弹载SAR多种工作模式的成像算法研究
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摘要
随着精确制导武器在现代化战争中所扮演的角色日趋重要，高精度复合制导技术已经成为了各国国防工业的发展重点。在众多复合制导技术中，合成孔径雷达（SAR，Synthetic Aperture Radar）与惯性导航系统（INS，Inertial NavigationSystem）的组合由于其自身的众多优点正日益受到重视。装备有SAR+INS导航系统的导弹可以利用SAR获得的高分辨率图像与弹上计算机中存储的参考图像进行景象匹配，计算出导弹实时位置，对弹载INS的导航信息进行误差修正，达到提高导弹打击精度的目的。但是，由于导弹的运动特点与飞机、卫星等传统载体有很大区别，传统的SAR成像算法在弹载SAR中难以直接使用。同时，为了给成像后的景象匹配提供足够的目标特征信息，弹载SAR需要具有大场景宽测绘带成像的能力。此外，导弹在攻击段要求SAR具有前视成像的能力，而前视特有的左右模糊问题给成像带来了很大困难。基于以上原因，本文针对多种工作模式下的弹载SAR成像算法进行了研究，所取得的主要研究成果为：
1.研究了弹载扫描SAR模式下的宽测绘带成像算法。以传统的划分子孔径成像为思路，分析了扫描模式下的目标回波信号特点，指出了成像面临的两个问题，即线性距离徙动的空变性和多普勒中心的空变性问题，并给出了子孔径划分的原则。接着，研究了改进的子孔径距离-多普勒成像算法，并针对实际需要推导了导弹存在侧向移动时的子孔径图像几何校正公式。最后通过点目标仿真验证了本文方法的有效性，为今后的景象匹配制导研究奠定了基础。
2.研究了弹载SAR下降段成像模型下的大场景成像算法。以全孔径高分辨成像为思路，首先分析了基于级数反演法的弹载SAR回波信号二维频谱中各相位项的空变特性，接着根据分析结果并结合CZT(Chirp Z Transform)算法提出了成像算法的设计方案。然后，对改进的CZT算法进行了推导，给出了最终的成像流程和运算量分析。最后用仿真实验验证了算法的可行性。
3.针对弹载SAR下降段大场景成像中存在的多变量耦合问题，研究了一种参数化解耦方法。在已有的基于级数反演的弹载SAR下降段回波信号二维频谱中，存在五个耦合变量，而传统的SAR成像算方法只能处理其中三个变量。通过分析下降段信号特点和成像模型，分别利用公式的特殊形式和模型的几何特征提出了一种将两个额外变量用斜距变量进行参数化解耦合的方法。在解耦后得到的新二维频谱的基础上，推导了CS（Chirp Scaling）算法。最后通过仿真验证了本章所提方法能有效的提高距离向的成像精度，可以完成距离向扩展大场景的成像需求。
4.以全孔径高分辨为成像目的，研究了一种弹载SAR下降段的信号二维频谱分析方法。针对弹载SAR下降段成像信号模型的特点，通过借鉴星载SAR曲线轨迹成像方法，对斜距公式进行了合理近似，然后利用此公式直接推导信号的二维傅里叶变换，再利用经典的卡尔丹公式解得信号的驻相点，最后得到了信号的二维频谱表达式。接着，在此二维频谱的基础上推导了相应的成像算法，最后通过仿真验证了所提频谱和算法的有效性。
5.针对弹载SAR前视成像问题进行了研究。经过对比选择了双天线成像体制，并对该体制下的斜距公式进行了分析，指出了左右模糊问题是前视成像的基本问题。通过分析双天线体制下的信号特点，提出了利用不同天线的波程差进行波束形成，解开左右模糊的算法思路。接着设计了距离向处理算法和方位向解模糊算法，最后用仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。
As the precision guidance weapons are playing increasingly important role in modernwarfare, high-precision integrated guidance techniques have been the focus of defenseindustry development for all the countries. In masses of the integrated guidance techniques,the combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) hasgained growing attention due to its multiple intrinsic advantages. Equipped with SAR&INS,the missile can exploit the high resolution images obtained by SAR for scene matching withthe reference images stored in the computer on missile, calculate the real time position ofitself to correct the INS errors, and finally get a high attacking probability. However, becauseof the great difference in motion characteristics between missile and conventional carrierssuch as airplane and satellite, it is difficult to directly use traditional SAR imaging algorithmsin missile-borne SAR. Meanwhile, to provide sufficient target feature information for scenematching, missile-borne SAR needs the capability of wide-swath imaging. In addition, missilerequires the identical direction for imaging and flight in attack paragraph, in which thepeculiar left/right ambiguity problem leads to great difficulty for imaging.
Based on all above, this dissertation makes a study on missile-borne SAR imaging inmultiple operating modes. The main research results are as follows:
1. The wide-swath imaging method for missile-borne ScanSAR is studied. Accordingto the traditional sub-aperture separation imaging method, the features of target echoedsignals are analyzed. Two problems i.e. the spatial variation of the linear range cell migrationand Doppler center are presented, as well as the rule of sub-aperture separation and amodified Range-Doppler algorithm. Further, for the practical demand, the geometriccorrection equation for sub-aperture images with the existence of side movement is deduced.The point target simulation validates the effectiveness of the method proposed in thisdissertation, which lays a foundation for scene matching.
2. The research of wide-swath imaging algorithm based on the model of themissile-borne SAR in decline paragraph is conducted. Motivated by high resolution imagingof the full aperture, we firstly analyze the spatial variation properties of all the terms in theechoed signal2D spectrum of missile-borne SAR based on the series reversion method. Then,corresponding to the analysis results, with the combination of CZT (Chirp-Z Transform)algorithm, we design an imaging scheme. Additionally, the modified CZT algorithm isderived, and the imaging flow and computational load analysis is given. The simulationexperiments confirm the feasibility of this method.
3. With respect to the problem of multi-variables coupling in the wide-swath imagingof missile-borne SAR in decline paragraph, we investigate a parameterized de-couplingmethod. In the existing2D echoed signal spectrum of missile-borne SAR in the declineparagraph obtained by series reversion method, there are five coupled variables, only three ofwhich can be processed by conventional SAR imaging algorithms. By analyzing thecharacteristics of the signal in decline paragraph and the imaging model, we present a methodto parameterize the other two variables with the slant range variable, attributed to the specialform of the equation expressions and the geometric features of the imaging model. On thebasis of the new parameterized2D spectrum, CS (Chirp-Scaling) algorithm is deduced.Simulations verify that this parameterized de-coupling method can effectively improve theimaging accuracy in the range direction and it is promising to enhance the performance ofextended wide-swath imaging.
4. Following the high resolution imaging of full aperture, an analysis method for2Dsignal spectrum of missile-borne in decline paragraph is presented. For the characteristics ofthe imaging model in this paragraph, by imitating the imaging method with curve trace inspace-borne, we make a reasonable approximation for the slant range expression. With thisequation, the2D Fourier transform of the signal is directly derived. Then the stationary phasepoint can be solved by using the classical Cardano’s formula. And thus the signal2Dspectrum can be obtained, based on which the corresponding imaging algorithm isdemonstrated. The effectiveness of the proposed method for imaging in decline paragraph isvalidated by the simulations.
5. The problems in forward-looking missile-borne SAR are also studied. By makingcomparisons, we select the double-antenna system and analyze the slope range equation inthis system. The basic problem of the left/right ambiguity for forward-looking imaging isfigured out. With the analysis on the signal features in the double-antenna system, we putforward a scheme to solve the left/right ambiguity by using the beam-forming with rangedelay difference between different antennas. Then a range processing algorithm andde-ambiguity algorithm in azimuth direction is designed. The point target simulation testifiesthe validity of this method.
1.研究了弹载扫描SAR模式下的宽测绘带成像算法。以传统的划分子孔径成像为思路，分析了扫描模式下的目标回波信号特点，指出了成像面临的两个问题，即线性距离徙动的空变性和多普勒中心的空变性问题，并给出了子孔径划分的原则。接着，研究了改进的子孔径距离-多普勒成像算法，并针对实际需要推导了导弹存在侧向移动时的子孔径图像几何校正公式。最后通过点目标仿真验证了本文方法的有效性，为今后的景象匹配制导研究奠定了基础。
2.研究了弹载SAR下降段成像模型下的大场景成像算法。以全孔径高分辨成像为思路，首先分析了基于级数反演法的弹载SAR回波信号二维频谱中各相位项的空变特性，接着根据分析结果并结合CZT(Chirp Z Transform)算法提出了成像算法的设计方案。然后，对改进的CZT算法进行了推导，给出了最终的成像流程和运算量分析。最后用仿真实验验证了算法的可行性。
3.针对弹载SAR下降段大场景成像中存在的多变量耦合问题，研究了一种参数化解耦方法。在已有的基于级数反演的弹载SAR下降段回波信号二维频谱中，存在五个耦合变量，而传统的SAR成像算方法只能处理其中三个变量。通过分析下降段信号特点和成像模型，分别利用公式的特殊形式和模型的几何特征提出了一种将两个额外变量用斜距变量进行参数化解耦合的方法。在解耦后得到的新二维频谱的基础上，推导了CS（Chirp Scaling）算法。最后通过仿真验证了本章所提方法能有效的提高距离向的成像精度，可以完成距离向扩展大场景的成像需求。
4.以全孔径高分辨为成像目的，研究了一种弹载SAR下降段的信号二维频谱分析方法。针对弹载SAR下降段成像信号模型的特点，通过借鉴星载SAR曲线轨迹成像方法，对斜距公式进行了合理近似，然后利用此公式直接推导信号的二维傅里叶变换，再利用经典的卡尔丹公式解得信号的驻相点，最后得到了信号的二维频谱表达式。接着，在此二维频谱的基础上推导了相应的成像算法，最后通过仿真验证了所提频谱和算法的有效性。
5.针对弹载SAR前视成像问题进行了研究。经过对比选择了双天线成像体制，并对该体制下的斜距公式进行了分析，指出了左右模糊问题是前视成像的基本问题。通过分析双天线体制下的信号特点，提出了利用不同天线的波程差进行波束形成，解开左右模糊的算法思路。接着设计了距离向处理算法和方位向解模糊算法，最后用仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。
As the precision guidance weapons are playing increasingly important role in modernwarfare, high-precision integrated guidance techniques have been the focus of defenseindustry development for all the countries. In masses of the integrated guidance techniques,the combination of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) hasgained growing attention due to its multiple intrinsic advantages. Equipped with SAR&INS,the missile can exploit the high resolution images obtained by SAR for scene matching withthe reference images stored in the computer on missile, calculate the real time position ofitself to correct the INS errors, and finally get a high attacking probability. However, becauseof the great difference in motion characteristics between missile and conventional carrierssuch as airplane and satellite, it is difficult to directly use traditional SAR imaging algorithmsin missile-borne SAR. Meanwhile, to provide sufficient target feature information for scenematching, missile-borne SAR needs the capability of wide-swath imaging. In addition, missilerequires the identical direction for imaging and flight in attack paragraph, in which thepeculiar left/right ambiguity problem leads to great difficulty for imaging.
Based on all above, this dissertation makes a study on missile-borne SAR imaging inmultiple operating modes. The main research results are as follows:
1. The wide-swath imaging method for missile-borne ScanSAR is studied. Accordingto the traditional sub-aperture separation imaging method, the features of target echoedsignals are analyzed. Two problems i.e. the spatial variation of the linear range cell migrationand Doppler center are presented, as well as the rule of sub-aperture separation and amodified Range-Doppler algorithm. Further, for the practical demand, the geometriccorrection equation for sub-aperture images with the existence of side movement is deduced.The point target simulation validates the effectiveness of the method proposed in thisdissertation, which lays a foundation for scene matching.
2. The research of wide-swath imaging algorithm based on the model of themissile-borne SAR in decline paragraph is conducted. Motivated by high resolution imagingof the full aperture, we firstly analyze the spatial variation properties of all the terms in theechoed signal2D spectrum of missile-borne SAR based on the series reversion method. Then,corresponding to the analysis results, with the combination of CZT (Chirp-Z Transform)algorithm, we design an imaging scheme. Additionally, the modified CZT algorithm isderived, and the imaging flow and computational load analysis is given. The simulationexperiments confirm the feasibility of this method.
3. With respect to the problem of multi-variables coupling in the wide-swath imagingof missile-borne SAR in decline paragraph, we investigate a parameterized de-couplingmethod. In the existing2D echoed signal spectrum of missile-borne SAR in the declineparagraph obtained by series reversion method, there are five coupled variables, only three ofwhich can be processed by conventional SAR imaging algorithms. By analyzing thecharacteristics of the signal in decline paragraph and the imaging model, we present a methodto parameterize the other two variables with the slant range variable, attributed to the specialform of the equation expressions and the geometric features of the imaging model. On thebasis of the new parameterized2D spectrum, CS (Chirp-Scaling) algorithm is deduced.Simulations verify that this parameterized de-coupling method can effectively improve theimaging accuracy in the range direction and it is promising to enhance the performance ofextended wide-swath imaging.
4. Following the high resolution imaging of full aperture, an analysis method for2Dsignal spectrum of missile-borne in decline paragraph is presented. For the characteristics ofthe imaging model in this paragraph, by imitating the imaging method with curve trace inspace-borne, we make a reasonable approximation for the slant range expression. With thisequation, the2D Fourier transform of the signal is directly derived. Then the stationary phasepoint can be solved by using the classical Cardano’s formula. And thus the signal2Dspectrum can be obtained, based on which the corresponding imaging algorithm isdemonstrated. The effectiveness of the proposed method for imaging in decline paragraph isvalidated by the simulations.
5. The problems in forward-looking missile-borne SAR are also studied. By makingcomparisons, we select the double-antenna system and analyze the slope range equation inthis system. The basic problem of the left/right ambiguity for forward-looking imaging isfigured out. With the analysis on the signal features in the double-antenna system, we putforward a scheme to solve the left/right ambiguity by using the beam-forming with rangedelay difference between different antennas. Then a range processing algorithm andde-ambiguity algorithm in azimuth direction is designed. The point target simulation testifiesthe validity of this method.
引文
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[1]房丽丽，王岩飞.俯冲加速运动状态下的SAR信号分析及运动补偿.[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(6):1316-1320.
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[3] Weisstein E W. CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics [M]. Boca Raton,London, New York, Washington D. C.: CRS Press LLC,1999,362-365.
[4]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[5]秦玉亮，王建涛,王宏强,黎湘.基于距离-多普勒算法的俯冲弹道条件下弹载SAR成像[J].电子与信息学报.2009,31(11):2563-2568
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[7]孙兵，周荫清,陈杰,李春升.基于恒加速度模型的斜视SAR成像CA-ECS算法[J].电子学报.2006,34(9):1595-1599.
[8]秦玉亮，王建涛,王宏强,黎湘.基于RD算法的横向规避弹道弹载SAR成像[J].系统工程与电子技术.2010,32(4):731-733.
[9]易予生,张林让,刘楠,刘昕,申东.基于级数反演的俯冲加速运动状态弹载SAR成像算法[J].系统工程与电子技术.2009,31(12):2863-2866.
[10]易予生,张林让,刘昕,刘楠,申东.一种弹载侧视SAR大场景成像算法[J].电子与信息学报.2010,32(3):587-592.
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