数控车床螺纹加工的对刀方法研究
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摘要
智能寻位加工技术是近年来发展起来的一种先进的制造技术，它以崭新的“固定—寻位—加工”制造模式代替传统的“定位—夹紧—加工”制造模式，能大大提高企业底层制造过程的敏捷性，是实现企业和跨企业敏捷制造的重要基础。
本文研究了沿工件原有螺纹沟槽上进行螺纹数控加工的对刀问题，通过对螺纹数控加工(车削)理论的分析得出要完成这类工件的加工其关键是要实现车床主轴零位信号位置与工件上原有螺纹螺旋线的起点相一致。介绍了可以实现零位信号位置与螺纹螺旋线的起点相一致的三种可行的对刀方法的原理。在这三种对刀方法中，手动对刀采用的是传统的“定位加工”方法，而自动对刀和半自动对刀则是利用智能寻位加工技术的“寻位加工”的方法。
对于手动对刀和半自动对刀这两种方法，本文提出了具体的实现方案，并介绍了对手动对刀和半自动对刀进行的实验的情况，实验表明，这两种方法在实践上是可行的。
本文对半自动对刀的实现方案从硬件结构和软件设计两方面进行了详细介绍，半自动对刀是通过基于8031单片机的零位信号动态校正系统来实现的。该零位信号动态校正系统是能对车床主轴的零位脉冲信号进行实时的动态校正，以此校正后的零位信号作为控制信号，来完成这类工件的数控加工。
在文中所介绍的零位信号动态校正系统结构简单，控制精度高，并且该系统应用时对数控机床进行的改造很简单，只需将该系统接到主轴光电编码器的零位信号输出端代替其零位信号输出即可，简单实用，具有一定的推广应用的价值。
Intelligent-seeking-location processing technology is a kind of modern manufacture technology which is developed in recent years. It replaces traditional "fixation-clamping-processing" manufacture mode with fire-new "fixation- seeking location-processing" manufacture mode, which can largely improve the smartness of bottom layer manufacture procedure of the corporation and is the important base to realize smart manufacture among the corporations.
This paper research the question of adjusting tool when processing screw making use of the numerical control method along original groove. From analyzing numerical control (cutting) principle about screw we can come to the conclusion that in order to fulfill the process of this kind of workpiece the key is to realize consistency between the zero-position signal positions of main shaft of lathe and the beginning point of original screw helix. At the same this paper introduces the principle of three feasible ways to adjust tool that can realize consistency between the zero-position signal positions and the beginning point of original screw helix. Among these three adjusting methods, manual adjusting tool adopt traditional "fixation and processing" method, and that automatic or semi-automatic adjusting tool is to use the "seeking location" method of intelligent-seeking-location processing technology.
For two methods about automatic or semi-automatic adjusting tool, this paper puts forward concrete scheme and introduce the testing situation to this two methods of adjusting tool. From these tests, we can come to the conclusion that these two methods are feasible in practice.
This paper introduces the implementing scheme in detail from two sides: hardware structure and software design. Semi-automatic adjusting tool is realized through dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal based on 8031 SCM. This dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal can carry through real-time dynamic adjustment to zero impulse-signal of main shaft of lathe. Using this adjusted zero-position signal as control signal, we can fulfill numerical control manufacture of this kind of workpiece.
The structure of the dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal introduced in this paper is simple, and the control precision is high, and if using this system the changing to numerical control machine tools is very simple, just connecting this system to zero-position signal output-end of photoelectric encoder of main shaft to replace its zero-position signal output. Moreover because of its practicality and simpleness, it has popularizing and application value to a certain extent.
本文研究了沿工件原有螺纹沟槽上进行螺纹数控加工的对刀问题，通过对螺纹数控加工(车削)理论的分析得出要完成这类工件的加工其关键是要实现车床主轴零位信号位置与工件上原有螺纹螺旋线的起点相一致。介绍了可以实现零位信号位置与螺纹螺旋线的起点相一致的三种可行的对刀方法的原理。在这三种对刀方法中，手动对刀采用的是传统的“定位加工”方法，而自动对刀和半自动对刀则是利用智能寻位加工技术的“寻位加工”的方法。
对于手动对刀和半自动对刀这两种方法，本文提出了具体的实现方案，并介绍了对手动对刀和半自动对刀进行的实验的情况，实验表明，这两种方法在实践上是可行的。
本文对半自动对刀的实现方案从硬件结构和软件设计两方面进行了详细介绍，半自动对刀是通过基于8031单片机的零位信号动态校正系统来实现的。该零位信号动态校正系统是能对车床主轴的零位脉冲信号进行实时的动态校正，以此校正后的零位信号作为控制信号，来完成这类工件的数控加工。
在文中所介绍的零位信号动态校正系统结构简单，控制精度高，并且该系统应用时对数控机床进行的改造很简单，只需将该系统接到主轴光电编码器的零位信号输出端代替其零位信号输出即可，简单实用，具有一定的推广应用的价值。
Intelligent-seeking-location processing technology is a kind of modern manufacture technology which is developed in recent years. It replaces traditional "fixation-clamping-processing" manufacture mode with fire-new "fixation- seeking location-processing" manufacture mode, which can largely improve the smartness of bottom layer manufacture procedure of the corporation and is the important base to realize smart manufacture among the corporations.
This paper research the question of adjusting tool when processing screw making use of the numerical control method along original groove. From analyzing numerical control (cutting) principle about screw we can come to the conclusion that in order to fulfill the process of this kind of workpiece the key is to realize consistency between the zero-position signal positions of main shaft of lathe and the beginning point of original screw helix. At the same this paper introduces the principle of three feasible ways to adjust tool that can realize consistency between the zero-position signal positions and the beginning point of original screw helix. Among these three adjusting methods, manual adjusting tool adopt traditional "fixation and processing" method, and that automatic or semi-automatic adjusting tool is to use the "seeking location" method of intelligent-seeking-location processing technology.
For two methods about automatic or semi-automatic adjusting tool, this paper puts forward concrete scheme and introduce the testing situation to this two methods of adjusting tool. From these tests, we can come to the conclusion that these two methods are feasible in practice.
This paper introduces the implementing scheme in detail from two sides: hardware structure and software design. Semi-automatic adjusting tool is realized through dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal based on 8031 SCM. This dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal can carry through real-time dynamic adjustment to zero impulse-signal of main shaft of lathe. Using this adjusted zero-position signal as control signal, we can fulfill numerical control manufacture of this kind of workpiece.
The structure of the dynamic adjusting system of zero-position signal introduced in this paper is simple, and the control precision is high, and if using this system the changing to numerical control machine tools is very simple, just connecting this system to zero-position signal output-end of photoelectric encoder of main shaft to replace its zero-position signal output. Moreover because of its practicality and simpleness, it has popularizing and application value to a certain extent.
引文
[1]．黄鹤汀 金属切削机床(上册) 机械工业出版社 1998．2
[2]．张福林 数控技术 机械工业出版社 1991．2
[3]．毕毓杰 机床数控技术 机械工业出版社 1996．2
[4]．李清泉 自适应控制系统理论设计与应用 科学出版社 1990．3
[5]．吴祖育 数控机床 上海科学技术出版社 1989．3
[6]．王福来等 机床的微机控制 机械工业出版社 1990．3
[7]．李福生 实用数控机床技术手册 北京出版社 1993．8
[8]．沈德金 陈粤初 MCS-51单片机接口电路与应用程序实例 北京航空航天大学出版社 1990．5
[9]．张新 经济型数控机床系统设计 北京：机械工业出版社 1994．11
[10]．林其骏 数控技术与应用 机械工业出版社 1995．6
[11]．张毅刚等 新编MCS-51单片机应用设计 哈尔滨工业大学出版社 2003．6
[12]．美国Intel公司 吴玉平译MCS-51微控制器系列用户指南 电子工业出版社 1995．10
[13]．周慈航 单片机程序设计基础(第二版) 北京航空航天大学出版社 2003．3
[14]．马忠梅等 单片机的C语言应用程序设计(修订版) 北京航空航天大学出版社2002．11
[15]．徐爱均 彭秀华 单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用 电子工业出版社 2001．7
[16]．[美]Harry M.Deitel,Paul James Deitel，邱仲潘译 C++大学教程(第二版) 电子工业出版社 2002．7
[17]．乐光学 经济型数控螺纹加工软件设计及应用，机械工艺师 1999．12
[18]．周凯 陆启建 实现基层敏捷制造的新途径 组合机床与自动化加工技术 1998．12
[19]．谢明红 零误差螺纹加工软件设计方法．制造技术与机床 1998．4
[20]．周凯 一种新的制造技术—无夹具制造 机械工程学报 1997．3
[21]．周永鹏 沈安文 螺纹加工伺服的高精度切入控制 机械与电子 2002．2
[22]．朱玉红 经济型数控车床改造中螺纹加工单片机控制 机械研究与应用 1998．4
[23]．周凯 无夹具制造中工件寻位的一种新方法 仪器仪表学报 1999．2
[24]．蒋新松 李伯虎 产品开发过程的集成—并行工程 第三届中国CIMS年会论文集 1994．2
[25]．毛德柱 周凯 张伯鹏 新型智能寻位数控机床及其应用研究 机械工艺师 2001．2
[26]．周凯 毛德柱 廖强 敏捷制造中智能寻位加工技术的研究 中国机械工程 1998．8
[27]．张剑英 螺纹插补算法的改进 兵工自动化 2000．2
[28]．陈光明 吴洪彬 数控车床的对刀原理及对刀方法 机床与液压 2002．3
[29]．贾继虔 数控机床的位置检测装置及其应用 组合机床与自动化加工技术 2002．7
[30]．周凯，林喜荣等 一种基于软件寻位的数控加工技术 西安交通大学学报 2001，35(7)
[31]．金建新 增量式光电脉冲编码器的单片机计数器[J]．仪表技术与传感器 1999．10
[32]. R Harrison, A A West, R H Weston and R P Monfared. Distributed engineering of manufacturing machines. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol 215 Part B
[33]. K G Swift, M Raines and J D Booker. Advances in probabilistic design: manufacturing knowledge and applications. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol 215 Part B
[34]. Wang Qiyi, Gao Guoli, Wang Rende. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 12 No. 1 1999.
[35]. Kruth J P. material increase manufacturing by rapid prototyping techniques[J]. Annal of the CIRP 1991.4
[36]. Meng C H, Yau H T, Lai G Y. Automated precision measurementof surface profile in CAD--directed inspection[J]. IEEE Tran on Robotics and Automation 1992.8
[37]. Nagel R N. 21th century manufacturing enterprise strategy.Bethehem: lacocca Institute, Lehigh University
[38]. Chen Y D, Ni J. Real--time CNC tool path generation for machining ICES surfaces. Journal of Engineering for Industry 1993.11
[39]. Wang Q Y, Gao G L. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1999.2
[40]. Wang Q Y, Gao G L. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1999.2
[41]. Dan Deitz. Designing for quality control. Mechanical Engineering 1995.6
[42]. Gunther, Andreas Kolb, Ronald Pfeifle, Philipp Slusallek,Miguel Encarnacao and Reinhard Klein. A platform for visualizing curves and surfaces Computer-Aided Design 1995.7
[2]．张福林 数控技术 机械工业出版社 1991．2
[3]．毕毓杰 机床数控技术 机械工业出版社 1996．2
[4]．李清泉 自适应控制系统理论设计与应用 科学出版社 1990．3
[5]．吴祖育 数控机床 上海科学技术出版社 1989．3
[6]．王福来等 机床的微机控制 机械工业出版社 1990．3
[7]．李福生 实用数控机床技术手册 北京出版社 1993．8
[8]．沈德金 陈粤初 MCS-51单片机接口电路与应用程序实例 北京航空航天大学出版社 1990．5
[9]．张新 经济型数控机床系统设计 北京：机械工业出版社 1994．11
[10]．林其骏 数控技术与应用 机械工业出版社 1995．6
[11]．张毅刚等 新编MCS-51单片机应用设计 哈尔滨工业大学出版社 2003．6
[12]．美国Intel公司 吴玉平译MCS-51微控制器系列用户指南 电子工业出版社 1995．10
[13]．周慈航 单片机程序设计基础(第二版) 北京航空航天大学出版社 2003．3
[14]．马忠梅等 单片机的C语言应用程序设计(修订版) 北京航空航天大学出版社2002．11
[15]．徐爱均 彭秀华 单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用 电子工业出版社 2001．7
[16]．[美]Harry M.Deitel,Paul James Deitel，邱仲潘译 C++大学教程(第二版) 电子工业出版社 2002．7
[17]．乐光学 经济型数控螺纹加工软件设计及应用，机械工艺师 1999．12
[18]．周凯 陆启建 实现基层敏捷制造的新途径 组合机床与自动化加工技术 1998．12
[19]．谢明红 零误差螺纹加工软件设计方法．制造技术与机床 1998．4
[20]．周凯 一种新的制造技术—无夹具制造 机械工程学报 1997．3
[21]．周永鹏 沈安文 螺纹加工伺服的高精度切入控制 机械与电子 2002．2
[22]．朱玉红 经济型数控车床改造中螺纹加工单片机控制 机械研究与应用 1998．4
[23]．周凯 无夹具制造中工件寻位的一种新方法 仪器仪表学报 1999．2
[24]．蒋新松 李伯虎 产品开发过程的集成—并行工程 第三届中国CIMS年会论文集 1994．2
[25]．毛德柱 周凯 张伯鹏 新型智能寻位数控机床及其应用研究 机械工艺师 2001．2
[26]．周凯 毛德柱 廖强 敏捷制造中智能寻位加工技术的研究 中国机械工程 1998．8
[27]．张剑英 螺纹插补算法的改进 兵工自动化 2000．2
[28]．陈光明 吴洪彬 数控车床的对刀原理及对刀方法 机床与液压 2002．3
[29]．贾继虔 数控机床的位置检测装置及其应用 组合机床与自动化加工技术 2002．7
[30]．周凯，林喜荣等 一种基于软件寻位的数控加工技术 西安交通大学学报 2001，35(7)
[31]．金建新 增量式光电脉冲编码器的单片机计数器[J]．仪表技术与传感器 1999．10
[32]. R Harrison, A A West, R H Weston and R P Monfared. Distributed engineering of manufacturing machines. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol 215 Part B
[33]. K G Swift, M Raines and J D Booker. Advances in probabilistic design: manufacturing knowledge and applications. Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol 215 Part B
[34]. Wang Qiyi, Gao Guoli, Wang Rende. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 12 No. 1 1999.
[35]. Kruth J P. material increase manufacturing by rapid prototyping techniques[J]. Annal of the CIRP 1991.4
[36]. Meng C H, Yau H T, Lai G Y. Automated precision measurementof surface profile in CAD--directed inspection[J]. IEEE Tran on Robotics and Automation 1992.8
[37]. Nagel R N. 21th century manufacturing enterprise strategy.Bethehem: lacocca Institute, Lehigh University
[38]. Chen Y D, Ni J. Real--time CNC tool path generation for machining ICES surfaces. Journal of Engineering for Industry 1993.11
[39]. Wang Q Y, Gao G L. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1999.2
[40]. Wang Q Y, Gao G L. Optimal control of CNC cutting process. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1999.2
[41]. Dan Deitz. Designing for quality control. Mechanical Engineering 1995.6
[42]. Gunther, Andreas Kolb, Ronald Pfeifle, Philipp Slusallek,Miguel Encarnacao and Reinhard Klein. A platform for visualizing curves and surfaces Computer-Aided Design 1995.7