适用于复杂形面加工的多轴运动控制系统设计理论与方法研究
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摘要
伴随着五轴加工中心、车铣复合机床等多轴加工机床越来越广泛的应用,适用于复杂形面高速高精加工的多轴运动控制技术越来越受到人们的重视。鉴于此,本文对与之密切相关的五轴NURBS插补理论与方法、通用型RTCP技术、三维空间刀具补偿技术、纳米级多轴联动柔性前瞻轨迹规划理论和适用于复杂形面加工的多轴运动控制系统的设计理论与方法展开了深入研究。
     鉴于传统三轴NURBS插补所取得的良好加工性能,提出了一种适用于五轴加工的弱实时性NURBS插补方法。该方法采用两条NURBS曲线分别描述刀尖点的运动和刀轴矢量的变化,并通过先将NURBS曲线转换为Bézier曲线的方法实现了NURBS曲线的快速离散和离散精度的准确控制。
     分类研究了常见结构五轴机床的刀具中心点控制方法,提出了适用于五轴机床的非线性误差快速校核和控制方法,并在此基础上提出了适用于多轴加工机械的通用型RTCP的概念,以用于将工件坐标系下的刀轴运动转换为多轴机床各轴的运动量。
     针对多轴加工中的空间刀补问题,进一步提出了三重NURBS插补方法。通过采用第三条NURBS曲线描述刀具加工时切触点位置,有效解决了多轴NURBS加工中的空间刀具半径和长度补偿问题,并通过仿真实验对该方法的实用性进行了验证。
     研究了与实现多轴高速高精加工密切相关的纳米级多轴联动柔性前瞻轨迹规划理论。对多轴线性插补中的柔性前瞻轨迹规划策略、段间速度转接技术、反向和正向速度规划方法、纳米级高精速度规划方法进行了深入研究,将S形加减速的速度曲线分为10种类型,并给出了每种速度曲线类型中相关参数的求解公式。提出了基于普通微处理器架构的纳米级高精轨迹规划方法。
     研究和总结了适用于复杂形面加工的多轴运动控制系统的设计理论和方法。总结了影响多轴运动系统精度和速度的相关因素;通过对人机交互、NCK和PLC的设计理论和方法的研究,建立了较为完整的多轴运动控制系统的设计理论和方法;该套理论和方法应用于在了自主研发的数控系统中,并通过多轴加工实验对其有效性进行了验证。
With the development and wide application of multi-axis machine tools, themulti-axis motion control technologies applicable to sculptured surface high speedand high precision machining have got more and more attention. In view of this, thethesis mainly researched on the multi-axis NURBS interpolation technology, generalRTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point) control technology,3D tool compensationtechnology, S-shape acceleration/deceleration method with nanometer accuracy andthe theory and design of multi-axis motion control system used for the sculpturedsurface machining.
     Motivated by the excellent machining performance achieved by the three-axisNURBS interpolation, a weak realtime multi-axis NURBS interpolation method isproposed. The method using two NURBS curves, respectively, describe the movementof the tool tip point and the tool axis vector. Bézier polygons are used for the fast andhigh accuracy linearization of the two NURBS curves.
     The coordinate transformation and nonlinear error control methods for majorfive-axis machine tools are studied. Based on this, a generic rotation tool center pointmanagement module is designed to realize the coordinate transformation and adaptivenonlinear error control for multi-axis machine tools.
     In view of the3D tool compensation problem of five-axis sculptured surfacemachining, a triple NURBS interpolation method is further proposed, which uses thethird NURBS curve to describe the movement of the cutter contact vector. Throughthis way, the tool radius and length compensation problem of the multi-axils NURBSinterpolation could be effectively solved. A simulation experiment is also done toverify the proposed method.
     As closely related to the high speed machining of multi-axis machine tools, themulti-axis S-shape acceleration/deceleration method with look ahead function andnanometer accuracy is also researched in this thesis. It mainly includes the study ofmulti-axis linear interpolation technology, corner speed control technology, backwardand forward trajectory planning technology. The S-shaped speed curve is divided into10types, and the parameter solution formulas for each type are given. A nanometeraccuracy S-shape acceleration/deceleration method based on32-bit processor is also proposed.
     Finally, the theory and design method of multi-axis motion control system usedfor the sculptured surface machining is further studied. The affecting factors ofmulti-axis motion system’s accuracy and speed are summarized. The design methodsof HMI (Human Machine Interface) module, NCK module and the PLC module arediscussed to make a complete theory. The overall effectiveness of the proposedfive-axis NURBS machining scheme is demonstrated by the five-axis machining of animpeller’s flow channel.
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