CDMA无线通信中智能天线技术的研究
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摘要
近年来，智能天线已成为无线通信技术领域中的一个研究热点，该技术的应用可以提高无线通信系统的容量。本文首先介绍了阵列信号与无线信道模型和智能天线基本理论，阐述了向量信道模型和无线传播环境下天线阵列接收时的信道特征。其次，分析了天线阵列最优波束形成技术和恒模算法，深入研究了无线多径环境下自适应阵列的性能。论文重点讨论了CDMA系统的波束形成技术，在理论上详尽地推导了基于扩频码滤波的波束形成算法，对其收敛性、误码率等进行了计算机仿真；针对基于最小均方(LMS)误差的一种判决映射算法进行了改进。改进算法结合了归一化最小均方(NLMS)算法，仿真结果表明改进算法具有良好的收敛性、跟踪性能及较低的误码率。最后，在TMS320VC5402 DSK硬件环境下设计并实现了自适应波束形成算法。
Recently, smart antenna has become a very promising technology for wireless communication, which could enhance the system capacity. This thesis begins with the introduction of the modeling of array signal and wireless channel, as well as the explanation of the fundamentals of smart antenna. Vector channel model is analyzed, and the features of the array receiver under wireless multi-path propagation are illustrated. Second, both the optimized beamforrnkig for antenna array and constant module algorithm are explored. We deeply study the performance of adaptive array under wireless multi-path environment. In addition, the beamforming techniques for CDMA systems are discussed emphatically. The algorithm based on code filtering is deduced in detail theoretically, and the performances such as convergence and bit error rate (BER) are simulated. Meanwhile, we improve a decision-projected algorithm based on Least-Mean-Square (LMS) error. The improved algorithm is combined with Normalized Least-Mean-Square (NLMS) alg
orithm. Computer simulations are presented detailedly to show the algorithm exhibits excellent convergence, tracking capability, as well as lower BER. Finally, the adaptive beamforming algorithm is designed and realized in TMS320VC5402 DSK board.
Recently, smart antenna has become a very promising technology for wireless communication, which could enhance the system capacity. This thesis begins with the introduction of the modeling of array signal and wireless channel, as well as the explanation of the fundamentals of smart antenna. Vector channel model is analyzed, and the features of the array receiver under wireless multi-path propagation are illustrated. Second, both the optimized beamforrnkig for antenna array and constant module algorithm are explored. We deeply study the performance of adaptive array under wireless multi-path environment. In addition, the beamforming techniques for CDMA systems are discussed emphatically. The algorithm based on code filtering is deduced in detail theoretically, and the performances such as convergence and bit error rate (BER) are simulated. Meanwhile, we improve a decision-projected algorithm based on Least-Mean-Square (LMS) error. The improved algorithm is combined with Normalized Least-Mean-Square (NLMS) alg
orithm. Computer simulations are presented detailedly to show the algorithm exhibits excellent convergence, tracking capability, as well as lower BER. Finally, the adaptive beamforming algorithm is designed and realized in TMS320VC5402 DSK board.
引文
[1] 曾兴雯，刘乃安．通信中的扩展频谱技术．西安电子科技大学出版社．1995
[2] Alpesh U. Bhobe and Dr. Patrick L.Perini. "An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Wireless Communication". Aerospace Conference, 2001, IEEE Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 2/875-2/883, Mar. 2001
[3] (美)Joseph C.Liberti,Jr and Theodore S.Rappaport.无线通信中的智能天线—Is-95和第三代CDMA应用．机械工业出版社．2002
[4] 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．国防工业出版社．2000
[5] (美)John G.Proakis．数字通信(第四版)．电子工业出版社．2003
[6] (美)Theodore S.Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用．电子工业出版社1999
[7] G. V. Tsoulos. "Smart antennas for mobile communication systems: benefits and challenges". Electronics&Communication Engineering Jouranl, pp. 84-94, Apr. 1999
[8] Thompson, J.S, Grant RM, Mulgrew B. "Smart antenna arrays for CDMA systems". IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 3, pp. 16-25, Oct. 1996
[9] Ayman F. Naguib, Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath. "Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol.43, pp. 691-698, Aug. 1994
[10] Bruno Suard, Ayman F. Naguib, Guanghan Xu and Arogyaswami Paulraj. "Performance of CDMA Mobile Communication Sysems Using Antenna Arrays". Proc.ICASSP 93 Conf Mineapolis, MN, vol.4, pp.153 -156, April 1993
[11] Swales S. C, Beach M. A, Edwards D. J and McGeehan J. P. "The performance enhancement of multibeam adaptive base-station antennas for cellular land mobile radio systems". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, voi.39, pp. 56-67, Feb. 1990
[12] Liberti J. C. Jr and Rappaport T. S. "Analyticalresults for capacity improvements in CDMA". IEEE Trans. Vech. TechnoI, vol.43, pp. 680-690, Aug. 1994
[13] Ertel R.B., Cardieri E, Sowerby K.W., Rappaport, T.S. and Reed J.H. "Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems". IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 5, pp. 10-22, Feb. 1998
[14] Rong Z., Rappaport T.S., Petrus E, Reed J.H. "Simulation of multitarget adaptive array algorithms for wireless CDMA systems". VTC 97, IEEE 47th, vol. 1, pp. 1-5, May 1997
[15] Tsoulos G, Beach M. and McGeehan J. "Wireless personal communications for the 21st century: European technological advances in adaptive antennas". IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 35, pp. 102-109, Sept. 1997
[16] Y. Karasawa, T. Sekiguchi, T. Inoue. "The software antenna: A new concept of kaleidoscopic antenna in multimedia radio and mobile computing era". IEICE Trans. Communication, Vol. E80-B(8), pp. 1214-1217, 1997
[17] 西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室．“智能天线技术研究报告(2)”．2000
[18] S. Jeng, G. T. Okamoto,G. Xu, H. Lin, J. Vogel, "Experimental evalution of smart antenna systems for wireless communication". IEEE Trans. Anntenas Propagat, vol.46, pp.749-757, Jun. 1997
[19] http://www.xaht.com/showl.asp?id=522
[20] Prabhakar S.Naidu. Sensor array signal processing. CRC Press. 2001
[21] Donghee Shim and Seungwon Choi. "Should the smart antenna be a tracking beam array or switching beam array? ". VTC 98, IEEE 48th, vol. 1, pp. 494-498, May 1998
[22] Seungwon Choi, Donghee Shim and Sarkar, T.K. "A comparison of tracking-beam arrays and switching-beam arrays operating in a CDMA mobile communication channel". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 41, pp.10-56, Dec. 1999
[23] (英)赫德森．自适应阵列原理．成都电讯工程学院出版社．1988
[24] Lal C. Godara. "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part Ⅱ: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations". Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, pp. 1195- 1245, Aug. 1997
[25] (美)维德罗．自适应信号处理．四川科技大学出版社．1989
[26] 石镇．自适应天线原理．国防工业出版社．1991
[27] 龚耀寰．自适应滤波(第二版)．电子工业出版社．2003
[28] A. F. Naguib. "Adaptive Antennas for CDMA Wireless Network". Ph.D Dissertation. Stanford Univ. 1996
[29] Seungwon Choi and Dongnn Yun. "Design of an Adaptive Antenna Array for Tracking the Source of Maximum Power and Its Application to CDMA Mobile Communication". IEEE Trans. Anntenas Propagat, vol. 45, pp. 393-1404, Sept. 1997
[30] Seungwon Choi and Donghee Shim. "A Novel Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for a Smart Antenna System in a CDMA Mobile Communication Environment". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technot, vol. 49, pp. 1793-1806, Sept. 2000
[31] Seungwon Choi, Jinho Choi, Heung-Jae Im and Byungcho Choi. "A Novel Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for Antenna Array CDMA Systems With Strong Interferers". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol. 51, pp. 808-816, Sept. 2002
[32] Yoo S. Song, hyuck M.Kwon and Byung J. Min. "Computationally Efficient Smart Antennas for CDMA Wireless Communications". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol. 50, pp. 1613-1627, Nov. 2001
[33] L. M. Tuan, J. D. Park, G. W. Yoon and J. W. Kim. "Projection-based LMS and MMSE Algorithms for Adaptive Antennas", in Proc. ICII 2001, Beijing, vol. 2, pp. 429-432, Nov. 2001
[34] Jaedon Park, Le Minh Tuan, Giwan Yoon and Jewoo Kim. "A new MUD algorithm for smart antenna". Signal Processing, vol. 83, pp. 275-281, Feb. 2003
[35] Seyong Kwon, Injeong Oh and Seungwon Choi. "Adaptive beamforming from the generalized eigenvalue problem with a linear complexity for a wideband CDMA channel". VTC 99, IEEE 50th, vol. 3, pp. 1890-1894, Sept. 1999
[36] (美) Simon Haykin. Adptive Filter Theory(Fourth Edition, 影印版). 电子工业出版社．2002
[37] 彭启综．TMS320C54x实用教程．电子科技大学出版社．1999
[38] 戴明桢，周建江．TMS320C54x DSP结构、原理及应用．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[39] Kim Phillips, Zhong Hu, Keith Blankenship, Zeeshan Siddiqi and Neiyer Correal "Implementation of an Adaptive Antenna Array Using the TMS320C541". Texas Instruments Application Report (SPRA532). 1999
[40] Seong-Sik Jeon, Yuanxun Wang, Yongxi Qian and Tatsuo Itoh. "A novel smart antenna system implementation for broad-band wireless communications". IEEE Trans. Antennnas.Propaga., vol. 50, pp. 600-606, May 2002
[41] 刘益成．TMS320C54x DSP应用程序设计与开发．北京航空航天大学出版社．2002
[2] Alpesh U. Bhobe and Dr. Patrick L.Perini. "An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Wireless Communication". Aerospace Conference, 2001, IEEE Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 2/875-2/883, Mar. 2001
[3] (美)Joseph C.Liberti,Jr and Theodore S.Rappaport.无线通信中的智能天线—Is-95和第三代CDMA应用．机械工业出版社．2002
[4] 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．国防工业出版社．2000
[5] (美)John G.Proakis．数字通信(第四版)．电子工业出版社．2003
[6] (美)Theodore S.Rappaport．无线通信原理与应用．电子工业出版社1999
[7] G. V. Tsoulos. "Smart antennas for mobile communication systems: benefits and challenges". Electronics&Communication Engineering Jouranl, pp. 84-94, Apr. 1999
[8] Thompson, J.S, Grant RM, Mulgrew B. "Smart antenna arrays for CDMA systems". IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 3, pp. 16-25, Oct. 1996
[9] Ayman F. Naguib, Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath. "Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol.43, pp. 691-698, Aug. 1994
[10] Bruno Suard, Ayman F. Naguib, Guanghan Xu and Arogyaswami Paulraj. "Performance of CDMA Mobile Communication Sysems Using Antenna Arrays". Proc.ICASSP 93 Conf Mineapolis, MN, vol.4, pp.153 -156, April 1993
[11] Swales S. C, Beach M. A, Edwards D. J and McGeehan J. P. "The performance enhancement of multibeam adaptive base-station antennas for cellular land mobile radio systems". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, voi.39, pp. 56-67, Feb. 1990
[12] Liberti J. C. Jr and Rappaport T. S. "Analyticalresults for capacity improvements in CDMA". IEEE Trans. Vech. TechnoI, vol.43, pp. 680-690, Aug. 1994
[13] Ertel R.B., Cardieri E, Sowerby K.W., Rappaport, T.S. and Reed J.H. "Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems". IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 5, pp. 10-22, Feb. 1998
[14] Rong Z., Rappaport T.S., Petrus E, Reed J.H. "Simulation of multitarget adaptive array algorithms for wireless CDMA systems". VTC 97, IEEE 47th, vol. 1, pp. 1-5, May 1997
[15] Tsoulos G, Beach M. and McGeehan J. "Wireless personal communications for the 21st century: European technological advances in adaptive antennas". IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 35, pp. 102-109, Sept. 1997
[16] Y. Karasawa, T. Sekiguchi, T. Inoue. "The software antenna: A new concept of kaleidoscopic antenna in multimedia radio and mobile computing era". IEICE Trans. Communication, Vol. E80-B(8), pp. 1214-1217, 1997
[17] 西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室．“智能天线技术研究报告(2)”．2000
[18] S. Jeng, G. T. Okamoto,G. Xu, H. Lin, J. Vogel, "Experimental evalution of smart antenna systems for wireless communication". IEEE Trans. Anntenas Propagat, vol.46, pp.749-757, Jun. 1997
[19] http://www.xaht.com/showl.asp?id=522
[20] Prabhakar S.Naidu. Sensor array signal processing. CRC Press. 2001
[21] Donghee Shim and Seungwon Choi. "Should the smart antenna be a tracking beam array or switching beam array? ". VTC 98, IEEE 48th, vol. 1, pp. 494-498, May 1998
[22] Seungwon Choi, Donghee Shim and Sarkar, T.K. "A comparison of tracking-beam arrays and switching-beam arrays operating in a CDMA mobile communication channel". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 41, pp.10-56, Dec. 1999
[23] (英)赫德森．自适应阵列原理．成都电讯工程学院出版社．1988
[24] Lal C. Godara. "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part Ⅱ: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations". Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, pp. 1195- 1245, Aug. 1997
[25] (美)维德罗．自适应信号处理．四川科技大学出版社．1989
[26] 石镇．自适应天线原理．国防工业出版社．1991
[27] 龚耀寰．自适应滤波(第二版)．电子工业出版社．2003
[28] A. F. Naguib. "Adaptive Antennas for CDMA Wireless Network". Ph.D Dissertation. Stanford Univ. 1996
[29] Seungwon Choi and Dongnn Yun. "Design of an Adaptive Antenna Array for Tracking the Source of Maximum Power and Its Application to CDMA Mobile Communication". IEEE Trans. Anntenas Propagat, vol. 45, pp. 393-1404, Sept. 1997
[30] Seungwon Choi and Donghee Shim. "A Novel Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for a Smart Antenna System in a CDMA Mobile Communication Environment". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technot, vol. 49, pp. 1793-1806, Sept. 2000
[31] Seungwon Choi, Jinho Choi, Heung-Jae Im and Byungcho Choi. "A Novel Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for Antenna Array CDMA Systems With Strong Interferers". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol. 51, pp. 808-816, Sept. 2002
[32] Yoo S. Song, hyuck M.Kwon and Byung J. Min. "Computationally Efficient Smart Antennas for CDMA Wireless Communications". IEEE Trans. Vech. Technol, vol. 50, pp. 1613-1627, Nov. 2001
[33] L. M. Tuan, J. D. Park, G. W. Yoon and J. W. Kim. "Projection-based LMS and MMSE Algorithms for Adaptive Antennas", in Proc. ICII 2001, Beijing, vol. 2, pp. 429-432, Nov. 2001
[34] Jaedon Park, Le Minh Tuan, Giwan Yoon and Jewoo Kim. "A new MUD algorithm for smart antenna". Signal Processing, vol. 83, pp. 275-281, Feb. 2003
[35] Seyong Kwon, Injeong Oh and Seungwon Choi. "Adaptive beamforming from the generalized eigenvalue problem with a linear complexity for a wideband CDMA channel". VTC 99, IEEE 50th, vol. 3, pp. 1890-1894, Sept. 1999
[36] (美) Simon Haykin. Adptive Filter Theory(Fourth Edition, 影印版). 电子工业出版社．2002
[37] 彭启综．TMS320C54x实用教程．电子科技大学出版社．1999
[38] 戴明桢，周建江．TMS320C54x DSP结构、原理及应用．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[39] Kim Phillips, Zhong Hu, Keith Blankenship, Zeeshan Siddiqi and Neiyer Correal "Implementation of an Adaptive Antenna Array Using the TMS320C541". Texas Instruments Application Report (SPRA532). 1999
[40] Seong-Sik Jeon, Yuanxun Wang, Yongxi Qian and Tatsuo Itoh. "A novel smart antenna system implementation for broad-band wireless communications". IEEE Trans. Antennnas.Propaga., vol. 50, pp. 600-606, May 2002
[41] 刘益成．TMS320C54x DSP应用程序设计与开发．北京航空航天大学出版社．2002