与适地适林.水土保持通报, 24(3): 69～72
马明国,王雪梅,角媛梅,陈贤章. 2003.基于RS与GIS的干旱区绿洲景观格局变化研究——以金塔绿洲为例.中国沙漠, 23(1): 53～58
欧阳勋志,廖为明,俞社保,郑世跃,彭世揆,孙科辉. 2005.婺源县森林景观空间格局及其与景观美学质量关系探析.江西农业大学学报, 27(6): 880～884
祁承经. 1995.华中地区种子植物区系研究.云南植物研究,增刊VII: 55～92
齐智,毕延台,王玺臣,周伟. 2009.地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择研究中的应用.畜牧与饲料科学, 30(1):27～28
王道波,张广录,周晓果. 2005.华北水资源利用现状及其宏观调控对策研究.干旱区资源与环境, 19(2): 46～51
王晗生. 2009.黄土高原环境异质性与植被的恢复与重建.生态学报, 29 (5) : 2446～2455
王荷生. 1997.华北植物区系地理.北京:科学出版社: 57～-67
王立红.秦艳红. 2005.济南市地下水补给区景观格局研究.山东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 20(4): 58～61
叶延琼,陈国阶. 2006. GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析.长江流域资源与环境, 15(1):112～115
袁红辉. 2007.株洲市城市植物景观分析.湖南林业科技, 34(1): 53～56
赵成义,王玉潮,李子良,李国振. 2003.荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局耦合关系的研究———以新疆三工河流域为例.干旱区地理, 26(4): 298～304
中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 1979.中国植物志:第五十五卷第一分册.北京:科学出版社: 85
Ahadnejad M, Maruyama Y, Yamazaki F. 2010. Evaluation and forecast of human impacts based on land use changes using multi-temporal satellite imagery and GIS: A case study on Zanjan, Iran. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37(4 ): 659～669
Amiri B J, Nakane K. 2009. Modeling the linkage between river water quality and landscape metrics in the Chugoku district of Japan. Water Resources Management, 23(5): 931～956
Bone C, Dragicevic S, Roberts A. 2007. Evaluating forest management practices using a GIS-based cellularautomata modeling approach with multispectral imagery. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 12(2): 105～118
Boscolo D, Metzger J P. 2009. Is bird incidence in Atlantic forest fragments influenced by landscape patterns at multiple scales. Landscape Ecology, 24(7): 907～918
Brady M J, McAlpine C A, Miller C J, Possingham H P, Baxter G S. 2009. Habitat attributes of landscape mosaics along a gradient of matrix development intensity: matrix management matters. Landscape Ecology, 24(7): 879～891
Etzenhouser M J, Owens M K, Spalinger D E, Murden S B. 1998. Foraging behavior of browsing ruminants in a heterogeneous landscape. Landscape Ecology, 13(1): 55～64
Fischer J, Lindenmayer D B. 2002. The conservation value of paddock trees for birds in a variegated landscape in southern New South Wales; Paddock trees as stepping stones. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11(5): 833～849
Forbes B C, B?lter M, Müller L, Hukkinen J, Müller F, Gunslay N, Konstantinov Y. 2006. Very high resolution remote sensing data in reindeer pasture inventory in Northern Fennoscandia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(2): 167～185
Ghayoumian J, Ghermezcheshme B, Feiznia S, Noroozi A A. 2005. Integrating GIS and DSS for identification of suitable areas for artificial recharge, case study Meimeh Basin, Isfahan, Iran. Environmental Geology, 47(4): 493～500
Gogu R, Carabin G, Hallet V, Peter V, Dassargues A. 2001. GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modeling. Hydrogeology Journal, 9(6): 555～569
Hájek F. 2007. Process-based approach to automated classification of forest structures using medium format digital aerial photos and ancillary GIS information. European Journal of Forest Research, 127(2): 115～124
Higinbotham C B, Alber M, Chalmers A G. 2004. Analysis of tidal marsh vegetation patterns in two Georgia estuaries using aerial photography and GIS. Estuaries and Coasts, 27(4): 670～683
Hu Y, Jiang Y, Chang Y, Bu R, Li Y, Xu C. 2002. The dynamic monitoring of horqin sand land using remote sensing. Chinese Geographical Science, 12(3): 238～243
Ji G, Sun J, Zhao W, Zhang H. 2006, The monitoring of red tides based on modular neural networks using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing. Journal of Ocean University of China (English Edition), 5(2): 169～173
Kale M P, Ravan S A, Roy P S, Singh S. 2009, Patterns of carbon sequestration in forests of western ghats and study of applicability of remote sensing in generating carbon credits through afforestation/reforestation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37(3): 457～471
Lathrop R G, Styles R M, Seitzinger S P, Bognar J A. 2001. Use of GIS mapping and modeling approaches to examine the spatial distribution of seagrasses in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Estuaries and Coasts, 24(6): 904-916
Ma Y, Tsukamoto O, Ishikawa H. 2002. Remote sensing parameterization of the processes of energy and water cycle over desertification areas. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(1): 47～53
MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17: 373～397
MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton: Priceton UniversityPress: 9
Polk M H, Young K R, Meyer K A. 2005. Biodiversity conservation implications of landscape change in an urbanizing desert of Southwestern Peru. Urban Ecosystems, 8(3-4): 313～334.
Reddy C S, Rao K R, Pattanaik C, Joshi P K. 2009. Assessment of large-scale deforestation of Nawarangpur district, Orissa, India: a remote sensing based study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154(1-4): 325～335
Reger B, Sheridan P, Simmering D, Otte A, Waldhardt R. 2009. Potential effects of direct transfer payments on farmland habitat diversity in a marginal European landscape. Environmental Management, 43(6): 1026～1038
Robbins P. 2003. Beyond ground truth: GIS and the environmental knowledge of herders, professional foresters, and other traditional communities. Human Ecology, 31(2): 233～253
Wang R, Fan Z, Zhang H, Chen Y, Ma Y. Remote sensing analysis of desert vegetation and its landscape changes: The case in middle reaches of Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(1): 54～58
You J, Kim T J. 1999. An integrated urban systems model with GIS. Journal of Geographical Systems, (4): 305～321
高增祥,陈尚,李典谟,徐汝梅. 2007.岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源.生态学报, 27 (1) : 304～313
韩宇平. 2000.周原岐山全新世植被与生态环境演化. [硕士学位论文].西安:陕西师范大学
贾宝全,孙鹏森,王国柱,慈龙骏. 2003.鄂尔多斯高原景观格局变化分析——以伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区地理, 26(3): 203～207
李德荣,董闻达,王锋尖,张贤明,刘士余. 2004.红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施对磷素流失的影响.水土保持学报, 18(4): 81～84
李宏,邓良基,吴金涛. 2005.成都平原县域景观格局时空变异与驱动因子分析———以成都市双流县为例.资源科学, 27(2): 148～153
梁一民,陈云明. 2004.论黄土高原造林的适地适树与适地适林.水土保持通报, 24(3): 69～72
马明国,王雪梅,角媛梅,陈贤章. 2003.基于RS与GIS的干旱区绿洲景观格局变化研究——以金塔绿洲为例.中国沙漠, 23(1): 53～58
欧阳勋志,廖为明,俞社保,郑世跃,彭世揆,孙科辉. 2005.婺源县森林景观空间格局及其与景观美学质量关系探析.江西农业大学学报, 27(6): 880～884
祁承经. 1995.华中地区种子植物区系研究.云南植物研究,增刊VII: 55～92
齐智,毕延台,王玺臣,周伟. 2009.地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择研究中的应用.畜牧与饲料科学, 30(1):27～28
王道波,张广录,周晓果. 2005.华北水资源利用现状及其宏观调控对策研究.干旱区资源与环境, 19(2): 46～51
王晗生. 2009.黄土高原环境异质性与植被的恢复与重建.生态学报, 29 (5) : 2446～2455
王荷生. 1997.华北植物区系地理.北京:科学出版社: 57～-67
王立红.秦艳红. 2005.济南市地下水补给区景观格局研究.山东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 20(4): 58～61
叶延琼,陈国阶. 2006. GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析.长江流域资源与环境, 15(1):112～115
袁红辉. 2007.株洲市城市植物景观分析.湖南林业科技, 34(1): 53～56
赵成义,王玉潮,李子良,李国振. 2003.荒漠绿洲植被变化与景观格局耦合关系的研究———以新疆三工河流域为例.干旱区地理, 26(4): 298～304
中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会. 1979.中国植物志:第五十五卷第一分册.北京:科学出版社: 85
Ahadnejad M, Maruyama Y, Yamazaki F. 2010. Evaluation and forecast of human impacts based on land use changes using multi-temporal satellite imagery and GIS: A case study on Zanjan, Iran. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37(4 ): 659～669
Amiri B J, Nakane K. 2009. Modeling the linkage between river water quality and landscape metrics in the Chugoku district of Japan. Water Resources Management, 23(5): 931～956
Bone C, Dragicevic S, Roberts A. 2007. Evaluating forest management practices using a GIS-based cellularautomata modeling approach with multispectral imagery. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 12(2): 105～118
Boscolo D, Metzger J P. 2009. Is bird incidence in Atlantic forest fragments influenced by landscape patterns at multiple scales. Landscape Ecology, 24(7): 907～918
Brady M J, McAlpine C A, Miller C J, Possingham H P, Baxter G S. 2009. Habitat attributes of landscape mosaics along a gradient of matrix development intensity: matrix management matters. Landscape Ecology, 24(7): 879～891
Etzenhouser M J, Owens M K, Spalinger D E, Murden S B. 1998. Foraging behavior of browsing ruminants in a heterogeneous landscape. Landscape Ecology, 13(1): 55～64
Fischer J, Lindenmayer D B. 2002. The conservation value of paddock trees for birds in a variegated landscape in southern New South Wales; Paddock trees as stepping stones. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11(5): 833～849
Forbes B C, B?lter M, Müller L, Hukkinen J, Müller F, Gunslay N, Konstantinov Y. 2006. Very high resolution remote sensing data in reindeer pasture inventory in Northern Fennoscandia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(2): 167～185
Ghayoumian J, Ghermezcheshme B, Feiznia S, Noroozi A A. 2005. Integrating GIS and DSS for identification of suitable areas for artificial recharge, case study Meimeh Basin, Isfahan, Iran. Environmental Geology, 47(4): 493～500
Gogu R, Carabin G, Hallet V, Peter V, Dassargues A. 2001. GIS-based hydrogeological databases and groundwater modeling. Hydrogeology Journal, 9(6): 555～569
Hájek F. 2007. Process-based approach to automated classification of forest structures using medium format digital aerial photos and ancillary GIS information. European Journal of Forest Research, 127(2): 115～124
Higinbotham C B, Alber M, Chalmers A G. 2004. Analysis of tidal marsh vegetation patterns in two Georgia estuaries using aerial photography and GIS. Estuaries and Coasts, 27(4): 670～683
Hu Y, Jiang Y, Chang Y, Bu R, Li Y, Xu C. 2002. The dynamic monitoring of horqin sand land using remote sensing. Chinese Geographical Science, 12(3): 238～243
Ji G, Sun J, Zhao W, Zhang H. 2006, The monitoring of red tides based on modular neural networks using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing. Journal of Ocean University of China (English Edition), 5(2): 169～173
Kale M P, Ravan S A, Roy P S, Singh S. 2009, Patterns of carbon sequestration in forests of western ghats and study of applicability of remote sensing in generating carbon credits through afforestation/reforestation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37(3): 457～471
Lathrop R G, Styles R M, Seitzinger S P, Bognar J A. 2001. Use of GIS mapping and modeling approaches to examine the spatial distribution of seagrasses in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Estuaries and Coasts, 24(6): 904-916
Ma Y, Tsukamoto O, Ishikawa H. 2002. Remote sensing parameterization of the processes of energy and water cycle over desertification areas. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(1): 47～53
MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17: 373～397
MacArthur R H, Wilson E O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton: Priceton UniversityPress: 9
Polk M H, Young K R, Meyer K A. 2005. Biodiversity conservation implications of landscape change in an urbanizing desert of Southwestern Peru. Urban Ecosystems, 8(3-4): 313～334.
Reddy C S, Rao K R, Pattanaik C, Joshi P K. 2009. Assessment of large-scale deforestation of Nawarangpur district, Orissa, India: a remote sensing based study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154(1-4): 325～335
Reger B, Sheridan P, Simmering D, Otte A, Waldhardt R. 2009. Potential effects of direct transfer payments on farmland habitat diversity in a marginal European landscape. Environmental Management, 43(6): 1026～1038
Robbins P. 2003. Beyond ground truth: GIS and the environmental knowledge of herders, professional foresters, and other traditional communities. Human Ecology, 31(2): 233～253
Wang R, Fan Z, Zhang H, Chen Y, Ma Y. Remote sensing analysis of desert vegetation and its landscape changes: The case in middle reaches of Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(1): 54～58
You J, Kim T J. 1999. An integrated urban systems model with GIS. Journal of Geographical Systems, (4): 305～321