苏州市水岸带景观格局演变研究
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摘要
水岸带是连接陆地生态系统和水生生态系统的纽带，是陆地与水体生态系统之间能量流动、物质循环的重要通道，也是重要的生物栖息地和生物生态廊道。有关水岸带结构和功能的研究已经得到生态学家的广泛关注。近十几年来，随着苏州经济的发展和快速城市化，因改变水岸带土地利用方式，水岸带景观格局发生了巨大变化，水岸带生态条件出现严重退化，并已经产生一系列的生态和环境问题，影响到城市的可持续发展。加强对水岸带景观现状和景观格局变化的研究可以为进一步研究水岸带生态系统的结构和功能，科学合理地恢复水岸带提供理论依据，为制定水岸带生态保护和恢复措施提供决策参考。
本文利用TM影像、景观图示和野外调查等综合研究方法，从不同景观粒度对水岸带现状进行研究，结果表明：目前，建设用地占60%左右，是水岸带的优势景观类型；建设用地景观结构特点是斑块面积大，聚集度高；道路景观对水岸景观格局影响剧烈；工业用地是打破传统农业水岸景观构成的主要原因之一。随着景观粒度增大，水岸带绿地面积所占比例从60%降至40%，再降至4%，表明绿地斑块面积小，质量差，破碎化程度大；硬质直立式堤岸占71.9%，天然水陆生态交错带消失；水岸带景观构成受基质影响存在城乡梯度，另外横向上景观分布与距水系距离相关。
基于景观指数对15年间苏州市水岸带景观格局的演变动态进行了分析和研究，并基于景观图论和生物能学理论分析了近8年间苏州局部的水岸带景观变化状况。结果表明：15年间，1000m宽水岸带中农业用地占研究区总面积的比值从56.4%下降到25.9%，建筑用地占总面积比值从32.2%上升为58.3%，水岸带景观基质由农业用地已经转为建设用地；建筑用地的增长过程先是由小斑块数量增多、无序扩张，到不断扩大的小斑块汇集成大斑块，再到大斑块内部继续填充。农业用地面积减少过程是大的斑块被分割成诸多小斑块，并逐渐被侵占转化为其他景观类型(主要为建筑用地)；2000年是景观格局组成发生变化的转折时期；水岸带自然景观的连通性显著降低、细小水系消失；一直保持不变的自然节点数量少，存在消失风险。
本文基于以上研究和苏州水岸带景观管理现状，提出苏州水岸带的景观格局的优化措施，并建议成立一体化的水岸带景观管理体系。
As critical transporting channel of energy and substance, riparian zones is thepivot linked aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems, and which is animportant habitat and ecological corridor between them. In recent decade years,Economic development and enduring rapid urbanization is accelerating in Suzhou,which contributed to great transformation in the land use of riparian zones. Theecological degeneration of riparian zones, as well as the consequent environmentalcrisis, has substantially and potentially hindered the sustainable development ofSuzhou. Therefore, investigating on the present riparian landscape and analyzingchanges of the landscape patterns will provide fundamental understanding andvaluable insights for the scientific conservation and the related policy-making.
With Landsat TM images interpretation, landscape graphical analysis and fieldinvestigations, the author researched the present riparian landscape types indifferent grains. The results showed that built-up areas, accounting for60percentapproximately, was the predominate type with high aggregation and large size.Roads had enormous impacts on the riparian landscape. Traditional configurationof agricultural landscape changed much mainly due to industrial land. As thegrain size augmented, the proportion of greenland decreased from60percent to40percent, which indicated the greenland consist of small and fragmental patcheswith low quality. The natural riparian zones are almost extinct due to the71.9percent of them transformed to artificially hard upright embankment. There wasgradient in the horizontal distributions of the riparian landscape. Thecomposition of riparian landscape presented urban-rural gradient due to impactsfrom the matrix.
The author also investigated landscape pattern changes of Suzhou riparianlandscape in the span of15years with landscape index, and analyzed the landscapechanges with synthesized landscape graphic and bio-energetic approach. Theresults were as follows: During the recent fifteen years，the proportion of farmlandin the1000m riparian buffer area decreased from56.4percent to25.9percent,while built-up area increased from32.2percent to58.3percent. The matrix ofriparian landscape transfered from agricultural land to built-up areas. Thebuilt-up areas increased firstly with increasing amount of small patches withrandom sprawl, then the growing small patches aggregate to large patches, finallythe large patches compacted due to internal refilling. The agricultural land decreased with large patches divided into small ones, and then the small patcheschanged to other landscapes (mainly construction area) gradually. The turningpoint of landscape changes occurred in2000. The connectivity of naturallandscape in riparian area decreased significantly with many subordinate watersextinct. The persistent natural nodes decreased so much that the risk of theirextinction is possible.
Based on the above studies and the present management conditions, the authorproposed measures to improve the landscape patterns of riparian area in Suzhou,and recommended a synthesized strategies and principles for the riparian landscapemanagement.
本文利用TM影像、景观图示和野外调查等综合研究方法，从不同景观粒度对水岸带现状进行研究，结果表明：目前，建设用地占60%左右，是水岸带的优势景观类型；建设用地景观结构特点是斑块面积大，聚集度高；道路景观对水岸景观格局影响剧烈；工业用地是打破传统农业水岸景观构成的主要原因之一。随着景观粒度增大，水岸带绿地面积所占比例从60%降至40%，再降至4%，表明绿地斑块面积小，质量差，破碎化程度大；硬质直立式堤岸占71.9%，天然水陆生态交错带消失；水岸带景观构成受基质影响存在城乡梯度，另外横向上景观分布与距水系距离相关。
基于景观指数对15年间苏州市水岸带景观格局的演变动态进行了分析和研究，并基于景观图论和生物能学理论分析了近8年间苏州局部的水岸带景观变化状况。结果表明：15年间，1000m宽水岸带中农业用地占研究区总面积的比值从56.4%下降到25.9%，建筑用地占总面积比值从32.2%上升为58.3%，水岸带景观基质由农业用地已经转为建设用地；建筑用地的增长过程先是由小斑块数量增多、无序扩张，到不断扩大的小斑块汇集成大斑块，再到大斑块内部继续填充。农业用地面积减少过程是大的斑块被分割成诸多小斑块，并逐渐被侵占转化为其他景观类型(主要为建筑用地)；2000年是景观格局组成发生变化的转折时期；水岸带自然景观的连通性显著降低、细小水系消失；一直保持不变的自然节点数量少，存在消失风险。
本文基于以上研究和苏州水岸带景观管理现状，提出苏州水岸带的景观格局的优化措施，并建议成立一体化的水岸带景观管理体系。
As critical transporting channel of energy and substance, riparian zones is thepivot linked aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems, and which is animportant habitat and ecological corridor between them. In recent decade years,Economic development and enduring rapid urbanization is accelerating in Suzhou,which contributed to great transformation in the land use of riparian zones. Theecological degeneration of riparian zones, as well as the consequent environmentalcrisis, has substantially and potentially hindered the sustainable development ofSuzhou. Therefore, investigating on the present riparian landscape and analyzingchanges of the landscape patterns will provide fundamental understanding andvaluable insights for the scientific conservation and the related policy-making.
With Landsat TM images interpretation, landscape graphical analysis and fieldinvestigations, the author researched the present riparian landscape types indifferent grains. The results showed that built-up areas, accounting for60percentapproximately, was the predominate type with high aggregation and large size.Roads had enormous impacts on the riparian landscape. Traditional configurationof agricultural landscape changed much mainly due to industrial land. As thegrain size augmented, the proportion of greenland decreased from60percent to40percent, which indicated the greenland consist of small and fragmental patcheswith low quality. The natural riparian zones are almost extinct due to the71.9percent of them transformed to artificially hard upright embankment. There wasgradient in the horizontal distributions of the riparian landscape. Thecomposition of riparian landscape presented urban-rural gradient due to impactsfrom the matrix.
The author also investigated landscape pattern changes of Suzhou riparianlandscape in the span of15years with landscape index, and analyzed the landscapechanges with synthesized landscape graphic and bio-energetic approach. Theresults were as follows: During the recent fifteen years，the proportion of farmlandin the1000m riparian buffer area decreased from56.4percent to25.9percent,while built-up area increased from32.2percent to58.3percent. The matrix ofriparian landscape transfered from agricultural land to built-up areas. Thebuilt-up areas increased firstly with increasing amount of small patches withrandom sprawl, then the growing small patches aggregate to large patches, finallythe large patches compacted due to internal refilling. The agricultural land decreased with large patches divided into small ones, and then the small patcheschanged to other landscapes (mainly construction area) gradually. The turningpoint of landscape changes occurred in2000. The connectivity of naturallandscape in riparian area decreased significantly with many subordinate watersextinct. The persistent natural nodes decreased so much that the risk of theirextinction is possible.
Based on the above studies and the present management conditions, the authorproposed measures to improve the landscape patterns of riparian area in Suzhou,and recommended a synthesized strategies and principles for the riparian landscapemanagement.
引文
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