基于建筑类型学的城市滨水景观空间研究
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摘要
水是人类生存和城市发展的基本要素之一,其对城市的选址,形成和发展以及居民的生活、生产与休闲方式有着深远地影响。历史上为数众多的城镇都因水而生,依靠滨水的优势而得到了长足的发展。许多历史文化名城或是世界性的城市也都有悠久的滨水发展的优势,可以说,滨水空间给予了许多城市发展的动力,同时也塑造了这些城市的个性和面貌。
近年来随着城市设计和景观设计行业的发展,人民生活水平的提高,以及城市发展的升级,滨水区开发、滨水景观设计越来越热,各种概念和设计方案层出不穷,引发了规划设计行业乃至社会各界的关注。然而有着几千年园林设计传统的中国,现代意义上的滨水景观设计才刚刚起步,滨水景观大多缺乏系统性的规划设计思路,总体把握比较少,规划设计方法也比较滞后。很多设计体系不全,思路不清,功能单一,风格含混,多靠零星景点拼凑,缺乏整体性、层次性。而相关的滨水区规划、城市设计、滨水区开发等研究对景观空间的研究不够。
建筑类型学的出现在建筑学领域具有里程碑式的意义,其是建筑学现代主义理论的功能性美学思潮下建筑学者对于建筑历史的反思。它在很大程度上使得建筑学的思潮从现代化初期的“唯功能性”慢慢走出来,这是建筑学者对于建筑理论的探索和建筑史的思考。阿尔多·罗西的建筑类型学理论是建筑类型学理论的集大成,这种对于历史、场所和空间的追忆,并进行“原型”的还原和批判性的继承,使得建筑创造者的作品引起了更多的共鸣,这也是本文进行滨水景观空间类型学研究的理论基础。克里尔兄弟基于类型学理论,运用线性空间和节点空间进行城市形态理论及其设计的研究则是本文城市滨水景观空间类型学设计的基础。罗西的类型学理论和克里尔兄弟的类型学理论是本文研究最主要的两条重要分析路径。城市滨水景观空间的规划,经历了-定时期发展之后,亟需理论与设计与现代化地同步发展。城市的滨水景观空间和城市的建筑,都是城市的重要载体,两者的存在价值和设计理念在一定程度上具有一定的相关性,因此能否通过建筑类型学理论寻找到城市滨水景观空间规划发展值得借鉴的地方,这是本研究的重要切入点。因此,本文希望借助建筑类型学理论来推动滨水景观的理论研究,通过借助建筑类型学理论的核心价值所在,对城市滨水景观空间进行系统的研究,寻求滨水景观类型学的分析方法,构建城市滨水景观类型学的研究,借此,能够对今后滨水景观的设计提供新的思路,推动滨水景观类型学的发展。
本文以城市中的水体作为主要研究对象,通过对滨水景观空间的归纳,深入的研究滨水景观空间的概念、类型系统以及类型的特征。在此基础上,运用罗西的建筑类型学理论作为城市形态研究的理论依据,形成城市滨水景观空间类型学研究的基础；然后基于里克尔兄弟类型学理论将城市滨水景观空间基本要素分为节点空间和线性空间,以探寻城市滨水景观空间的“原型。并结合新理性主义建筑类型学理论,以历史观和地域观的视角来寻求滨水景观与城市形态,滨水景观与空间的符合逻辑性和合理性的关系,并分析滨水景观在这种“原型”和历史延伸下的“变”与“不变”因素,将这些动态因素和静态因素进行抽象概括,借以从景观要素个性中获得要素的共性,形成滨水景观类型学的理论基础。
通过案例分析不同类型的要素的特征,如空间形态、水体类型、周边环境、建筑密度、平面形态、剖面形态、城市形态、空间特色、景观元素等,并进行分析对比。在不同的层次上,把握形态的典型性。同时对滨河景观空间与城市形态之间动态变化的关系进行研究,探寻类型转换的可能性。本研究基于滨河景观空间与城市形态相互塑造的特点,注重对各种过程的考虑。
本研究根据归纳出的类型进行逻辑类推,研究滨河景观空间的规划设计整合方法,以期能够更加科学的进行系统性滨河景观规划设计。并依据对不同类型的演变过程研究,研究不同类型与城市形态的关系,以及相互影响下可能产生的结果,推导类型转变的可能性。对理论研究而言,本论文希望建立一个初步的滨河景观类型系统,并研究不同类型的滨河景观与城市形态互为作用的关系,弥补现状对此研究的不足。以类型学的方法对滨河景观进行解构,建立理论体系,能够更好用来指导具体的实践活动。研究以实际的案例以及从事的实践项目为例,具体研究如何运用本分类系统,用以组织滨河景观的规划设计,尤其是大型的景观规划设计项目。
本文的结构分为以下几个部分：
第一部分是论文的第一章,说明论文的研究目的、方法、意义。提出进行滨水景观空间类型学研究的必要性。
第二部分为第二章至第三章,这是本文的理论研究部分,为本文的研究构建基本理论体系。首先对类型学理论的发展、新理性主义类型学理论进行了研究,分别对代表人物如阿尔多·罗西、克里尔兄弟的类型学理论进行了剖析,并结合本研究的对象,建立滨水景观类型学的理论基础。接下来对滨水景观空间的要素和特征进行探讨,通过对滨水景观空间的概念、特征来对其有个初认识,然后还结合城市形态的角度进行探讨分析。
第三部分为第四章至第八章,通过类型学的滨水景观空间的理论体系的构建,在此基础上,基于类型学的城市滨水景观空间进行要素与形态分析,进而指导滨水景观空间的具体规划设计。并对如何进行类型类推进行研究,以指导具体的实践活动。这一部分为本文的核心部分。最后通过一些实际例子的引进,来说明类型学在滨水景观空间规划中的应用。
As one of the initial elements to human beings and urban development, water, more or less affacts cities'location, formation, and development. Furthermore, it is also related the living, working and recreation of people. Historicaly speaking, a great many towns and cities were created adjacent to waters, which in many ways led to the blosom of the cities too. In a word, waters engined, named and featured cities.
An increasing concern has been drawn to the waterfront planning and design, which urged an overwhelming regeneration and revitalization of waterfront landsape worldly. China, as a matter of fact, with her thousands of years'history is facing the very begining of the waterfront landscape design industry. Consequently, the practice has a lot of shortcomes, such as lack of systematically contral, monochromatic usage, and ambiguous styles, to name a few. On the other hand, the related research on wanterfront planning, design and development is obviously inadequate.
Architecture typology as a representative of Rationalism has become an important method for analyzing architectures and urban form. However, in the landscape realm, there is few research about this. This research aim to conduct systematic research using architectural typology theory and method, and direct practice with typlogy method. Based on the summary of waterfront space, in depth research on the concept of waterfront landscape space, typology system and character, we focus on the waterfront in the cities. The research seek the relationship of waterfront landscape and urban form by exploring the Prototype of waterfront landscape, categorize the space, use case studies to analyze different types of elements, like spatial form, water type, surrounding environment, architecture density, plan morphology, section, urban form, spatial charcter, landscape elements etc and make comparisons. On different levels, grasping the typical form and researcing on the dynamic relationship between waterfront landscape space and urban form will help explore the transferability of typologies. This research is based on the co-evolution of waterfront landscape space and urban form.
The research is based on the summarized typology and logical analogy and search for integrated methods of waterfront landscape planning and design, in order to conduct more systematic reasonable planning and design practice. Based on the evolution process research of different types, it will discover the relationship of different types and urban form and the possible results under mutual influence.
For the theory research, this article aim to create a basic waterfront landscape typology system, and analyze the mutual relationship of different types and urban form, in order to make for the current shortage of the research. Using typology method on the waterfront landscape, setting up the theory system will help better organize the practice. The article will use the practice done as case study to illustrate how to use this system to organize the planning and design of waterfront landscape, especially large scale complex projects.
This research paper can be devided into four parts as belows:
The first part is as of Chapter One, discussing the intention, methodology and the importance of the research.
The second part composing of Chapter Two and Three, serving as the theoretical research, set up the overall system for the paper. First of all, the paper introduced Aldo Rossi and Rike brothers' theories on architectural typology and then developed the fundamental base for urban waterfront typology research.
The third part containing from Chapter Four to Chapter Eight, analyzes the elements and morphology of urban waterfont. Furthermore the paper discussed the characteristics and means of urban waterfront planning and design. In the end, some examples were selected to show the exactly how urban waterfront can be planned and used.
近年来随着城市设计和景观设计行业的发展,人民生活水平的提高,以及城市发展的升级,滨水区开发、滨水景观设计越来越热,各种概念和设计方案层出不穷,引发了规划设计行业乃至社会各界的关注。然而有着几千年园林设计传统的中国,现代意义上的滨水景观设计才刚刚起步,滨水景观大多缺乏系统性的规划设计思路,总体把握比较少,规划设计方法也比较滞后。很多设计体系不全,思路不清,功能单一,风格含混,多靠零星景点拼凑,缺乏整体性、层次性。而相关的滨水区规划、城市设计、滨水区开发等研究对景观空间的研究不够。
建筑类型学的出现在建筑学领域具有里程碑式的意义,其是建筑学现代主义理论的功能性美学思潮下建筑学者对于建筑历史的反思。它在很大程度上使得建筑学的思潮从现代化初期的“唯功能性”慢慢走出来,这是建筑学者对于建筑理论的探索和建筑史的思考。阿尔多·罗西的建筑类型学理论是建筑类型学理论的集大成,这种对于历史、场所和空间的追忆,并进行“原型”的还原和批判性的继承,使得建筑创造者的作品引起了更多的共鸣,这也是本文进行滨水景观空间类型学研究的理论基础。克里尔兄弟基于类型学理论,运用线性空间和节点空间进行城市形态理论及其设计的研究则是本文城市滨水景观空间类型学设计的基础。罗西的类型学理论和克里尔兄弟的类型学理论是本文研究最主要的两条重要分析路径。城市滨水景观空间的规划,经历了-定时期发展之后,亟需理论与设计与现代化地同步发展。城市的滨水景观空间和城市的建筑,都是城市的重要载体,两者的存在价值和设计理念在一定程度上具有一定的相关性,因此能否通过建筑类型学理论寻找到城市滨水景观空间规划发展值得借鉴的地方,这是本研究的重要切入点。因此,本文希望借助建筑类型学理论来推动滨水景观的理论研究,通过借助建筑类型学理论的核心价值所在,对城市滨水景观空间进行系统的研究,寻求滨水景观类型学的分析方法,构建城市滨水景观类型学的研究,借此,能够对今后滨水景观的设计提供新的思路,推动滨水景观类型学的发展。
本文以城市中的水体作为主要研究对象,通过对滨水景观空间的归纳,深入的研究滨水景观空间的概念、类型系统以及类型的特征。在此基础上,运用罗西的建筑类型学理论作为城市形态研究的理论依据,形成城市滨水景观空间类型学研究的基础；然后基于里克尔兄弟类型学理论将城市滨水景观空间基本要素分为节点空间和线性空间,以探寻城市滨水景观空间的“原型。并结合新理性主义建筑类型学理论,以历史观和地域观的视角来寻求滨水景观与城市形态,滨水景观与空间的符合逻辑性和合理性的关系,并分析滨水景观在这种“原型”和历史延伸下的“变”与“不变”因素,将这些动态因素和静态因素进行抽象概括,借以从景观要素个性中获得要素的共性,形成滨水景观类型学的理论基础。
通过案例分析不同类型的要素的特征,如空间形态、水体类型、周边环境、建筑密度、平面形态、剖面形态、城市形态、空间特色、景观元素等,并进行分析对比。在不同的层次上,把握形态的典型性。同时对滨河景观空间与城市形态之间动态变化的关系进行研究,探寻类型转换的可能性。本研究基于滨河景观空间与城市形态相互塑造的特点,注重对各种过程的考虑。
本研究根据归纳出的类型进行逻辑类推,研究滨河景观空间的规划设计整合方法,以期能够更加科学的进行系统性滨河景观规划设计。并依据对不同类型的演变过程研究,研究不同类型与城市形态的关系,以及相互影响下可能产生的结果,推导类型转变的可能性。对理论研究而言,本论文希望建立一个初步的滨河景观类型系统,并研究不同类型的滨河景观与城市形态互为作用的关系,弥补现状对此研究的不足。以类型学的方法对滨河景观进行解构,建立理论体系,能够更好用来指导具体的实践活动。研究以实际的案例以及从事的实践项目为例,具体研究如何运用本分类系统,用以组织滨河景观的规划设计,尤其是大型的景观规划设计项目。
本文的结构分为以下几个部分：
第一部分是论文的第一章,说明论文的研究目的、方法、意义。提出进行滨水景观空间类型学研究的必要性。
第二部分为第二章至第三章,这是本文的理论研究部分,为本文的研究构建基本理论体系。首先对类型学理论的发展、新理性主义类型学理论进行了研究,分别对代表人物如阿尔多·罗西、克里尔兄弟的类型学理论进行了剖析,并结合本研究的对象,建立滨水景观类型学的理论基础。接下来对滨水景观空间的要素和特征进行探讨,通过对滨水景观空间的概念、特征来对其有个初认识,然后还结合城市形态的角度进行探讨分析。
第三部分为第四章至第八章,通过类型学的滨水景观空间的理论体系的构建,在此基础上,基于类型学的城市滨水景观空间进行要素与形态分析,进而指导滨水景观空间的具体规划设计。并对如何进行类型类推进行研究,以指导具体的实践活动。这一部分为本文的核心部分。最后通过一些实际例子的引进,来说明类型学在滨水景观空间规划中的应用。
As one of the initial elements to human beings and urban development, water, more or less affacts cities'location, formation, and development. Furthermore, it is also related the living, working and recreation of people. Historicaly speaking, a great many towns and cities were created adjacent to waters, which in many ways led to the blosom of the cities too. In a word, waters engined, named and featured cities.
An increasing concern has been drawn to the waterfront planning and design, which urged an overwhelming regeneration and revitalization of waterfront landsape worldly. China, as a matter of fact, with her thousands of years'history is facing the very begining of the waterfront landscape design industry. Consequently, the practice has a lot of shortcomes, such as lack of systematically contral, monochromatic usage, and ambiguous styles, to name a few. On the other hand, the related research on wanterfront planning, design and development is obviously inadequate.
Architecture typology as a representative of Rationalism has become an important method for analyzing architectures and urban form. However, in the landscape realm, there is few research about this. This research aim to conduct systematic research using architectural typology theory and method, and direct practice with typlogy method. Based on the summary of waterfront space, in depth research on the concept of waterfront landscape space, typology system and character, we focus on the waterfront in the cities. The research seek the relationship of waterfront landscape and urban form by exploring the Prototype of waterfront landscape, categorize the space, use case studies to analyze different types of elements, like spatial form, water type, surrounding environment, architecture density, plan morphology, section, urban form, spatial charcter, landscape elements etc and make comparisons. On different levels, grasping the typical form and researcing on the dynamic relationship between waterfront landscape space and urban form will help explore the transferability of typologies. This research is based on the co-evolution of waterfront landscape space and urban form.
The research is based on the summarized typology and logical analogy and search for integrated methods of waterfront landscape planning and design, in order to conduct more systematic reasonable planning and design practice. Based on the evolution process research of different types, it will discover the relationship of different types and urban form and the possible results under mutual influence.
For the theory research, this article aim to create a basic waterfront landscape typology system, and analyze the mutual relationship of different types and urban form, in order to make for the current shortage of the research. Using typology method on the waterfront landscape, setting up the theory system will help better organize the practice. The article will use the practice done as case study to illustrate how to use this system to organize the planning and design of waterfront landscape, especially large scale complex projects.
This research paper can be devided into four parts as belows:
The first part is as of Chapter One, discussing the intention, methodology and the importance of the research.
The second part composing of Chapter Two and Three, serving as the theoretical research, set up the overall system for the paper. First of all, the paper introduced Aldo Rossi and Rike brothers' theories on architectural typology and then developed the fundamental base for urban waterfront typology research.
The third part containing from Chapter Four to Chapter Eight, analyzes the elements and morphology of urban waterfont. Furthermore the paper discussed the characteristics and means of urban waterfront planning and design. In the end, some examples were selected to show the exactly how urban waterfront can be planned and used.
引文
1刘滨谊,城市滨水区景观规划设计.东南大学出版社,2006.
1阿兰·柯尔孔,后现代的批判态度,时代建筑,1996。
2在《集体无意识的原型》中,荣格指出,“原型这个词就是柏拉图哲学中的形式”,指的是集体无意识中一种先天倾向,是心理测验的一种先在决定因素,是一切心理反应所具有的普遍一致的先验形式,它使个体以其原本祖先面临的类似情境所表现的方式去行动。
1查尔斯.詹克斯卡,当代建筑的理论和宣言.中国建筑工业出版社,2005-03。
2维德勒,第三类型学,国际文化出版公司,1998。
3彼德·罗,对《类型学的发展》的评述,1981。
1沈克宁,建筑类型学与城市形态学.中国建筑工业出版社,2010-09。
1罗西,城市建筑,中国建筑工业出版社,2006。
Jean-nicolas-louis durand. Precis of the lectures on architecture with, Graphic portion of the lectures
2 ignasib Sola-orales; Neo. Rationalism and Figuration. NewClassicim. London. Academy Group LTD.1990
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