小型生态系统的人工生命个体模型与人工智能模型研究
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摘要
人工智能是当前计算机研究的热点,被誉为二十世纪的重大科学技术成就之一,并将在新世纪的网络和经济时代发挥重要作用。作为计算机学科的重要分支,人工智能将渗透到应用计算机技术的各行各业,导致这些行业乃至计算机软件产业本身的变革。然而人工智能目前仍处于初期阶段,本文认为只有生命才能产生高级智能,并且生命若想产生高级智能一定不能离开环境,将一个生命隔离开来,那么它最多只会产生有限的低级智能,因此很有必要模拟一个小型的生态环境来研究生命个体的智能。为此本文研究了复杂系统的自组织规律,并依此进行建模,设定出一些规则,使生物个体能够通过进化和相互间的非线性作用,自组织的形成一个相对稳定的生态系统。在此生态系统中,每个生命个体所处的环境比较稳定,因而对每个生命个体来说,它所观察到的大量事件具有一定重复性,规律性,这样就为它的学习提供了一个保障。本文接下来仍然根据自组织的思想,仿照人类社会商人组织的建立,提出一种智能学习模型,生命个体按照这个模型能够学会一定的时序上的因果逻辑。然后本文根据通用问题求解原理,给出了生命个体的行为选择算法,初步完成了动物智能模拟的理论部分。
经实验分析,本文提出的自组织生态系统是比较稳定的,只需要一个很小规模的生物种群就能持续下去,这样就为计算机模拟提供了便利。同时本文进行了实验仿真,模拟了简单的狗的智能,这就说明了本文的模型是有效的。
Computer artificial intelligence research is the current hot spots, known as the 20th century one of the major scientific and technological achievement, and in the new century the era of network it will play an important role in the economy. As an important branch of computer science, artificial intelligence will penetrate into the application of computer technology industries, resulting in these businesses, and even computer software industry itself changes. But artificial intelligence is still at an early stage. This article holds that only life can have a senior intelligence, and life can't produce senior intelligence if it is seperated from the environment. A isolated life can only have a limited low-smart. Therefore it is necessary to simulate a small ecological environment to study artificial intelligence. This paper studies the self-organizing phenomenon of complexity system, and using the law of this to evolve a relatively stable ecosystem, in this ecosystem, each individual and the environment in which life is relatively stable, and therefore the large number of incidents which each individual observed will have certain repetitive and regularity, and this will provid a safeguard for study. Then this paper brings forward an algorithm which makes individual lives can learn certain temporal causal logic. And using general principles of problem solving, this paper gives the algorithm for actions selection of the individual, and carries out a simple simulation of intelligent animals.
By the experimental analysis, we can see that the self-organizing ecological system presented by this paper is relatively stable, only need a small-scale biological population to continue. That will make the computer simulation convenient. At the same time simulation experiments in this paper, a simple simulation of a dog's intelligence, which proved this model is effective.
经实验分析,本文提出的自组织生态系统是比较稳定的,只需要一个很小规模的生物种群就能持续下去,这样就为计算机模拟提供了便利。同时本文进行了实验仿真,模拟了简单的狗的智能,这就说明了本文的模型是有效的。
Computer artificial intelligence research is the current hot spots, known as the 20th century one of the major scientific and technological achievement, and in the new century the era of network it will play an important role in the economy. As an important branch of computer science, artificial intelligence will penetrate into the application of computer technology industries, resulting in these businesses, and even computer software industry itself changes. But artificial intelligence is still at an early stage. This article holds that only life can have a senior intelligence, and life can't produce senior intelligence if it is seperated from the environment. A isolated life can only have a limited low-smart. Therefore it is necessary to simulate a small ecological environment to study artificial intelligence. This paper studies the self-organizing phenomenon of complexity system, and using the law of this to evolve a relatively stable ecosystem, in this ecosystem, each individual and the environment in which life is relatively stable, and therefore the large number of incidents which each individual observed will have certain repetitive and regularity, and this will provid a safeguard for study. Then this paper brings forward an algorithm which makes individual lives can learn certain temporal causal logic. And using general principles of problem solving, this paper gives the algorithm for actions selection of the individual, and carries out a simple simulation of intelligent animals.
By the experimental analysis, we can see that the self-organizing ecological system presented by this paper is relatively stable, only need a small-scale biological population to continue. That will make the computer simulation convenient. At the same time simulation experiments in this paper, a simple simulation of a dog's intelligence, which proved this model is effective.
引文
[1]蔡自兴,徐光佑.人工智能及其应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996.10-200
[2]边肇祺,张学工.模式识别[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[3]马知恩.种群生态学的数学建模与研究[M].安徽:安徽教育出版社,1996
[4]陈兰荪,宋新宇,陆征一.数学生态学模型与研究方法.四川:四川科学技术出版,1998
[5]北京大学生命科学学院编写组[M].生命科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社.2000
[6]史忠植.智能科学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[7]刘蔚萍,贾武.遗传算法与人工生命[J].军事经济学院学报.2004,11(3)
[8]周倚平,顾景文.基于人工生命的类生态进化模型[J].计算机仿真.2005,22(6):61-64
[9]陈根社,陈新海.遗传算法的研究与进展[J].信息与控制.1994,23(4):215-221
[10]张智明.人工智能技术以及哲学思考[J].机电产品开发与创新.2007,20(5)
[11]张震等.基于人工智能的创造性思维的模拟方法[J].苏州科技学院学报.2007,24(3):59-63
[12]席裕赓.遗传算法综述[J].控制理论与应用.1996,13(6):698-706
[13]倪霞,吴斌.用人工生命的方法模拟蜜蜂的采蜜行为[J].电子科技大学学报.2006,35(1):122-125
[14]苏小红,杨博,王亚东.基于进化稳定策略的遗传算法[J].软件学报.2003.14(11):1864-1888
[15]Collins R.Studies in artificial evolution[D].California:Artificial Life Laboratory,Department of Computer Science,University of California.1992
[16]KawataM,ToquemgaY.From artificial individual to global patterns[J].Tree,1994,9(11):120-125
[17]Angeline P.Evolutionary algorithms and emergent intelligence [D].Ohio:the Ohio State University,1993
[18]Kitamur.System theory of function emergence[A].The Proc of Symposium on Emergent System[C].Tokyo:Tokyo University of Industrial Technology,1996.240-243
[19]HoshinoT.Sunmmary of research on artificial life systems[A].The eroc of Symposium on Emergent System[C].Tokyo:Tokyo University of Industrial Technology,1996
[20]刘健勤.人工生命理论及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997
[21]王煦法,张显俊,曹先彤.一种基于免疫原理的遗传算法[J].小型微型计算机系统,1999,20(2):117-121
[22]todd E F.Cel lular Automata[M].New York:Academic Press,1968.1-10
[23]杨国为,张福生.人工生命与广义人工生命[J].计算机工程与应用.2003,39(31):64-68
[24]Langton C.Self-Reproduction in Cellular Automata[J].Physica D.1984,3(10):135-144
[25]杨国为,陈国江,涂序彦.广义人工生命的科学基础(Ⅰ)[J].计算机工程与应用.2003,39(8):15-17
[26]Langton C.Computation at the Edge of Chaos[J].Physica D,1990,42:12-37
[27]Langton C.Studying Artificial Life with Cellular Automata[J].Physica D,1986,22:120-149
[28]Langton C,Artificial Life[C].The Proceeedings of an International Work shop on the Synthesis and Simu]ation of Living Systems.New Mexico:Los hlamos,1987
[29]涂晓媛.人工鱼[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[30]Fisher S,Fraser G.Intelligent virtual worlds continue to develop [J].Computer Graphics,1998,32(2)
[31]Terzopoulos D.Artificial life for computer graphics[J].Communication of ACM,1999,42(8)
[32]Sims K.Artificial evolution for computer graphics[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'91[C].ACM Press,New York,1991.319-328
[33]Tu X.Artificial animals for computer animation[A].ACM Distinguished Dissertation Series[C].Springer-Yerlag,Berlin,1999
[34]Funge J,Tu X,Terzopoulos D.Coginitive modeling:knowledge,reasoning,and planning for intelligent characters[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'99[C].ACM Press,New York,1999
[35]Thalmann D.The virtual life of virtual humans[A].Artificial Life for Graphics,Animation,Multimediaand VR,SIGGRAPH'98 Course Notes[C].ACM Press,New York,1998
[36]Vosinakis S,Anastassakis G.DIVA:Distributed Intelligent Virtual Agents[A].Proceedings of Intelligent Virtual Agents[C].UK,1999
[37]陈祥光,裴旭东.人工神经网络技术及应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2003
[38]克劳斯·迈因策尔.复杂性中的思维[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1999
[39]王红,刘建辉.人工智能在决策支持系统中的应用与研究[J].微计算机信息,2005,3(1):177-178
[40]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[41]D.B.Lenat.Cyc.a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure.Communications of the ACM,1995,38(11):33-38
[42]史忠植,莫纯欢.人工生命.计算机研究与发展[J].1995.32(12):1-9
[43]任晓明,罗保华.从复杂系统理论视觉看人工生命的发展.自然辩证法研究[J].2003,7(4)
[44]武妍,唐海红.基于种群成熟度的修正遗传算法[J].上海电力学院学报,2007,23(4):381-385
[45]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[46]张小川,李祖枢.基于人工生命行为选择的智能体决策的研究[J].计算机科学,2007,34(5):213-215
[47]Davis L D.Handbook of Genetic Algorithms[M].Van Nostrand Reinhold.1991
[48]孙建永,申建忠,徐宗本.一类自适应遗传算法.西安交通大学学报 [J].2000.34(10):84-88
[49]Claus Emmeche.The Garden in the Machine:The Emerging Science of Artificial Life[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994
[50]Steven Levy.Artificial Life:A Report from the Frontier Where Computers Meet Biology[M].New York:Vintage Books,1992
[51]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社.1999
[52]潘正君,康立山,陈毓屏.演化计算[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1998
[53]Adleman,L.M.Computing with DNA[J].Scientific American,1998
[54]尹朝庆,尹皓.人工智能与专家系统[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002
[55]Zadeh L.A.The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1983,11:199-227
[56]李凡.D-S证据理论组合模糊集证据的一个方法[J].计算机杂志,1989,17(5):56-59
[57]史忠植.知识发现[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[58]陆钟万.面向计算机科学的数理逻辑[M].北京:科学出版社,2002
[59]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004
[60]戴汝为.开放复杂巨系统----一门21世纪的科学[J],自然杂志,1997,19(4):187-192
[2]边肇祺,张学工.模式识别[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[3]马知恩.种群生态学的数学建模与研究[M].安徽:安徽教育出版社,1996
[4]陈兰荪,宋新宇,陆征一.数学生态学模型与研究方法.四川:四川科学技术出版,1998
[5]北京大学生命科学学院编写组[M].生命科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社.2000
[6]史忠植.智能科学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[7]刘蔚萍,贾武.遗传算法与人工生命[J].军事经济学院学报.2004,11(3)
[8]周倚平,顾景文.基于人工生命的类生态进化模型[J].计算机仿真.2005,22(6):61-64
[9]陈根社,陈新海.遗传算法的研究与进展[J].信息与控制.1994,23(4):215-221
[10]张智明.人工智能技术以及哲学思考[J].机电产品开发与创新.2007,20(5)
[11]张震等.基于人工智能的创造性思维的模拟方法[J].苏州科技学院学报.2007,24(3):59-63
[12]席裕赓.遗传算法综述[J].控制理论与应用.1996,13(6):698-706
[13]倪霞,吴斌.用人工生命的方法模拟蜜蜂的采蜜行为[J].电子科技大学学报.2006,35(1):122-125
[14]苏小红,杨博,王亚东.基于进化稳定策略的遗传算法[J].软件学报.2003.14(11):1864-1888
[15]Collins R.Studies in artificial evolution[D].California:Artificial Life Laboratory,Department of Computer Science,University of California.1992
[16]KawataM,ToquemgaY.From artificial individual to global patterns[J].Tree,1994,9(11):120-125
[17]Angeline P.Evolutionary algorithms and emergent intelligence [D].Ohio:the Ohio State University,1993
[18]Kitamur.System theory of function emergence[A].The Proc of Symposium on Emergent System[C].Tokyo:Tokyo University of Industrial Technology,1996.240-243
[19]HoshinoT.Sunmmary of research on artificial life systems[A].The eroc of Symposium on Emergent System[C].Tokyo:Tokyo University of Industrial Technology,1996
[20]刘健勤.人工生命理论及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997
[21]王煦法,张显俊,曹先彤.一种基于免疫原理的遗传算法[J].小型微型计算机系统,1999,20(2):117-121
[22]todd E F.Cel lular Automata[M].New York:Academic Press,1968.1-10
[23]杨国为,张福生.人工生命与广义人工生命[J].计算机工程与应用.2003,39(31):64-68
[24]Langton C.Self-Reproduction in Cellular Automata[J].Physica D.1984,3(10):135-144
[25]杨国为,陈国江,涂序彦.广义人工生命的科学基础(Ⅰ)[J].计算机工程与应用.2003,39(8):15-17
[26]Langton C.Computation at the Edge of Chaos[J].Physica D,1990,42:12-37
[27]Langton C.Studying Artificial Life with Cellular Automata[J].Physica D,1986,22:120-149
[28]Langton C,Artificial Life[C].The Proceeedings of an International Work shop on the Synthesis and Simu]ation of Living Systems.New Mexico:Los hlamos,1987
[29]涂晓媛.人工鱼[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[30]Fisher S,Fraser G.Intelligent virtual worlds continue to develop [J].Computer Graphics,1998,32(2)
[31]Terzopoulos D.Artificial life for computer graphics[J].Communication of ACM,1999,42(8)
[32]Sims K.Artificial evolution for computer graphics[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'91[C].ACM Press,New York,1991.319-328
[33]Tu X.Artificial animals for computer animation[A].ACM Distinguished Dissertation Series[C].Springer-Yerlag,Berlin,1999
[34]Funge J,Tu X,Terzopoulos D.Coginitive modeling:knowledge,reasoning,and planning for intelligent characters[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'99[C].ACM Press,New York,1999
[35]Thalmann D.The virtual life of virtual humans[A].Artificial Life for Graphics,Animation,Multimediaand VR,SIGGRAPH'98 Course Notes[C].ACM Press,New York,1998
[36]Vosinakis S,Anastassakis G.DIVA:Distributed Intelligent Virtual Agents[A].Proceedings of Intelligent Virtual Agents[C].UK,1999
[37]陈祥光,裴旭东.人工神经网络技术及应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2003
[38]克劳斯·迈因策尔.复杂性中的思维[M].北京:中央编译出版社,1999
[39]王红,刘建辉.人工智能在决策支持系统中的应用与研究[J].微计算机信息,2005,3(1):177-178
[40]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[41]D.B.Lenat.Cyc.a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure.Communications of the ACM,1995,38(11):33-38
[42]史忠植,莫纯欢.人工生命.计算机研究与发展[J].1995.32(12):1-9
[43]任晓明,罗保华.从复杂系统理论视觉看人工生命的发展.自然辩证法研究[J].2003,7(4)
[44]武妍,唐海红.基于种群成熟度的修正遗传算法[J].上海电力学院学报,2007,23(4):381-385
[45]王小平,曹立明.遗传算法--理论、应用与软件实现[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[46]张小川,李祖枢.基于人工生命行为选择的智能体决策的研究[J].计算机科学,2007,34(5):213-215
[47]Davis L D.Handbook of Genetic Algorithms[M].Van Nostrand Reinhold.1991
[48]孙建永,申建忠,徐宗本.一类自适应遗传算法.西安交通大学学报 [J].2000.34(10):84-88
[49]Claus Emmeche.The Garden in the Machine:The Emerging Science of Artificial Life[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994
[50]Steven Levy.Artificial Life:A Report from the Frontier Where Computers Meet Biology[M].New York:Vintage Books,1992
[51]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社.1999
[52]潘正君,康立山,陈毓屏.演化计算[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1998
[53]Adleman,L.M.Computing with DNA[J].Scientific American,1998
[54]尹朝庆,尹皓.人工智能与专家系统[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002
[55]Zadeh L.A.The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1983,11:199-227
[56]李凡.D-S证据理论组合模糊集证据的一个方法[J].计算机杂志,1989,17(5):56-59
[57]史忠植.知识发现[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[58]陆钟万.面向计算机科学的数理逻辑[M].北京:科学出版社,2002
[59]胡宝清.模糊理论基础[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004
[60]戴汝为.开放复杂巨系统----一门21世纪的科学[J],自然杂志,1997,19(4):187-192