工程结构裂缝检测方法及试验研究
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摘要
大跨度结构和超高层建筑结构裂缝无损检测越来越受到学术界和工程界的重视。在我国,钢筋混凝土结构的检测、鉴定评估以及加固研究等工作起步较晚,已有结构的安全性评定标准还不完善。因此,对于钢筋混凝土结构的检测、安全性评价以及加固等方面作进一步的研究十分有必要。
本文从混凝土结构的质量要求出发,阐述了混凝土结构检测的内容,在对各种钢筋混凝土结构检测方法进行总结和归纳的基础之上详细介绍了混凝土裂缝的检测手段。并通过应用碳纤维智能传感器作为混凝土裂缝检测试验,来分析试件裂缝宽度的变化情况。具体研究内容概述如下：
1介绍工程结构裂缝的形成和危害性,提出了关于混凝土缺陷无损伤检测的几种常见方法,并加以比较。同时选用碳纤维智能层作为本文智能检测的主要研究方法。
2制作了预置碳纤维智能层的工程试件并进行三弯点试验,分析了各测量参数随增幅荷载的变化规律、电阻变化率与应变之间的关系以及电阻变化率与切口端部张开位移的关系,同时给出了根据试验构件的电阻变化率预测切口端部张开位移的经验公式。
3运用ANSYS有限元计算软件结合断裂力学理论建立了不同参数构件的三维有限元模型,模拟了具有初始裂缝构件三维电-力耦合场,得到不同工况下构件的应力强度因子与电阻变化率。
4选用改进的阻尼最小二乘法拟合出计算应力强度因子。
The nondestructive detection of large-span structures and high-rise buildings get more and more attention in academic studies and engineering field. In China, the detection, identification assessment and strengthening research work of the reinforced concrete structures were started late, and the security of the existing structure evaluation standard is not perfect. Therefore, further studies of the detection of reinforced concrete structures, safety evaluation, and reinforcement areas were necessary.
In this paper, according to the requirements of concrete structures quality, the contents of the concrete structure inspection was described, and various detection methods for reinforced concrete structures based on the summary details on concrete flaw detection methods was introduced. Meanwhile, through the application of carbon fiber as the concrete cracks smart sensor, the detection tests to analyze the specimen changes in crack width was conducted. Specific studies were outlined below:
1. The formation of cracks in engineering structures and the dangers was described. Several common methods of non-destructive testing of concrete defects was presented and compared to each other. Meanwhile using the carbon fiber intelligent layers as the intelligent detection were selected as the major research method.
2. The carbon-fiber-Intelligent pre-engineering test pieces were manufactured and the three-point bending tests were conducted. The measured parameters changed with the increasing of load variation, and either the relationship between the change of resistance rate and the strain or the relationship between the rate of resistance change and the incision open end displacement relations was analyzed and explained in detail. The empirical formulas for notch tip opened displacement were presented.
3. The different three-dimensional finite element models, were created by using of ANSYS finite element software combining with the theory of fracture mechanics. And the three-dimensional structures with initial cracks in power-mechanical coupled field were simulated. The stress intensity factors and the resistance change rate in different conditions were obtained in simulations.
4. The improved damping least squares were selected to fit the empirical formulas of the calculation of stress intensity factors. The sub-end opening displacement of the incision and the correctness of the formulas were verified by using these test data.
本文从混凝土结构的质量要求出发,阐述了混凝土结构检测的内容,在对各种钢筋混凝土结构检测方法进行总结和归纳的基础之上详细介绍了混凝土裂缝的检测手段。并通过应用碳纤维智能传感器作为混凝土裂缝检测试验,来分析试件裂缝宽度的变化情况。具体研究内容概述如下：
1介绍工程结构裂缝的形成和危害性,提出了关于混凝土缺陷无损伤检测的几种常见方法,并加以比较。同时选用碳纤维智能层作为本文智能检测的主要研究方法。
2制作了预置碳纤维智能层的工程试件并进行三弯点试验,分析了各测量参数随增幅荷载的变化规律、电阻变化率与应变之间的关系以及电阻变化率与切口端部张开位移的关系,同时给出了根据试验构件的电阻变化率预测切口端部张开位移的经验公式。
3运用ANSYS有限元计算软件结合断裂力学理论建立了不同参数构件的三维有限元模型,模拟了具有初始裂缝构件三维电-力耦合场,得到不同工况下构件的应力强度因子与电阻变化率。
4选用改进的阻尼最小二乘法拟合出计算应力强度因子。
The nondestructive detection of large-span structures and high-rise buildings get more and more attention in academic studies and engineering field. In China, the detection, identification assessment and strengthening research work of the reinforced concrete structures were started late, and the security of the existing structure evaluation standard is not perfect. Therefore, further studies of the detection of reinforced concrete structures, safety evaluation, and reinforcement areas were necessary.
In this paper, according to the requirements of concrete structures quality, the contents of the concrete structure inspection was described, and various detection methods for reinforced concrete structures based on the summary details on concrete flaw detection methods was introduced. Meanwhile, through the application of carbon fiber as the concrete cracks smart sensor, the detection tests to analyze the specimen changes in crack width was conducted. Specific studies were outlined below:
1. The formation of cracks in engineering structures and the dangers was described. Several common methods of non-destructive testing of concrete defects was presented and compared to each other. Meanwhile using the carbon fiber intelligent layers as the intelligent detection were selected as the major research method.
2. The carbon-fiber-Intelligent pre-engineering test pieces were manufactured and the three-point bending tests were conducted. The measured parameters changed with the increasing of load variation, and either the relationship between the change of resistance rate and the strain or the relationship between the rate of resistance change and the incision open end displacement relations was analyzed and explained in detail. The empirical formulas for notch tip opened displacement were presented.
3. The different three-dimensional finite element models, were created by using of ANSYS finite element software combining with the theory of fracture mechanics. And the three-dimensional structures with initial cracks in power-mechanical coupled field were simulated. The stress intensity factors and the resistance change rate in different conditions were obtained in simulations.
4. The improved damping least squares were selected to fit the empirical formulas of the calculation of stress intensity factors. The sub-end opening displacement of the incision and the correctness of the formulas were verified by using these test data.
引文
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[38]曹晖,Michaell.F.基于模态柔度曲率的损伤检测方法[J].工程力学,2006,23(4)：33-38.
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[4]李卓球,邓友生,方玺.碳纤维智能层及其场域诊断[J].公路,2007,第三期：155-158
[5]王铁梦.工程结构裂缝控制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999：27-32,50-58.
[6]游宝坤.建筑结构裂缝控制新技术[M].北京：中国建材工业出版社,2002：33-45.
[7]苏荣华,梁冰编.结构仿真分析ANSYS[M]北京：科学出版社,2002：26-35.
[8]张小玉,碳纤维智能层的特性及其场域监测[D].武汉.武汉理工大学.2007
[9]刘齐卿.混凝土裂缝超声无损检测[J].中南水力发电,1997,(1)：65-69.
[10]张荣成.红外热像法检测建筑物外墙施工质量的试验研究[J].建筑学.2002,18,(1)：40-44.
[11]梅林,陈自强,王裕文.脉冲加热红外热成像无损检测的有限元模拟及分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2000,(1)：66-70.
[12]黄莉.基于红外热像的碳纤维混凝土损伤分析与研究：[博士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大学,2005：20-50.
[13]欧进萍.重大工程结构的累计损伤与安全度评定[J].中国科协第九次青年科学家论坛报告会.北京：清华大学出版社,1996：179-189.
[14]董清华.混凝土无损检测中的层析成像技术[J].无损检测,2006,8(1)：31-33.
[15]潘立.关于混凝土结构裂缝问题的思考[J].工业建筑,2002,30(5)：33-35.
[16]傅子智译.工程中的有限元法[M].北京：科学出版社,1991：100-154.
[17]M ita A,Takhira S. A smart sensor using a mechanical memory for structural health monitoring of a damage-controlled building[J]. Smart Materials and Structures,2003,12,(2): 204-209.
[18]Chung D D L. Composites get Materials Today. materials science and engineer-ing,2002,5 (1): 30-35.
[19]陈肇元,崔京浩,朱金锉,安明品,俞哲夫.钢筋混凝土裂缝分析与控制[J].工程力学增刊,2001,(1)：66-74.
[20]黄士元.混凝土早期裂缝的成因及防治[J].混凝土,2000,12,(7)：11-13.
[21]程正兴.数据拟合[M].西安交通大学出版社,1985：99-124.
[22]陈德豪,张琰.常用阻尼最小二乘算法的改进[J].武测科技,199411,(1)：31-36.
[23]谢如彪,姜培庆.非线性数值分析[M].上海交通大学出版社,1984：55-90.
[24]梅曙辉.碳纤维智能层及其结构的数值模拟[M].武汉.武汉理工大学.2007
[25]王富耻,张朝辉ANSYS 10.0有限元分析理论与工程应用[M].北京：2006：171-189
[26]Salawu OS. Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency:a review[J]. Engineering Structures,1997,19(9):718-741.
[27]CECS21:2000.超声法检测混凝土缺陷技术规程[S].
[28]李胜利,朱海群,黄云飞.波幅检测法在混凝土缺陷检测中的应用[J].河南建材,2000.第3期：41.
[29]Nagataki S, Kamada T,Matsumoto A. Application of infrared thermography technique for evaluation of cracks in concrete stractures[J]. Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan,1997,46(2):198-203.
[30]Housner GW.Structure control:past, present and future[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1997.123(9):897-899.
[31]陈理庆.雷达探测技术在结构无损检测中的应用：[硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南大学,2008：20-50.
[32]吴新漩等.混凝土无损检测技术手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[33]沈建中,李宗津,张之勇.土木工程中的无损检测技术及其应用[J].无损检测,2000.11.(2)：11-13.
[34]BeebyAW. Safety of structures and a new approach to robustness[J].The Structural Engineer, 1999(6):111-114.
[35]Nabil FGeorge,Abdel-Sayed,Wael F Ragheb.Streng-thening of Concrete Beams Using
[36]Innovative Ductile Fi-ber-Reinforced Polymer Fabric[J].Aic Structural Journal,2000, 99(5):692-700.
[37]王保林,压电材料及其结构的断裂力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003年.
[38]曹晖,Michaell.F.基于模态柔度曲率的损伤检测方法[J].工程力学,2006,23(4)：33-38.
[39]徐美庚,殷宁骏,杨梦蛟等.一种新的混凝土桥梁无损测试技术.中国铁道科学,1999,20(3)：61-69.
[40]Schueler, Ruediger, Joshi, et al. Damage detection in CFRP by electrical conductivity mapping[J], Composites Science and Technology.2001,61(6):921-930.
[41]李卓球,方玺,水中和.混凝土检测中雷达和超声波成像效果比较.华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2005,22(4)：1-3.
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[43]尹双增.断裂损伤理论及应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1992.
[44]工程断裂力学[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1997.
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