混合设计高性能钢梁抗弯强度与延性研究
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摘要
HPS-485W高性能钢具有强度高、可焊性好、韧性好和耐候性显著等优点。随着高性能钢在公路桥梁中的应用与发展,对现行公路桥梁设计规范中钢材种类和条文进行更新已迫在眉睫。为了在公路桥梁中推广和安全地应用高性能钢,本文对HPS-485W高性能钢混合工字形梁进行了试验研究和有限元研究,分析了HPS-485W高性能钢混合工字形梁的失效机理,得到了影响HPS-485W高性能钢混合工字形梁抗弯强度与延性的各参数的影响规律与合理取值范围。本文的主要研究内容如下：
1、通过通用有限元程序Ansys对Lehgih大学2根HPS-690W高性能钢等强梁进行有限元模拟分析,获得能够精确模拟试验梁受力性能的有限元模型,并对试验梁的失效机理进行了论述。
2、通过材料拉伸试验,测试12mm厚HPS-485W高性能钢的材料力学特性,获得材料的全过程工程应力-应变曲线；通过对材料的工程应力-应变曲线数据处理,获得其真实应力-自然应变曲线、屈服强度和弹性模量等值。采用12mm厚HPS-485W高性能钢板和8mm厚Q235钢板设计了3根试验梁,并采用有限元模型对试验梁进行分析,根据捕捉到的试验梁失效模式,进行测点优化布置。
3、对3根高性能混合设计钢梁进行了试验测试,对试验梁数据进行了分析处理,并与有限元模拟结果进行了分析比较,对试验梁的失效机理进行了深入研究。对比结果表明腹板屈曲强度对试验梁的抗弯强度具有显著影响。
4、采用通过试验结果校核过的有限元模型对影响HPS-485W高性能钢混合工字形梁抗弯强度和延性参数进行了分析,确定了这些参数的一般影响规律及合理取值范围。这些参数包括翼缘宽厚比、腹板宽厚比、截面高宽比、几何初始缺陷分布模型、缺陷峰值、侧向约束形式、翼缘材料与腹板材料匹配等。
最后对研究的内容进行了总结,并对下一步的研究提出了建议和思路。
High Performance Steel (HPS) with yield strength of 485 MPa has high strength in addition to good weldability, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance. As High Performance Steel plates are in use in highway bridges, the steel types and articles in bridge codes must be modified. To make the High Performance Steel paltes popularization and security application in highway bridges, testing study and finite elemet analysis were performed on hybrid I-girders fabricated from High Performance Steel plates in this paper, in addition, its failure mechanism had been studied, and at last, the influence rules and reasonable values of the paramerters were got. In detail, the following aspects were investigated:
1. Finite element simulations were performed, as to two pieces of girders fabricated from HPS-690W and tested by professor Sause in Lehigh University, using the commercially general-purpose finite element program ANSYS9.0, to get the accurate finite element model for simulating the mechanical behavior of the specimens. And moreover the failure mechanism of the girders was in study.
2. Material tesion test was performed to get the mechanic property of 12mm HPS-485W plates and the whole engineering stess-strain curve that was proceesed to obtain the true stress-nature strain curve, yield shtreng and young's modulus. Three specimens were designed, in which 12mm HPS-485W plates and 8mm Q235 plates were used, and moreover simulated and analyzed by the finite element model wich was checked by test specimens tested by professor Sause to capture the failure modes and buckling location of the specimens. At last, typical measuring points of strain and deflection were determined.
3. Three testing specimens by hybride design method were tested in bridge laboratory of Chang an University. The results of testing girders were processed, were compared with the results from finite element anslysis. And more over, the failure mechanism of specimens was studied in-depth. The compared results showed that the web buckling strength had notable effection on the flexural strength of high performance hybride girders.
4. Parametric study about the effect of different parameters on the strength and ductility of hybrid I-girders fabricated from HPS-485W plates was performed by the checked finite element model. These parameters are the normalized flange slenderness, the normalized web slenderness,the cross section aspect ratio, geometric imperfections, lateral bracing system, match of the materials about flange and web and so on.
In the end, the research contents of this paper were summarized, and the suggestion of the further study were given also.
1、通过通用有限元程序Ansys对Lehgih大学2根HPS-690W高性能钢等强梁进行有限元模拟分析,获得能够精确模拟试验梁受力性能的有限元模型,并对试验梁的失效机理进行了论述。
2、通过材料拉伸试验,测试12mm厚HPS-485W高性能钢的材料力学特性,获得材料的全过程工程应力-应变曲线；通过对材料的工程应力-应变曲线数据处理,获得其真实应力-自然应变曲线、屈服强度和弹性模量等值。采用12mm厚HPS-485W高性能钢板和8mm厚Q235钢板设计了3根试验梁,并采用有限元模型对试验梁进行分析,根据捕捉到的试验梁失效模式,进行测点优化布置。
3、对3根高性能混合设计钢梁进行了试验测试,对试验梁数据进行了分析处理,并与有限元模拟结果进行了分析比较,对试验梁的失效机理进行了深入研究。对比结果表明腹板屈曲强度对试验梁的抗弯强度具有显著影响。
4、采用通过试验结果校核过的有限元模型对影响HPS-485W高性能钢混合工字形梁抗弯强度和延性参数进行了分析,确定了这些参数的一般影响规律及合理取值范围。这些参数包括翼缘宽厚比、腹板宽厚比、截面高宽比、几何初始缺陷分布模型、缺陷峰值、侧向约束形式、翼缘材料与腹板材料匹配等。
最后对研究的内容进行了总结,并对下一步的研究提出了建议和思路。
High Performance Steel (HPS) with yield strength of 485 MPa has high strength in addition to good weldability, fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance. As High Performance Steel plates are in use in highway bridges, the steel types and articles in bridge codes must be modified. To make the High Performance Steel paltes popularization and security application in highway bridges, testing study and finite elemet analysis were performed on hybrid I-girders fabricated from High Performance Steel plates in this paper, in addition, its failure mechanism had been studied, and at last, the influence rules and reasonable values of the paramerters were got. In detail, the following aspects were investigated:
1. Finite element simulations were performed, as to two pieces of girders fabricated from HPS-690W and tested by professor Sause in Lehigh University, using the commercially general-purpose finite element program ANSYS9.0, to get the accurate finite element model for simulating the mechanical behavior of the specimens. And moreover the failure mechanism of the girders was in study.
2. Material tesion test was performed to get the mechanic property of 12mm HPS-485W plates and the whole engineering stess-strain curve that was proceesed to obtain the true stress-nature strain curve, yield shtreng and young's modulus. Three specimens were designed, in which 12mm HPS-485W plates and 8mm Q235 plates were used, and moreover simulated and analyzed by the finite element model wich was checked by test specimens tested by professor Sause to capture the failure modes and buckling location of the specimens. At last, typical measuring points of strain and deflection were determined.
3. Three testing specimens by hybride design method were tested in bridge laboratory of Chang an University. The results of testing girders were processed, were compared with the results from finite element anslysis. And more over, the failure mechanism of specimens was studied in-depth. The compared results showed that the web buckling strength had notable effection on the flexural strength of high performance hybride girders.
4. Parametric study about the effect of different parameters on the strength and ductility of hybrid I-girders fabricated from HPS-485W plates was performed by the checked finite element model. These parameters are the normalized flange slenderness, the normalized web slenderness,the cross section aspect ratio, geometric imperfections, lateral bracing system, match of the materials about flange and web and so on.
In the end, the research contents of this paper were summarized, and the suggestion of the further study were given also.
引文
[1]王春生,段兰,胡景雨.Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of HPS 485W in China. Key Engineering Materials,2010, vols.452-453:157-160.
[2]王春生,段兰.The Mechanics Behavior Tests of HPS-485W Made in China. Advanced Merterials Research,2010, vols.146-147:1506-1509.
[3]International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE). Use and Application of High Performance Steels for Steel Structures, Structural Engineering Documents 8,2005
[4]Miki, C., Homma, K., Tominaga T.. High strength and performance steel and their use in bridge structures[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,2002,V58:3-20
[5]Kawabata Fumimaru, Matsui Kazuyuki, Obinata Tadashi, et al. Steel Plates for Bridge Use and Their Application Technologies [C]. JFE Technical Report No.2,2004
[6]王春生,段兰.高性能钢桥设计指南.世界桥梁,2007,(1)：60-67.
[7]段兰,王春生.高性能钢桥在北美的研究及应用简介.建筑钢结构进展,2008,10(2)：50-56.
[8]王春生,段兰,袁卓亚.高性能钢在日本及欧洲的研发与应用.世界桥梁,2008,(1)：68-72.
[9]王春生,段兰.高性能钢桥研究新进展.第十九届全国桥梁学术会议论文集,2010：184-191.
[10]郭桐,韦明,刘利香.新型耐候桥梁钢A709M-HPS485的开发[J].钢结构,2009,24(5)：50-56
[11]刘榴,沈大明.美国新海湾大桥焊接工艺评定纪实.全国钢结构学术年会论文集[C],合肥,2008：150一159+149
[12]ASTM, A709/A709M, "Standard Specifications for Carbon and High-Strength Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and Quenched-and Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates for Bridges," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Volume 01.03, Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar[S]. ASTM International,2004
[13]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,2007
[14]JTJ 025-1986,公路桥涵钢结构及木结构设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,1986
[15]GB/T714-2000,桥梁结构用钢[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2000
[16]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,1996
[17]Barth, K. E., White, D. W., and Mobb, B. M.. Negaive Bending Rsistance of HPS70W Girders[J]. Constr.. Steel Res,2000, V53:1-31
[18]Yakel, A. J., Mans. P. and Azizinamini, A.. Flexural Capacity and Ductility of HPS-485W Bridge Girders. Engineering Journal, AISC, V39:38-51
[19]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,2001
[20]Odenman M.. Ho"gha°lfast sta°I samverkansbroar (High strength steel in composite bridges) [D]. Lulea°University of Technology,1995
[21]Onat, E. T. and Druccker, D. C.. Inelastic Instability and Incremental Theories of Plasticity[J]. J. of the Aeronautical Sciences,1953, V20:181-186
[22]M(?)ller, M., Jophansson, B., and Collin P. A New Analytical Model Inelastic Local Flange Buckling[J]. Constr.. Steel Res,1997, V43:43-63
[23]Salem, E. S., Sause, R.. Flexural Strength and Ductility of Highway Bridge I-girders Fabricated from HPS-100W Steel[D]. Bethlehem:Lehigh University,2004
[24]Frost, R.W. Schilling, C.G. Behavior of Hybrid Beams Subjected to Static Loads. Journal of the structural Division, ASCE, Vol.90.1964:55-88
[25]刘声扬,王汝恒,王来.钢结构原理与设计[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2005
[26]陈绍蕃.钢结构[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[27]GB 50017-2003,钢结构设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2003
[28]Holtz N. M. and Kulak, G. L. Web Slenderness for Compact Bams[R]. Alta:University of Alta,1973
[29]Schilling, C. G and Morcos, S. S. Moment-Rotation Tests of Steel Girders with Ultracompact Flanges[R]. Washington D. C.:Amenrican Iron and Steel Institute,1988
[30]Barth, K. E., Moment-Rotation Characteristics for Inelastic Design of Steel Brigdes Beams and Girders[D]. West Lafayette,Ind:Purdue University,1996
[31]Sause, R. and Fanestock, L. Strength and Ductility of HPS-100W I-Girders in Negative Flexture[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol.6:316-323
[32]Earls, C. J.. On the inelastic failure of high strength steel I-shaped beams[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.1999,49:1-24
[33]Earls, C. J. The Influence of Material Effects on the Structural Ductility of Compact I-Shaped Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2000b,V126(11):1268-1278
[34]Earls, C. J., Shah, B.J.. High performance steel bridge girder compactness[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.2002,58:859-880
[35]段兰.高性能钢HPS-485W力学性能及混合钢梁的抗弯性能研究[D].西安：长安大学,2010
[36]王春生,段兰,胡景雨,王继明.高性能钢HPS-485W力学性能与混合钢梁抗弯试验研究.中国公路学报(已投稿)
[37]王春生,段兰等. Bending Behavior of Hybrid High Performance Steel Beams. Advanced Merterials Research,2011, vols.163-167:492-495.
[38]Crisfield, M. A. A Fast Incremental/Iterative Solution Procedure that Handles "Snap-Through"[J]. Computers and Structures,1981, Vol.13,55-62
[39]Crisfield, M. A. An Arch-Length Method Including Line and Accelerations [J]. Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng,1983, Vol.19:1269-1289
[40]Crisfield, M. A. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solides and Structure.1991
[41]Nicola Greco. Cross-Sectional Compactness and Bracing Requirements for Hybrid HPS Girders[D]. University of Pittsburgh,2002
[42]Greco, N., Earls, C. J.. Structural Ductility in Hybrid Performance Steel Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2003,11:1584-1595
[43]Veljkovic, M., Jophansson, B.. Design of hybrid steel girders[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,2004,V60:535-547
[44]Earls, C. J. On Geometric Factors Influencing the Structural Ductility of Compact I-Shaped Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2000a,V126(7):780-789
[45]Lili Yang. Evaluation of Moment Redistribution for Hybrid HPS 70W Bridge Girders[D]. West Virginia University,2004
[46]GB/T 228-2002,金属材料室温拉伸试验方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2002
[47]ASTM, A370-97a, "Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing for Steel Products," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Volume 01.04, Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar[S]. ASTM International,2001
[48]GB50205-2001,钢结构施工及验收规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2001
[2]王春生,段兰.The Mechanics Behavior Tests of HPS-485W Made in China. Advanced Merterials Research,2010, vols.146-147:1506-1509.
[3]International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE). Use and Application of High Performance Steels for Steel Structures, Structural Engineering Documents 8,2005
[4]Miki, C., Homma, K., Tominaga T.. High strength and performance steel and their use in bridge structures[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,2002,V58:3-20
[5]Kawabata Fumimaru, Matsui Kazuyuki, Obinata Tadashi, et al. Steel Plates for Bridge Use and Their Application Technologies [C]. JFE Technical Report No.2,2004
[6]王春生,段兰.高性能钢桥设计指南.世界桥梁,2007,(1)：60-67.
[7]段兰,王春生.高性能钢桥在北美的研究及应用简介.建筑钢结构进展,2008,10(2)：50-56.
[8]王春生,段兰,袁卓亚.高性能钢在日本及欧洲的研发与应用.世界桥梁,2008,(1)：68-72.
[9]王春生,段兰.高性能钢桥研究新进展.第十九届全国桥梁学术会议论文集,2010：184-191.
[10]郭桐,韦明,刘利香.新型耐候桥梁钢A709M-HPS485的开发[J].钢结构,2009,24(5)：50-56
[11]刘榴,沈大明.美国新海湾大桥焊接工艺评定纪实.全国钢结构学术年会论文集[C],合肥,2008：150一159+149
[12]ASTM, A709/A709M, "Standard Specifications for Carbon and High-Strength Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and Quenched-and Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates for Bridges," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Volume 01.03, Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar[S]. ASTM International,2004
[13]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,2007
[14]JTJ 025-1986,公路桥涵钢结构及木结构设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,1986
[15]GB/T714-2000,桥梁结构用钢[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2000
[16]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,1996
[17]Barth, K. E., White, D. W., and Mobb, B. M.. Negaive Bending Rsistance of HPS70W Girders[J]. Constr.. Steel Res,2000, V53:1-31
[18]Yakel, A. J., Mans. P. and Azizinamini, A.. Flexural Capacity and Ductility of HPS-485W Bridge Girders. Engineering Journal, AISC, V39:38-51
[19]AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification [S]. Washington, D. C.:AASHTO,2001
[20]Odenman M.. Ho"gha°lfast sta°I samverkansbroar (High strength steel in composite bridges) [D]. Lulea°University of Technology,1995
[21]Onat, E. T. and Druccker, D. C.. Inelastic Instability and Incremental Theories of Plasticity[J]. J. of the Aeronautical Sciences,1953, V20:181-186
[22]M(?)ller, M., Jophansson, B., and Collin P. A New Analytical Model Inelastic Local Flange Buckling[J]. Constr.. Steel Res,1997, V43:43-63
[23]Salem, E. S., Sause, R.. Flexural Strength and Ductility of Highway Bridge I-girders Fabricated from HPS-100W Steel[D]. Bethlehem:Lehigh University,2004
[24]Frost, R.W. Schilling, C.G. Behavior of Hybrid Beams Subjected to Static Loads. Journal of the structural Division, ASCE, Vol.90.1964:55-88
[25]刘声扬,王汝恒,王来.钢结构原理与设计[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2005
[26]陈绍蕃.钢结构[M].北京：科学出版社,2005
[27]GB 50017-2003,钢结构设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2003
[28]Holtz N. M. and Kulak, G. L. Web Slenderness for Compact Bams[R]. Alta:University of Alta,1973
[29]Schilling, C. G and Morcos, S. S. Moment-Rotation Tests of Steel Girders with Ultracompact Flanges[R]. Washington D. C.:Amenrican Iron and Steel Institute,1988
[30]Barth, K. E., Moment-Rotation Characteristics for Inelastic Design of Steel Brigdes Beams and Girders[D]. West Lafayette,Ind:Purdue University,1996
[31]Sause, R. and Fanestock, L. Strength and Ductility of HPS-100W I-Girders in Negative Flexture[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol.6:316-323
[32]Earls, C. J.. On the inelastic failure of high strength steel I-shaped beams[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.1999,49:1-24
[33]Earls, C. J. The Influence of Material Effects on the Structural Ductility of Compact I-Shaped Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2000b,V126(11):1268-1278
[34]Earls, C. J., Shah, B.J.. High performance steel bridge girder compactness[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.2002,58:859-880
[35]段兰.高性能钢HPS-485W力学性能及混合钢梁的抗弯性能研究[D].西安：长安大学,2010
[36]王春生,段兰,胡景雨,王继明.高性能钢HPS-485W力学性能与混合钢梁抗弯试验研究.中国公路学报(已投稿)
[37]王春生,段兰等. Bending Behavior of Hybrid High Performance Steel Beams. Advanced Merterials Research,2011, vols.163-167:492-495.
[38]Crisfield, M. A. A Fast Incremental/Iterative Solution Procedure that Handles "Snap-Through"[J]. Computers and Structures,1981, Vol.13,55-62
[39]Crisfield, M. A. An Arch-Length Method Including Line and Accelerations [J]. Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng,1983, Vol.19:1269-1289
[40]Crisfield, M. A. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Solides and Structure.1991
[41]Nicola Greco. Cross-Sectional Compactness and Bracing Requirements for Hybrid HPS Girders[D]. University of Pittsburgh,2002
[42]Greco, N., Earls, C. J.. Structural Ductility in Hybrid Performance Steel Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2003,11:1584-1595
[43]Veljkovic, M., Jophansson, B.. Design of hybrid steel girders[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,2004,V60:535-547
[44]Earls, C. J. On Geometric Factors Influencing the Structural Ductility of Compact I-Shaped Beams[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering.2000a,V126(7):780-789
[45]Lili Yang. Evaluation of Moment Redistribution for Hybrid HPS 70W Bridge Girders[D]. West Virginia University,2004
[46]GB/T 228-2002,金属材料室温拉伸试验方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2002
[47]ASTM, A370-97a, "Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing for Steel Products," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Volume 01.04, Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar[S]. ASTM International,2001
[48]GB50205-2001,钢结构施工及验收规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2001