淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式及其土壤修复效应研究
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摘要
矿区废弃地的生态恢复已经受到世界各国的广泛关注,大量未经治理的矿区废弃地是造成环境污染、水土流失和土地荒漠化的重大隐患,给人类生存构成了严重的威胁。潘集区位于安徽省淮南市,是以煤炭、电力、化工为主要产业的属一次性能源型重工业城区。煤炭产业为潘集经济、社会发展做出了巨大贡献的同时,由于无节制的过度开采造成了大面积的土地塌陷、荒芜,使矿区生态和环境日益恶化,影响了矿区正常的农业生产、区域经济发展及人民生活水平的提高,加强对废弃矿区受损生态系统的恢复与重建,已经成为生态学的重要研究课题。
本研究以恢复生态学为理论基础,通过实地调查监测,结合实验室相关指标测定,对淮南潘集煤矿区的植被恢复模式及土壤修复效应进行了探讨。研究内容主要包括以下四个方面：①淮南潘集煤矿区现状植被特征；②淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式研究；③淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式下的土壤修复效应；④淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式优化。主要研究结论如下：
1、淮南潘集煤矿区现状植被特征
(1)淮南潘集煤矿区种子植物共有37科79属97种,分别占安徽植物科、属、种总数的22.70%、8.80%、3.88%,说明淮南潘集煤矿区是一个生物多样性非常贫乏的地区。该区种子植物科的组成优势现象明显,以单种科为主,优势科为豆科Leguminosae,禾本科Gramineae,菊科Compositae,蔷薇科Rosaceae,大戟科Euphorbiaceae,杨柳科Salicaceae,这6科共含有40属50种,分别占该地区种子植物属、种总数的50.63%和51.55%,该区种子植物属的组成中,以单种属为主,优势属为蒿属Artemisia,蓼属Polygonum和杨属Populus。属的地理成分含有12个分布型和5个变型,温带成分占该区属总数的61.19%,居明显优势,说明属的特征是以温带成分为主,兼有向热带过渡的性质。该区97种种子植物,可划分为12个分布型和5个变型,热带成分与温带成分在该区各占种总数的32.50%和66.25%,热带成分进一步减弱,反映了该区种子植物种的热带成分与温带成分的交汇与兼容,同时又以北温带分布型为主的性质。
(2)该区自然演替过程中,豆科Leguminosae,蔷薇科Rosaceae为优势科,植被恢复时宜多采用豆科Leguminosae,蔷薇科Rosaceae等优势科植物种类,该区植被地理成分分布规律是热带分布类型的植物容易迅速在矿区定居下来,具有先锋植物的优良属性,然而热带性质在科级、属级、种级层次方面的比重逐渐降低,而温带性质则相应递增。
(3)采用经典样方法对淮南潘集煤矿区不同恢复阶段废弃地原生植物演替状况进行了统计分析,结果显示,随着自然原生演替年限的增加,物种种类逐渐增加,群落层次也趋于复杂,逐渐由灌草2层过渡为乔灌草3层,各种物种多样性指数数值也逐渐升高。
(4)自然演替的淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复水平仍处于较低阶段,故人工演替仍然是改善煤矿区生态环境的有效途径。淮南潘集煤矿区自然演替的植物多为先锋植物,进行煤矿区植被恢复,宜借鉴自然演替的植被恢复规律,多选择先锋植物与乡土植物,群落层次宜采用复层结构,只有植物种类,种植数量,结构丰富,才能营造物种多样性丰富的恢复类型。
2、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式研究
(1)淮南潘集煤矿区植物具有种类贫乏,结构单一,层次单调等问题,文章以基础生态学,景观生态学与恢复生态学理论为指导思想,并将其贯彻到每个恢复模式中,以期筛选出适合淮南潘集煤矿区的生态型植被恢复模式。
(2)在详细研究淮南潘集煤矿区植被的种类组成,群落外貌,群落结构,物种重要值,物种多样性,丰富度,频度,均匀度等指标的基础上,设计了5种煤矿区植被恢复模式,分别是以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1),以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2),以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3),以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4)与以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)。
(3)以群落组成,群落结构与群落功能为指标体系,完成了5种淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式的构建,具体论述了5种恢复模式的设计要点,并结合案例设计出各种恢复模式。
3、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式下的土壤修复效应
(1)在煤矿区废弃地上植被自然恢复对土壤的修复作用不佳,具体表现在物理性状方面,0～60cm,土壤容重平均值在1.12～1.28g/cm3,总孔隙度较低,在45.27-48.23之间,毛管孔隙度,非毛管孔隙度表现出与总孔隙度相同的变化趋势,含水量规律表现为,表层土壤的含水量略高于底层土壤的含水量,且为递减规律,即0～20cm层>20～40cm层>40～60cm层,经统计分析表明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上在植被恢复前土壤的各项物理指标都比较接近,没有显著差异。
(2)化学性状方面,在煤矿区废弃地上土壤化学指标均有较高的相似性,且处于较低水平。0～60cm,有机质含量很低,仅在0.76～1.52%之间,全氮含量为0.32-0.85g/kg,全磷含量为0.21～0.55g/kg,全钾含量为0.93～1.06g/kg,速效氮含量为16.75～24.54mg/kg,有效磷含量为7.11～10.27mg/kg,速效钾含量为66.26-81.34mg/lg,pH值变化范围为7.74-8.54。经统计分析表明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上土壤营养元素属于严重缺乏阶段,主要表现为磷钾元素的缺失,无论是全磷,还是有效磷,无论是全钾,还是速效钾都维持在很低的水平,而且氮肥也处于缺乏状态。
(3)生化性状方面,参与氮循环的关键酶,脱氢酶含量0～60cm为0.8658-1.3868μL/L,由于土壤中的微生物是土壤中的脱氢酶的主要来源,说明在植被恢复前废弃地上土壤微生物的数量比较少,作为土壤中一种较为广泛存在的水解酶,脲酶还是土壤中唯一对尿素的转化有着重大影响的酶,0～60cm其含量为0.0721～0.0935mg/100g,说明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上土壤肥力和有机质含量均处于较低状态,过氧化氢酶0～60cm含量为0.7533μ0.8246mL/g,而过氧化氢酶是一种重要的氧化还原酶,由生物呼吸过程和有机物的生物化学氧化反应而产生,对于土壤和生物都有毒害作用,说明废弃地上土壤对于毒力的抵抗性仍然需要改善。
(4)不同植被恢复模式均能改善土壤物理性状,表现为植被恢复能够降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,毛管孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度,并能够使土壤含水量得到显著改善,修复成效上,以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)>以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)>以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)>以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3)>以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4)。
(5)不同植被恢复模式均能改善土壤化学性状,从恢复模式来看,变化趋势一般是以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)>以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)>以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)>以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3)>以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4),以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)植被恢复模式对于氮素的改善效应最为明显,这与该恢复模式中配置了大量的固氮植物有关,而在煤矿区植被恢复过程中适度引种固氮植物可能是一条行之有效的技术途径。
(6)不同植被恢复模式对土壤酶活性均有较显著的影响,其土壤酶活性随着植物种类的变化而变化,以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)对于土壤酶活性的增益效应最为显著,其次为以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)。土壤酶的活性在季节的变化上,脱氢酶与过氧化氢酶的活性表现一致,其活性均具有明显的季节变化,各种恢复模式土壤中均表现为7月>10月>4月>1月,即是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,而土壤脲酶活性的季节变化上稍有不同,表现为10月>7月>4月>1月,可表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。
4、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式优化
(1)在淮南潘集煤矿区试验点,根据抗干旱、耐瘠薄与能够耐盐碱等的要求,筛选出了适宜在煤矿区栽植的乔木树种为刺槐、臭椿,侧柏、小叶杨,灌木树种有紫穗槐、荆条、胡枝子、沙棘、黄刺玫、连翘,藤本植物有爬山虎、金银花、扶芳藤,草本植物为阔叶山麦冬、紫花苜蓿、草木犀、大花金鸡菊、小飞蓬等。
(2)覆土10cm并适度提高土壤的疏松度,整地方式为大坑为最有利的土壤基质改良措施。建议的群落结构为下层以豆科和禾本科草本植物为主,上层以木本植物为主的复层结构。植物种植方式为,植物类型选择容器苗,栽植季节选择春季,使用ABT生根粉进行促根为适宜的改良手段。
(3)矿区废弃地是生态环境严重损害的区域,同一般的植被演替过程即可完成植被恢复的区域不同,矿区废弃地的植被恢复以及优化都需要相应的修复技术做保障。通过土壤基质改良技术,植物选择改良技术,植物配置改良技术,植物种植改良技术,植被恢复管理的探讨,并在研究区实际案例的支持下,完成了对不同类型煤矿区废弃地植被恢复的技术改良与模式优化的成果集成。
The ecological restoration of wasteland in mining area has caught an extensive attention of the world.Lots of unmanaged wastelands in mining area are enormous hazards to cause environment pollution,soil erosion and land desertification,which threaten to human survival severely.Panji District,which is a region of heavy industry focused on un-renewable energy such as coal,electric power and chemistry,is located in Huainan of An'hui Province.While the coal industry makes great contribution to Panji economy and social development,a large area of land subsidence and wastelands are caused by intemperate over-exploitation,which deteriorates the ecology and environment of mining area day by day and impacts on the normal agricultural production,regional economic production and improvement on people's living level. Strengthening the restoration of destroyed ecological system in wasted mining area has become a key research subject of ecology.
Based on the ecologic recovery theoretically,this paper discusses the vegetation restoration mode and its effects in mining area of Panji in Huainan by on-site investigation and monitoring combing the relevant index determination.The main research contents include the following five aspects:①vegetation features of mining area in Panji,Huainan;②research on the vegetation restoration mode of mining area in Panji,Huainan;③effects during the soil restoration of mining area in Panji,Huainan;@Optimization of vegetation restoration mode in mining area in Panji,Huainan.The main research conclusions are as follows:
Ⅰ、Vegetation Features of Mining Area in Panji,Huainan
(1) There're37families,79genus and97species of seed plants in mining area of Panji,Huainan,which account for22.70%,8.80%and3.88%of the family,genus and species of An'hui plant amount.This means the mining area of Panji,Huainan is a region lack of biological diversity.The composition dominance is very clear in the seed plants of this area.lt focuses on single species.Leguminosae,Gramineae,Compositae,Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Salicaceae are the dominant families.There're40genus and50species in those6families,which account for50.63%and51.55%of the genus and species amount for regional seed plants.The single-species is the major composition of seed-plant genus in this area,including Artemisia, Polygonum and Populus as the dominant genus.There're12 distributions and5variations of geological elements for genus.The subtropical element accounts for61.19%of the genus amount in this region,which dominates obviously.This means the genus feature focuses on subtropical element with the feature of transiting to tropical one.The97species of seed plants in this region can be divided into12distributions and5variations.The tropical element and subtropical element account for32.55and66.25%of the species amount respectively.The further weakening of tropical element reflects the integration and combination of tropical element with subtropical element of the seed-plant genus in this region,featuring the northern subtropical distribution.
(2)During natural succession,the Leguminosae and Rosaceae were dominant species in this region.Leguminosae and Rosaceae should be taken as the main species in vegetation restoration.The distribution law of vegetation geological element in this region is it's easy for plants of tropical distribution to inhabit in mining area rapidly.There's good nature of pioneer plant.However,the proportion of tropical nature in areas of family,genus and species decreases gradually while the subtropical nature increases correspondently.
(3)The classic sampling plot is applied for statistic and analysis on the succession of original plants in different restoration stages in mining area of Panji,Huainan.The result indicates that the species increase gradually as the year of natural and original succession grows.Meanwhile,the community layer tends to be more complicated,transiting from2-layer shrub-herb to3-layer arbor-shrub-grass.The diversity index of species also increases slowly.
(4) The natural succession of vegetation restoration level in mining area of Panji,Huainan is still in a low stage,so the artificial succession is still a valid path to improve the ecological environment in mining area.Most of plants in natural succession in mining area of Panji,Huainan are pioneer plants.Thus,the vegetation restoration law of natural succession should be referred.Pioneer plants and native plants should be chosen mostly for vegetation restoration in mining area.Multilayer structure is suitable for community layer.A rich restoration type with diverse species can be established only if the plant species,planting quantity and structure are colorful.
Ⅱ、Research on the Vegetation Restoration Mode of Mining Area in Panji, Huainan
(1) There're problems of species shortage,easy structure and simple layer. Instructed by fundamental ecology,landscape ecology and theory of restoration ecology,this paper expects to select a ecological mode of vegetation restoration suitable for mining area in Panji,Huainan by applying the theories into every restoration mode.
(2) Based on a detailed research on species composition,community appearance, species significant value,species diversity,species richness,frequency and evenness of vegetation in mining area of Panji,Huainan,this paper designs5modes of vegetation restoration in mining area:plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1),plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2),plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3),plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4),plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5).
(3) Regarding community composition,structure and function as the index system,this paper completes5modes of vegetation restoration in mining area,elaborates the design points of5restoration modes and establishes kinds of restoration modes by combining the cases.
Ⅲ、Effects during the Soil Restoration of Mining Area in Panji,Huainan
(1)It's not effective to restore vegetation on wasteland naturally in mining area. This can be seen in the area of physical property.The average bulk density is1.12～1.28g/cm3while the soil total porosity is low without distinguished difference,which is45.73～48.23.the capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity tend to have a similar variation with total porosity.In terms of water content law,the water content in topsoil is obviously higher than the one in bottom soil.It's a descending law,which is0～201ayers>20～401ayers>40～601ayers.
(2) In terms of chemical feature,there's high similarity of soil chemical indexes on wasteland in mining area.Meanwhile,they're on a low level.The organic matter content is very low,0-60cm which is only0.76%～1.52%;content of total N is0.320.85g/kg;content of total P is0.21～0.55g/kg;content of total K is0.93～1.06g/kg;content of available N is16.75～24.54mg/kg;content of available P is7.11～10.27mg/kg and content of available K is66.26～81.34mg/kg.The variation range of pH value is7.74～8.54.The soil nutrition elements are in a severe shortage state.It can be seen from shortage of P and K elements.No matter the total P or available P;no matter the total K or available K stays in a very low level. Meanwhile,the nitrogen fertilizer is also in a shortage state,which should be complemented during the vegetation restoration.
(3) In terms of biochemical feature,the content of key enzyme and dehydrogenase participating into0-60cm nitrogen cycling is0.8658～3.3868μL/L.The microorganism is the main origin for soil dehydrogenase.Thus,it indicates the number of soil microorganism in wasteland before the vegetation restoration is very small.As a hydrolases existing extensively in the soil,urease is the sole enzyme which has a major impact on the urea conversion.0～60cm Its content is0.0721～0.0935mg/100g,which indicates the soil fertility and organic matter content in wasteland are in an unfavorable state.0～60cm The Catalase content is0.7533～0.8246mL/g.Catalase is a key oxidoreductases,which is generated due to the oxidation of creature breath and biochemistry of organic matter.It's a poison for soil and creature.Thus,the poison resistance of soil in wasteland still needs to be improved.
(4) All vegetation restoration in different modes can improve the soil physical property.The vegetation restoration can decrease the soil bulk density,increase soil total porosity,capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity and improve the soil water content obviously.In terms of restoration effect,plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2)>plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1)>plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5)>plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3)>plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4).
(5) All vegetation restoration in different modes can improve the soil chemical property.In terms of restoration mode,the variation trend is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2)>plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1)>plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5)>plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3)>plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4);the most obvious effect on N improvement is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2) because there're lots of nitrogen fixing plants in this mode.Thus,a proper application of nitrogen fixing plants during the vegetation restoration in mining area is possibly a feasible technical path.
(6) All vegetation restoration in different modes has an obvious impact on soil urease activity,which varies with the plant species.The most obvious effect on soil urease activity increasing is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2);the second most obvious effect on soil urease activity increasing is plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1).In terms of soil urease activity in season variation,the activities of Dehydrogenase and Catalase are consistent,which have obvious season variation.Dehydrogenase affects are always July>October>April>January which are summer>autumn>spring>winter in different restoration modes;while there's a little difference in season variation in soil Catalase activity: October>July>April>January, which are autumn>summer>spring>winter.
Ⅳ、Optimization of Vegetation Restoration Mode in Mining Area in Panji, Huainan
(1) According to the requirements of drought resistance, poor soil tolerance and salt resistance, the species of arbor trees for proper planting in mining area are Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima, Arborvitae chinese, Populus simonii; the species of shrub trees are Amorpha fruticosa, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Lespedeza buckthorns, Rosa xanthina, Folium forsythia; vine species are Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Euonymus fortunei; herbage plants are Liriope platyphylla, Alfalfa melilotus, Coreopsis grandiflora and Erigeron canadensis.
(2)10cm-soil cover,a proper improvement on the soil porosity and selecting pit as soil preparation are the most favorable measures to make the soil property better. Leguminosae and Gramineae are mainly suggested for community structure on the low layer while woody plants are mainly advised for multi-layer structure.The planting way is:to choose containerized seedlings as plant type;spring as the planting season and ABT rooting powder for grow-up.
(3) The wasteland in mining area is the region with severely destroyed ecological environment.Different from the region completing the restoration by standard vegetation succession,a guarantee about restoration technology is required in terms of vegetation restoration and optimization on wasteland in mining area. Supported by practical case in research area,this paper integrates different achievements of technology improvement and mode optimization for vegetation restoration on wasteland in mining areas by discussing on the improvement technology on soil substrates,plant choice,plant figuration,planting and restoration management.
本研究以恢复生态学为理论基础,通过实地调查监测,结合实验室相关指标测定,对淮南潘集煤矿区的植被恢复模式及土壤修复效应进行了探讨。研究内容主要包括以下四个方面：①淮南潘集煤矿区现状植被特征；②淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式研究；③淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式下的土壤修复效应；④淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式优化。主要研究结论如下：
1、淮南潘集煤矿区现状植被特征
(1)淮南潘集煤矿区种子植物共有37科79属97种,分别占安徽植物科、属、种总数的22.70%、8.80%、3.88%,说明淮南潘集煤矿区是一个生物多样性非常贫乏的地区。该区种子植物科的组成优势现象明显,以单种科为主,优势科为豆科Leguminosae,禾本科Gramineae,菊科Compositae,蔷薇科Rosaceae,大戟科Euphorbiaceae,杨柳科Salicaceae,这6科共含有40属50种,分别占该地区种子植物属、种总数的50.63%和51.55%,该区种子植物属的组成中,以单种属为主,优势属为蒿属Artemisia,蓼属Polygonum和杨属Populus。属的地理成分含有12个分布型和5个变型,温带成分占该区属总数的61.19%,居明显优势,说明属的特征是以温带成分为主,兼有向热带过渡的性质。该区97种种子植物,可划分为12个分布型和5个变型,热带成分与温带成分在该区各占种总数的32.50%和66.25%,热带成分进一步减弱,反映了该区种子植物种的热带成分与温带成分的交汇与兼容,同时又以北温带分布型为主的性质。
(2)该区自然演替过程中,豆科Leguminosae,蔷薇科Rosaceae为优势科,植被恢复时宜多采用豆科Leguminosae,蔷薇科Rosaceae等优势科植物种类,该区植被地理成分分布规律是热带分布类型的植物容易迅速在矿区定居下来,具有先锋植物的优良属性,然而热带性质在科级、属级、种级层次方面的比重逐渐降低,而温带性质则相应递增。
(3)采用经典样方法对淮南潘集煤矿区不同恢复阶段废弃地原生植物演替状况进行了统计分析,结果显示,随着自然原生演替年限的增加,物种种类逐渐增加,群落层次也趋于复杂,逐渐由灌草2层过渡为乔灌草3层,各种物种多样性指数数值也逐渐升高。
(4)自然演替的淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复水平仍处于较低阶段,故人工演替仍然是改善煤矿区生态环境的有效途径。淮南潘集煤矿区自然演替的植物多为先锋植物,进行煤矿区植被恢复,宜借鉴自然演替的植被恢复规律,多选择先锋植物与乡土植物,群落层次宜采用复层结构,只有植物种类,种植数量,结构丰富,才能营造物种多样性丰富的恢复类型。
2、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式研究
(1)淮南潘集煤矿区植物具有种类贫乏,结构单一,层次单调等问题,文章以基础生态学,景观生态学与恢复生态学理论为指导思想,并将其贯彻到每个恢复模式中,以期筛选出适合淮南潘集煤矿区的生态型植被恢复模式。
(2)在详细研究淮南潘集煤矿区植被的种类组成,群落外貌,群落结构,物种重要值,物种多样性,丰富度,频度,均匀度等指标的基础上,设计了5种煤矿区植被恢复模式,分别是以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1),以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2),以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3),以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4)与以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)。
(3)以群落组成,群落结构与群落功能为指标体系,完成了5种淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式的构建,具体论述了5种恢复模式的设计要点,并结合案例设计出各种恢复模式。
3、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式下的土壤修复效应
(1)在煤矿区废弃地上植被自然恢复对土壤的修复作用不佳,具体表现在物理性状方面,0～60cm,土壤容重平均值在1.12～1.28g/cm3,总孔隙度较低,在45.27-48.23之间,毛管孔隙度,非毛管孔隙度表现出与总孔隙度相同的变化趋势,含水量规律表现为,表层土壤的含水量略高于底层土壤的含水量,且为递减规律,即0～20cm层>20～40cm层>40～60cm层,经统计分析表明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上在植被恢复前土壤的各项物理指标都比较接近,没有显著差异。
(2)化学性状方面,在煤矿区废弃地上土壤化学指标均有较高的相似性,且处于较低水平。0～60cm,有机质含量很低,仅在0.76～1.52%之间,全氮含量为0.32-0.85g/kg,全磷含量为0.21～0.55g/kg,全钾含量为0.93～1.06g/kg,速效氮含量为16.75～24.54mg/kg,有效磷含量为7.11～10.27mg/kg,速效钾含量为66.26-81.34mg/lg,pH值变化范围为7.74-8.54。经统计分析表明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上土壤营养元素属于严重缺乏阶段,主要表现为磷钾元素的缺失,无论是全磷,还是有效磷,无论是全钾,还是速效钾都维持在很低的水平,而且氮肥也处于缺乏状态。
(3)生化性状方面,参与氮循环的关键酶,脱氢酶含量0～60cm为0.8658-1.3868μL/L,由于土壤中的微生物是土壤中的脱氢酶的主要来源,说明在植被恢复前废弃地上土壤微生物的数量比较少,作为土壤中一种较为广泛存在的水解酶,脲酶还是土壤中唯一对尿素的转化有着重大影响的酶,0～60cm其含量为0.0721～0.0935mg/100g,说明煤矿区Ⅰ类废弃地上土壤肥力和有机质含量均处于较低状态,过氧化氢酶0～60cm含量为0.7533μ0.8246mL/g,而过氧化氢酶是一种重要的氧化还原酶,由生物呼吸过程和有机物的生物化学氧化反应而产生,对于土壤和生物都有毒害作用,说明废弃地上土壤对于毒力的抵抗性仍然需要改善。
(4)不同植被恢复模式均能改善土壤物理性状,表现为植被恢复能够降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,毛管孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度,并能够使土壤含水量得到显著改善,修复成效上,以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)>以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)>以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)>以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3)>以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4)。
(5)不同植被恢复模式均能改善土壤化学性状,从恢复模式来看,变化趋势一般是以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)>以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)>以矿区景观生态唯美为主的植物群落模式(MS5)>以复合生态农林业为主的植物群落模式(MS3)>以科普保健为主的植物群落模式(MS4),以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)植被恢复模式对于氮素的改善效应最为明显,这与该恢复模式中配置了大量的固氮植物有关,而在煤矿区植被恢复过程中适度引种固氮植物可能是一条行之有效的技术途径。
(6)不同植被恢复模式对土壤酶活性均有较显著的影响,其土壤酶活性随着植物种类的变化而变化,以固氮耐瘠薄为主的植物群落模式(MS2)对于土壤酶活性的增益效应最为显著,其次为以防灾为主的植物群落模式(MS1)。土壤酶的活性在季节的变化上,脱氢酶与过氧化氢酶的活性表现一致,其活性均具有明显的季节变化,各种恢复模式土壤中均表现为7月>10月>4月>1月,即是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,而土壤脲酶活性的季节变化上稍有不同,表现为10月>7月>4月>1月,可表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。
4、淮南潘集煤矿区植被恢复模式优化
(1)在淮南潘集煤矿区试验点,根据抗干旱、耐瘠薄与能够耐盐碱等的要求,筛选出了适宜在煤矿区栽植的乔木树种为刺槐、臭椿,侧柏、小叶杨,灌木树种有紫穗槐、荆条、胡枝子、沙棘、黄刺玫、连翘,藤本植物有爬山虎、金银花、扶芳藤,草本植物为阔叶山麦冬、紫花苜蓿、草木犀、大花金鸡菊、小飞蓬等。
(2)覆土10cm并适度提高土壤的疏松度,整地方式为大坑为最有利的土壤基质改良措施。建议的群落结构为下层以豆科和禾本科草本植物为主,上层以木本植物为主的复层结构。植物种植方式为,植物类型选择容器苗,栽植季节选择春季,使用ABT生根粉进行促根为适宜的改良手段。
(3)矿区废弃地是生态环境严重损害的区域,同一般的植被演替过程即可完成植被恢复的区域不同,矿区废弃地的植被恢复以及优化都需要相应的修复技术做保障。通过土壤基质改良技术,植物选择改良技术,植物配置改良技术,植物种植改良技术,植被恢复管理的探讨,并在研究区实际案例的支持下,完成了对不同类型煤矿区废弃地植被恢复的技术改良与模式优化的成果集成。
The ecological restoration of wasteland in mining area has caught an extensive attention of the world.Lots of unmanaged wastelands in mining area are enormous hazards to cause environment pollution,soil erosion and land desertification,which threaten to human survival severely.Panji District,which is a region of heavy industry focused on un-renewable energy such as coal,electric power and chemistry,is located in Huainan of An'hui Province.While the coal industry makes great contribution to Panji economy and social development,a large area of land subsidence and wastelands are caused by intemperate over-exploitation,which deteriorates the ecology and environment of mining area day by day and impacts on the normal agricultural production,regional economic production and improvement on people's living level. Strengthening the restoration of destroyed ecological system in wasted mining area has become a key research subject of ecology.
Based on the ecologic recovery theoretically,this paper discusses the vegetation restoration mode and its effects in mining area of Panji in Huainan by on-site investigation and monitoring combing the relevant index determination.The main research contents include the following five aspects:①vegetation features of mining area in Panji,Huainan;②research on the vegetation restoration mode of mining area in Panji,Huainan;③effects during the soil restoration of mining area in Panji,Huainan;@Optimization of vegetation restoration mode in mining area in Panji,Huainan.The main research conclusions are as follows:
Ⅰ、Vegetation Features of Mining Area in Panji,Huainan
(1) There're37families,79genus and97species of seed plants in mining area of Panji,Huainan,which account for22.70%,8.80%and3.88%of the family,genus and species of An'hui plant amount.This means the mining area of Panji,Huainan is a region lack of biological diversity.The composition dominance is very clear in the seed plants of this area.lt focuses on single species.Leguminosae,Gramineae,Compositae,Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Salicaceae are the dominant families.There're40genus and50species in those6families,which account for50.63%and51.55%of the genus and species amount for regional seed plants.The single-species is the major composition of seed-plant genus in this area,including Artemisia, Polygonum and Populus as the dominant genus.There're12 distributions and5variations of geological elements for genus.The subtropical element accounts for61.19%of the genus amount in this region,which dominates obviously.This means the genus feature focuses on subtropical element with the feature of transiting to tropical one.The97species of seed plants in this region can be divided into12distributions and5variations.The tropical element and subtropical element account for32.55and66.25%of the species amount respectively.The further weakening of tropical element reflects the integration and combination of tropical element with subtropical element of the seed-plant genus in this region,featuring the northern subtropical distribution.
(2)During natural succession,the Leguminosae and Rosaceae were dominant species in this region.Leguminosae and Rosaceae should be taken as the main species in vegetation restoration.The distribution law of vegetation geological element in this region is it's easy for plants of tropical distribution to inhabit in mining area rapidly.There's good nature of pioneer plant.However,the proportion of tropical nature in areas of family,genus and species decreases gradually while the subtropical nature increases correspondently.
(3)The classic sampling plot is applied for statistic and analysis on the succession of original plants in different restoration stages in mining area of Panji,Huainan.The result indicates that the species increase gradually as the year of natural and original succession grows.Meanwhile,the community layer tends to be more complicated,transiting from2-layer shrub-herb to3-layer arbor-shrub-grass.The diversity index of species also increases slowly.
(4) The natural succession of vegetation restoration level in mining area of Panji,Huainan is still in a low stage,so the artificial succession is still a valid path to improve the ecological environment in mining area.Most of plants in natural succession in mining area of Panji,Huainan are pioneer plants.Thus,the vegetation restoration law of natural succession should be referred.Pioneer plants and native plants should be chosen mostly for vegetation restoration in mining area.Multilayer structure is suitable for community layer.A rich restoration type with diverse species can be established only if the plant species,planting quantity and structure are colorful.
Ⅱ、Research on the Vegetation Restoration Mode of Mining Area in Panji, Huainan
(1) There're problems of species shortage,easy structure and simple layer. Instructed by fundamental ecology,landscape ecology and theory of restoration ecology,this paper expects to select a ecological mode of vegetation restoration suitable for mining area in Panji,Huainan by applying the theories into every restoration mode.
(2) Based on a detailed research on species composition,community appearance, species significant value,species diversity,species richness,frequency and evenness of vegetation in mining area of Panji,Huainan,this paper designs5modes of vegetation restoration in mining area:plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1),plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2),plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3),plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4),plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5).
(3) Regarding community composition,structure and function as the index system,this paper completes5modes of vegetation restoration in mining area,elaborates the design points of5restoration modes and establishes kinds of restoration modes by combining the cases.
Ⅲ、Effects during the Soil Restoration of Mining Area in Panji,Huainan
(1)It's not effective to restore vegetation on wasteland naturally in mining area. This can be seen in the area of physical property.The average bulk density is1.12～1.28g/cm3while the soil total porosity is low without distinguished difference,which is45.73～48.23.the capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity tend to have a similar variation with total porosity.In terms of water content law,the water content in topsoil is obviously higher than the one in bottom soil.It's a descending law,which is0～201ayers>20～401ayers>40～601ayers.
(2) In terms of chemical feature,there's high similarity of soil chemical indexes on wasteland in mining area.Meanwhile,they're on a low level.The organic matter content is very low,0-60cm which is only0.76%～1.52%;content of total N is0.320.85g/kg;content of total P is0.21～0.55g/kg;content of total K is0.93～1.06g/kg;content of available N is16.75～24.54mg/kg;content of available P is7.11～10.27mg/kg and content of available K is66.26～81.34mg/kg.The variation range of pH value is7.74～8.54.The soil nutrition elements are in a severe shortage state.It can be seen from shortage of P and K elements.No matter the total P or available P;no matter the total K or available K stays in a very low level. Meanwhile,the nitrogen fertilizer is also in a shortage state,which should be complemented during the vegetation restoration.
(3) In terms of biochemical feature,the content of key enzyme and dehydrogenase participating into0-60cm nitrogen cycling is0.8658～3.3868μL/L.The microorganism is the main origin for soil dehydrogenase.Thus,it indicates the number of soil microorganism in wasteland before the vegetation restoration is very small.As a hydrolases existing extensively in the soil,urease is the sole enzyme which has a major impact on the urea conversion.0～60cm Its content is0.0721～0.0935mg/100g,which indicates the soil fertility and organic matter content in wasteland are in an unfavorable state.0～60cm The Catalase content is0.7533～0.8246mL/g.Catalase is a key oxidoreductases,which is generated due to the oxidation of creature breath and biochemistry of organic matter.It's a poison for soil and creature.Thus,the poison resistance of soil in wasteland still needs to be improved.
(4) All vegetation restoration in different modes can improve the soil physical property.The vegetation restoration can decrease the soil bulk density,increase soil total porosity,capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity and improve the soil water content obviously.In terms of restoration effect,plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2)>plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1)>plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5)>plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3)>plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4).
(5) All vegetation restoration in different modes can improve the soil chemical property.In terms of restoration mode,the variation trend is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2)>plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1)>plant community mode focused on landscape ecology and aestheticism of mining area (MS5)>plant community mode focused on d ecological agroforestry (MS3)>plant community mode focused on science popularization and health care (MS4);the most obvious effect on N improvement is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2) because there're lots of nitrogen fixing plants in this mode.Thus,a proper application of nitrogen fixing plants during the vegetation restoration in mining area is possibly a feasible technical path.
(6) All vegetation restoration in different modes has an obvious impact on soil urease activity,which varies with the plant species.The most obvious effect on soil urease activity increasing is plant community mode focused on nitrogen fixation and poor soil tolerance (MS2);the second most obvious effect on soil urease activity increasing is plant community mode focused on disaster prevention (MS1).In terms of soil urease activity in season variation,the activities of Dehydrogenase and Catalase are consistent,which have obvious season variation.Dehydrogenase affects are always July>October>April>January which are summer>autumn>spring>winter in different restoration modes;while there's a little difference in season variation in soil Catalase activity: October>July>April>January, which are autumn>summer>spring>winter.
Ⅳ、Optimization of Vegetation Restoration Mode in Mining Area in Panji, Huainan
(1) According to the requirements of drought resistance, poor soil tolerance and salt resistance, the species of arbor trees for proper planting in mining area are Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima, Arborvitae chinese, Populus simonii; the species of shrub trees are Amorpha fruticosa, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Lespedeza buckthorns, Rosa xanthina, Folium forsythia; vine species are Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Euonymus fortunei; herbage plants are Liriope platyphylla, Alfalfa melilotus, Coreopsis grandiflora and Erigeron canadensis.
(2)10cm-soil cover,a proper improvement on the soil porosity and selecting pit as soil preparation are the most favorable measures to make the soil property better. Leguminosae and Gramineae are mainly suggested for community structure on the low layer while woody plants are mainly advised for multi-layer structure.The planting way is:to choose containerized seedlings as plant type;spring as the planting season and ABT rooting powder for grow-up.
(3) The wasteland in mining area is the region with severely destroyed ecological environment.Different from the region completing the restoration by standard vegetation succession,a guarantee about restoration technology is required in terms of vegetation restoration and optimization on wasteland in mining area. Supported by practical case in research area,this paper integrates different achievements of technology improvement and mode optimization for vegetation restoration on wasteland in mining areas by discussing on the improvement technology on soil substrates,plant choice,plant figuration,planting and restoration management.
引文
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