云制造环境下的设计资源服务化方法研究
|
摘要
摘要：云制造是一种面向服务的网络化制造新模式,它为中国制造业的服务化转型提供给了一种新的思路。为促进云制造的落地实施,本文以云制造环境下的设计阶段作为研究对象,提出了一套面向设计资源的服务化理论与方法,实现云制造环境下不同种类设计资源的服务化接入和服务化接出,提供有力的设计问题求解环境和基于服务的设计资源运用方式。
本文首先根据设计资源的形成关系,将其分为智力资源、知识资源、工具资源和设计能力四类。提出采用设计资源服务化平台作为这四类资源的集成共享平台,给出了平台的结构组成及特点。进一步提出了基于联邦元计算的设计资源服务化框架,为构建具有易用性、弹性和自管理性的设计资源服务化平台提供支持。描述了基于服务的设计资源运用方式,制造企业不仅可以动态地加入和撤离设计资源服务化平台,还可以以服务的形式使用资源,而无需考虑底层的具体资源。
为实现设计资源服务化平台下各类资源的服务化接入和服务化接出,进一步开展了以下三个方面的研究工作。
(1)根据设计资源的特点,采用SOOA (Service Object-Oriented Architecture,面向服务对象的体系架构)作为底层的服务架构,提出了一种基于SOOA的设计资源服务化方法,研究了其中三项技术：设计服务接口、设计资源服务化策略和设计服务动态供应,通过接口定义、资源封装和动态供应三步,将不同种类的设计资源动态供应为具有标准化接口和SOOA特点的设计服务,为设计资源的服务化接入提供支持。
(2)为实现设计资源的规范、快速封装,提出了一种基于服务模板的设计资源封装方法,给出了服务模板的定义、结构、类型及描述语言,描述了其中的服务抽取和服务封装两个过程。该方法不仅可以加快、规范设计资源的封装工作,还可以将已有的设计服务程序抽取为不同类型的服务模板加以重用。设计工程师无需编程就可以将设计资源封装为设计服务。
(3)开展了联邦元计算环境下设计资源管理方面的研究,提出了基于QoS (Quality of Service,服务质量)和SLA (Service-Level Agreement,服务等级协议)的设计资源管理模型,给出了该模型中的SLA规范和QoS规范,并建立了SLA对象模型。根据服务请求中的QoS要求,通过基于SLA的服务资源动态协商过程,为服务请求方配置或动态供应满足QoS要求的服务资源,为制造企业接出高质量的设计服务提供支持。
最后,为了对本文提出的服务化框架及方法的有效性实用性进行验证,设计开发了面向高速机车结构设计的设计资源服务化平台,并在该平台下开展了CRH2车轴轻量化设计实例的运用,实现了实例所需四种资源的服务化接入和服务化接出。前期工程应用显示,设计资源服务化平台为用户提供了有力的设计问题求解环境和基于服务的设计资源运用方式,有效地缩短了服务双方的交接周期。
ABSTRACT:Cloud manufacturing is a new service-oriented networked manufacturing model, and it provides a new thought for the servitization transformation of the Chinese manufacturing industry. In order to promote the implementation of cloud manufacturing, the design stage in the cloud manufacturing environment is taken as the research topic, and a servitization theory and methodology of design resources is proposed to realize the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of different kinds of design resources in the cloud manufacturing environment, and provide powerful solving environment of design problems and service-based applying mode of design resources.
Firstly, according to the formational relations between design resources, the design resources are classified into four types:intelligence resources, knowledge resources, tool resources and design capabilities. A design resources servitization platform (DRSP) is proposed as the integration and sharing platform for these four types of resources, and the structural composition and characteristics of DRSP are given. A federated metacomputing-based design resources servitization framework (DRSF) is further proposed to provide support for the construction of DRSP with usability, elasticity and manageability. The service-based applying mode of design resources is described, and the manufacturing enterprises can not only dynamically join and leave DRSP, but also use the resources as services without considering the underlying specific resources.
In order to realize the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of different types of resources in DRSP, the three following aspects of research work are studied further.
(1) According to the characteristics of design resources, the SOOA (Service Object-Oriented Architecture) is used as the underling service architecture, and an SOOA-based servitization method of design resources is proposed and its three technologies including design service interface, servitization strategies of design resources and dynamic provision of design services are studied. By the three steps of interface defining, resource encapsulation and dynamic provision, different kinds of design resources can be dynamically provisioned as design services with the standardized interface and SOOA characteristics, which provides support for the servitization connect-in of design resources.
(2) To realize the standard and rapid encapsulation of design resources, a service templates-based encapsulation method of design resources is proposed. The definition, construction, types and description language of the service templates are given, and the process of service extraction and service encapsulation are described. The proposed method can not only accelerate and standardize the encapsulation work of design resources, but also extract the existing programs of design services to different kinds of service templates for reuse, which makes design engineers can encapsulate the design resources as services without programming.
(3) The management method of design resources in the federated metacomputing environment is studied, a QoS (Quality of Service) and SLA (Service-Level Agreement)-based management model of design resources is proposed, and its QoS specification and SLA specification are given, and the SLA object model is built. According to the QoS requirements in the service request, the QoS-satisfied service resources can be allocated or dynamically provisioned for the service requestor based on the SLA dynamic negotiation process of service resources, which provides support for the manufacturing enterprises to connect out design services with high quality.
Finally, in order to verify the validity and usability of the proposed servitization framework and methods, a DRSP for structure design of high-speed locomotive is designed and implemented, and a case of lightweight design of CRH2(China Railway High-speed2) axle is carried out, and the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of the four kinds of case resources are achieved. The preliminary engineering application shows that DRSP can provide powerful solving environment of design problems and service-based applying mode of design resources, which can effectively shorten the exchange cycle between the service provider and service requestor.
本文首先根据设计资源的形成关系,将其分为智力资源、知识资源、工具资源和设计能力四类。提出采用设计资源服务化平台作为这四类资源的集成共享平台,给出了平台的结构组成及特点。进一步提出了基于联邦元计算的设计资源服务化框架,为构建具有易用性、弹性和自管理性的设计资源服务化平台提供支持。描述了基于服务的设计资源运用方式,制造企业不仅可以动态地加入和撤离设计资源服务化平台,还可以以服务的形式使用资源,而无需考虑底层的具体资源。
为实现设计资源服务化平台下各类资源的服务化接入和服务化接出,进一步开展了以下三个方面的研究工作。
(1)根据设计资源的特点,采用SOOA (Service Object-Oriented Architecture,面向服务对象的体系架构)作为底层的服务架构,提出了一种基于SOOA的设计资源服务化方法,研究了其中三项技术：设计服务接口、设计资源服务化策略和设计服务动态供应,通过接口定义、资源封装和动态供应三步,将不同种类的设计资源动态供应为具有标准化接口和SOOA特点的设计服务,为设计资源的服务化接入提供支持。
(2)为实现设计资源的规范、快速封装,提出了一种基于服务模板的设计资源封装方法,给出了服务模板的定义、结构、类型及描述语言,描述了其中的服务抽取和服务封装两个过程。该方法不仅可以加快、规范设计资源的封装工作,还可以将已有的设计服务程序抽取为不同类型的服务模板加以重用。设计工程师无需编程就可以将设计资源封装为设计服务。
(3)开展了联邦元计算环境下设计资源管理方面的研究,提出了基于QoS (Quality of Service,服务质量)和SLA (Service-Level Agreement,服务等级协议)的设计资源管理模型,给出了该模型中的SLA规范和QoS规范,并建立了SLA对象模型。根据服务请求中的QoS要求,通过基于SLA的服务资源动态协商过程,为服务请求方配置或动态供应满足QoS要求的服务资源,为制造企业接出高质量的设计服务提供支持。
最后,为了对本文提出的服务化框架及方法的有效性实用性进行验证,设计开发了面向高速机车结构设计的设计资源服务化平台,并在该平台下开展了CRH2车轴轻量化设计实例的运用,实现了实例所需四种资源的服务化接入和服务化接出。前期工程应用显示,设计资源服务化平台为用户提供了有力的设计问题求解环境和基于服务的设计资源运用方式,有效地缩短了服务双方的交接周期。
ABSTRACT:Cloud manufacturing is a new service-oriented networked manufacturing model, and it provides a new thought for the servitization transformation of the Chinese manufacturing industry. In order to promote the implementation of cloud manufacturing, the design stage in the cloud manufacturing environment is taken as the research topic, and a servitization theory and methodology of design resources is proposed to realize the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of different kinds of design resources in the cloud manufacturing environment, and provide powerful solving environment of design problems and service-based applying mode of design resources.
Firstly, according to the formational relations between design resources, the design resources are classified into four types:intelligence resources, knowledge resources, tool resources and design capabilities. A design resources servitization platform (DRSP) is proposed as the integration and sharing platform for these four types of resources, and the structural composition and characteristics of DRSP are given. A federated metacomputing-based design resources servitization framework (DRSF) is further proposed to provide support for the construction of DRSP with usability, elasticity and manageability. The service-based applying mode of design resources is described, and the manufacturing enterprises can not only dynamically join and leave DRSP, but also use the resources as services without considering the underlying specific resources.
In order to realize the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of different types of resources in DRSP, the three following aspects of research work are studied further.
(1) According to the characteristics of design resources, the SOOA (Service Object-Oriented Architecture) is used as the underling service architecture, and an SOOA-based servitization method of design resources is proposed and its three technologies including design service interface, servitization strategies of design resources and dynamic provision of design services are studied. By the three steps of interface defining, resource encapsulation and dynamic provision, different kinds of design resources can be dynamically provisioned as design services with the standardized interface and SOOA characteristics, which provides support for the servitization connect-in of design resources.
(2) To realize the standard and rapid encapsulation of design resources, a service templates-based encapsulation method of design resources is proposed. The definition, construction, types and description language of the service templates are given, and the process of service extraction and service encapsulation are described. The proposed method can not only accelerate and standardize the encapsulation work of design resources, but also extract the existing programs of design services to different kinds of service templates for reuse, which makes design engineers can encapsulate the design resources as services without programming.
(3) The management method of design resources in the federated metacomputing environment is studied, a QoS (Quality of Service) and SLA (Service-Level Agreement)-based management model of design resources is proposed, and its QoS specification and SLA specification are given, and the SLA object model is built. According to the QoS requirements in the service request, the QoS-satisfied service resources can be allocated or dynamically provisioned for the service requestor based on the SLA dynamic negotiation process of service resources, which provides support for the manufacturing enterprises to connect out design services with high quality.
Finally, in order to verify the validity and usability of the proposed servitization framework and methods, a DRSP for structure design of high-speed locomotive is designed and implemented, and a case of lightweight design of CRH2(China Railway High-speed2) axle is carried out, and the servitization connect-in and servitization connect-out of the four kinds of case resources are achieved. The preliminary engineering application shows that DRSP can provide powerful solving environment of design problems and service-based applying mode of design resources, which can effectively shorten the exchange cycle between the service provider and service requestor.
引文
[1]P. Mell, T. Grance. A NIST notional definition of cloud computing[EB/OL]. (2011-09)[2013-01-13]. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf
[2]M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, et al. A view of cloud computing[J]. Communications of the ACM,2010,53(4):50-58
[3]陈康,郑纬民.云计算：系统实例与研究现状[J].软件学报,2009,20(5)：1337－1348
[4]李伯虎,张霖,王时龙,等.云制造——面向服务的网络化制造新模式[J].计算机集成制造系统,2010,16(1)：1－7,16
[5]李伯虎,张霖,任磊,等.再论云制造[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：449-457
[6]杨春立,于明.生产性服务与制造业价值链变化的分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2008,14(1)：153－159
[7]S. Vandermerwe, J. Rada. Servitization of business:Adding value by adding services[J]. European Management Journal,1998,6(4):314-324
[8]A.L. White, M. Stoughton, L. Feng. Servicizing:The quiet transition to extended product responsibility[R]. Boston:Tellus Institute,1999:27-34
[9]A. Szalavetz.'Tertiarization' of manufacturing industry in the new economy:Experiences in Hungarian companies[R]. Budapest:Hungarian Academy of Sciences,2003:5-12
[10]何哲,孙林岩.中国制造业服务化——理论、路径及其社会影响[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2012：64-67
[11]张霖,罗永亮,陶飞,等.制造云构建关键技术研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2010,16(11)：2510-2520
[12]杨海成.云制造是一种制造服务[J].中国制造业信息化,2010,39(6)：22-23
[13]M.S. Hundal. Rules and models for low cost design[J]. Design Engineering-Design for Manufacturability, ASME,1993,52:75-84
[14]谢友柏.现代设计与知识获取[J].中国机械工程.1996,7(6)：36-41
[15]J.J. Harrington. Computer integrated manufacturing[M]. New York:Industrial Press,1973: 12-26
[16]G. Sohlenius. Concurrent engineering[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,1992,41(2): 645-655
[17]G. Flammia. Application service providers:Challenges and opportunities [J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications,2001,16(1):22-23
[18]F. Tao, L. Zhang, A.Y.C. NEE. A review of the application of grid technology in manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2010,49(13):4119-4155
[19]T. Anderson, L. Peterson, S. Shenker, et al. Overcoming the Internet impasse through virtualization[J]. IEEE Computer,2005,38(4):34-41
[20]International Telecommunication Union. ITU Internet reports 2005:The Internet of things[EB/OL]. (2005-11)[2013-01-13]. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/internetofthings/InternetofThings_summary.pdf
[21]E.A. Lee. Cyber physical systems:Design challenges[C]//Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-time Distributed Computing,2008, Orlando, USA,2008:363-369
[22]E.A. Lee. Cyber physical systems-Are computing foundations adequate?[R/OL]. (2006-10-16-17)[2013-01-13]. http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/06/CPSPositionPaper/Lee_CPS_PositionP aper.pdf
[23]T. Mather, S. Kumaraswamy, S. Latif. Cloud security and privacy:An enterprise perspective on risks and compliance[M]. O'Reilly Media,2009:61-71
[24]冯登国,张敏,张妍,等.云计算安全研究[J].软件学报,2011,22(1)：71－83
[25]王时龙,郭亮,康玲,等.云制造应用模式探讨及方案分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1637－1643
[26]M. Meier, J. Seidelmann, I. Mezgar. ManuCloud:The next-generation manufacturing as a service environment[N/OL]. ERCIM News,2010-10, (83):33-34[2013-01-11]. http://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en83/special/manucloud-the-next-generation-manufacturing-as-a-se rvice-environment
[27]李伯虎,张霖,任磊,等.云制造典型特征、关键技术与应用[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1345－1356
[28]李伯虎,柴旭东,侯宝存,等.一种基于云计算理念的网络化建模与仿真平台——“云仿真平台”[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(17)：5292－5299
[29]战德臣,赵曦滨,王顺强,等.面向制造及管理的集团企业云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：487－494
[30]樊哲高.上汽：智能汽车“云制造”[N].中国电子报,2012-06-26(14)
[31]M. Yasuda. Fujitsu's engineering cloud[J]. Fujitsu Scientific & Technical Journal,2012,48(4): 404-412
[32]顾新建,黄沈权,陈芨熙,等.模具行业需求驱动的云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1650－1657
[33]李波,张国军,施松新.支持协作的模具行业云制造平台及关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1620－1626
[34]X. Xu. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing[J]. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2012,28(1):75-86
[35]D. Wu, J.L. Thames, D.W. Rosen, et al. Towards a cloud-based design and manufacturing paradigm:Looking backward, looking forward[C]//Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conference & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Chicago, USA,2012, Paper#70780
[36]J.M. Tien. Manufacturing and services:From mass production to mass customization[J]. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,2011,20(2):129-154
[37]U. Rauschecker, M. Stohr. Using manufacturing service descriptions for flexible integration of production facilities to manufacturing clouds[C]//Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation, Munich, Germany,2012:1-10
[38]A.L. Yip, A.P. Jagadeesan, J.R. Corney, et al. A front-end system to support cloud-based manufacturing of customized products[C]//Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Glasgow, UK,2011:193-198
[39]K. Nagorny, A.W. Colombo, U. Schmidtmann. A service- and multi-agent-oriented manufacturing automation architecture:An IEC 62264 level 2 compliant implementation[J]. Computers in Industry,2012,63(8):813-823
[40]吴晓晓,石胜友,侯俊杰,等.航天云制造服务应用模式研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012，18(7)：1595－1603
[41]张霖,罗永亮,范文慧,等.云制造及相关先进制造模式分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：458－468
[42]任磊,张霖,张雅彬,等.云制造资源虚拟化研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：511－518
[43]L. Ren, L. Zhang, F. Tao, et al. A methodology towards virtualisation-based high performance simulation platform supporting multidisciplinary design of complex products[J]. Enterprise Information Systems,2012,6(3):267-290
[44]罗永亮,张霖,陶飞,等.云制造模式下制造能力建模关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1357－1367
[45]陶飞,张霖,郭华,等.云制造特征及云服务组合关键问题研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：477－486
[46]Y. Laili, F. Tao, L. Zhang, et al. A study of optimal allocation of computing resources in cloud manufacturing systems[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2012, 63(5-8):671-690
[47]胡安瑞,张霖,陶飞,等.基于知识的云制造资源服务管理[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(7)：1093－1101
[48]尹超,黄必清,刘飞,等.中小企业云制造服务平台共性关键技术体系[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：495－503
[49]尹超,张云,钟婷.面向新产品开发的云制造服务资源组合优选模型[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1368－1378
[50]汪卫星,刘飞.云制造资源的一种发现机制[J].广西大学学报：自然科学版,2012,37(2)：323-327
[51]尹胜,尹超,刘飞,等.云制造环境下外协加工资源集成服务模式及语义描述[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：525－532
[52]尹超,夏卿,黎振武.基于OWL-S的云制造服务语义匹配方法[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1494－1502
[53]李孝斌,尹超,龚小容,等.机床装备及其加工运行过程云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1604－1612
[54]范文慧,肖田元.基于联邦模式的云制造集成体系架构[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：469-476
[55]马成,孙宏波,肖田元,等.一种模型驱动的云制造联邦接入技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1536－1546
[56]B. Huang, C. Li, C. Yin, et al. Cloud manufacturing service platform for small- and medium-sized enterprises[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2012, doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4255-4
[57]周竞涛,王明微,杨海成,等.能力驱动的云制造项目监控机制研究[J／OL].计算机集成制造系统,2012-05-14, http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3619.TP.20120514.1111.004.html.
[58]王明微,周竞涛,敬石开,等.面向云制造的按需工作流任务分配方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2012,24(3)：308-313
[59]张映锋,赵曦滨,孙树栋,等.一种基于物联技术的制造执行系统实现方法与关键技术研究[J／OL].计算机集成制造系统,2012-03－16,http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3619.TP.20120316.1533.002.html
[60]战德臣,程臻,赵曦滨,等.制造服务及其成熟度模型[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1584－1594
[61]孟祥旭,刘士军,武蕾,等.云制造模式与支撑技术[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2011,41(5)：13－20
[62]刘士军,曲本科,武蕾,等.自组织云制造资源聚集框架与多维属性区间搜索方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2012,24(3)：299－307
[63]潘丽.基于Agent的服务交易模型与协商算法研究[D].济南：山东大学,2011：30－42
[64]朱琦琦,江平宇.加工系统的加工能力形式化建模方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2011,45(11)：63-67
[65]郑镁,罗磊,江平宇.基于语义Web的云设计服务平台及关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1426－1434
[66]顾新建,陈芨熙,纪杨建,等.云制造中的成组技术[J].成组技术与生产现代化,2010,27(3)：1－4
[67]程功勋,刘丽兰,林智奇,等.面向用户偏好的智能云服务平台研究[J].中国机械工程,2012,23(11)：1318－1323,1336
[68]马翠霞,任磊,滕东兴,等.云制造环境下的普适人机交互技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：504-510
[69]W. Xu, J. Cha, M. Sobolewski. A service-oriented collaborative design platform for concurrent engineering[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2008,44(46):717-724
[70]W. Xu, J. Cha. A manufacturing grid architecture based on Jini and SORCER[C]//Proceedings of the 16th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, Taipei, China,2009: 855-864
[71]W. Xu, L. Kong, N. Li, et al. A service encapsulation method in cloud simulation platform[C]// Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:431-439
[72]L. Kong, W. Xu, N. Li, et al. Research on service encapsulation of manufacturing resources based on SOOA[J]. Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences,2013,5(1): 158-166
[73]W.S. Xu, L.J. Kong, N. Li, J.Z. Cha. A service encapsulation method in cloud simulation platform[C]//Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:431-439
[74]S.-H. Cho. CAE services on cloud computing platform in South Korea[C]//Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:440-446
[75]L. Smarr, C.E. Catlett. Metacomputing[J]. Communications of the ACM,1992,35(6):45-52
[76]FAFNER:Factoring via network-enabled recursion[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://www.cs.bu.edu/cgi-bin/FAFNER/factor.pl
[77]T.A. DeFanti, I. Foster, M.E. Papka, et al. Overview of the I-WAY:Wide-area visual supercomputing[J]. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,1996, 10(2-3):123-131
[78]I. Foster, C. Kesselman. Globus:A metacomputing infrastructure toolkit[J]. International Journal of Supercomputer Applications,1997,11(2):115-128
[79]I. Foster, C. Kesselman, S. Tuecke. The anatomy of the grid:Enabling scalable virtual organizations[J]. International Journal of Supercomputer Applications,2001,15(3):200-222
[80]I. Foster, C. Kesselman, J.M. Nick, et al. The physiology of the grid:An open grid services architecture for distributed systems integration[EB/OL]. (2002-06-22)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/ogsa.pdf
[81]S. Tuecke, K. Czajkowski, I. Foster, et al. Open grid services infrastructure(OGSI)[EB/OL]. (2003-06-27)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/Final_OGSI_Specification_V1.0.pdf
[82]K. Czajkowski, D. Ferguson, I. Foster, et al. The WS-resource framework[EB/OL]. (2004-03-05)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/wsrf/specs/ws-wsrf.pdf
[83]M. Sobolewski. Federated P2P services in CE environments[C]//Proceedings of the 9th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, Cranfield, UK,2002:13-22
[84]P.J. Rohl, R.M. Kolonay, R.K. Irani. A federated intelligent product environment[C]// Proceedings of the 8th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Long Beach, USA,2000, Paper#4902
[85]M. Sobolewski. SORCER:Computing and metacomputing intergrid[C]//Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Barcelona, Spain,2008:74-85
[86]R.M. Kolonay, M. Sobolewski. Service oriented computing enviRonment (SORCER) for large scale, distributed, dynamic fidelity aeroelastic analysis & optimization[C]//International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Paris, France,2011:26-30
[87]P. Rubach. Sla-based asynchronous coordination in metacomputing environments[C]// Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks, Innsbruck, Austria,2011:198-205
[88]M. Sobolewski. Federated method invocation with exertions[C]//Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Wisla, Poland, 2007:765-778
[89]张霖,罗永亮,范文慧,等.云制造及相关先进制造模式分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：458－468
[90]M.P. Papazoglou, W.-J. Heuvel. Service oriented architectures:Approaches, technologies and research issues[J]. The VLDB Journal,2007,16(3):389-415
[91]M. Sobolewski. Metacomputing with federated method invocation[M]//A. Hussain. Advances in computer science and IT. InTech,2009:337-363
[92]M. Sobolewski. Object-oriented metacomputing with exertions[M]//A. Gunasekaran, M. Sandhu. Handbook on Business Information Systems. World Scientific Publishing,2010: 853-887
[93]M. Sobolewski. Provisioning object-oriented service clouds for exertion-oriented programming[C]//International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands,2011:11-25
[94]M. Sobolewski. Exerted enterprise computing:From protocol-oriented networking to exertion-oriented networking[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2010,6428:182-201
[95]张迈曾,李明德.创新：知识经济的灵魂[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1998：31－42
[96]R.H. Coase. The nature of the firm[J]. Economica,1937,4(16):386-405
[97]M. Sobolewski. Exertion oriented programming[J]. IADIS International Journal on Computer Science and Information Systems,2008,3(1):86-109
[98]M. Sobolewski, R. Kolonay. The convergence of three languages for transdisciplinary computing[EB/OL]. (2011-07)[2013-01-13]. http://sorcersoft.org/publications/papers/2011/ce2011.pdf
[99]Y. Yin, Z. Zhou, Y. Chen, et al. Information service of the resource node in a manufacturing grid environment[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2008,39(3-4): 409-413
[100]F. Tao, Y. Hu, Z. Zhou. Study on manufacturing grid & its resource service optimal-selection system[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2008,37(9-10): 1022-1041
[101]S. Shu, R. Mo, H. Yang, et al. An implementation of modeling resource in a manufacturing grid for resource sharing[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2007, 20(2-3):169-177
[102]沈彬,刘丽兰,俞涛.制造网格中基于WSRF的制造资源封装技术的研究[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006,(2)：12-15
[103]武蕾,盂祥旭,刘士军.制造网格中资源服务化封装方法研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2008,14(9)：1837-1844
[104]Y. Hu, F. Tao, D. Zhao, et al. Manufacturing grid resource and resource service digital description[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2009,44(9-10): 1024-1035
[105]郭钢,汤华茂,陈国荣,等.基于语义Web的网络化制造模式研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2009,15(4)：690-697
[106]J.W. Yin, W.Y. Zhang, M. Cai. Weaving an agent-based semantic grid for distributed collaborative manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2010,48(7): 2109-2126
[107]N. Weibel, R. Belotti, M.C. Norrie, et al. Web services technologies:SOAP vs. Jini[R]. Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,2002:57-63
[108]P. Deutsch. The eight fallacies of distributed computing[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. https://blogs.oracle.com/jag/resource/Fallacies.html
[109]H. Wong. Developing Jini applications using J2ME technology[M]. Pearson Education,2002: 35-42
[110]The Apache Software Foundation. Apache River[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://river.apache.org/
[111]E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, et al. Design patterns:Elements of reusable object-oriented software[M]. Addison Wesley,1995:360-365
[112]范玉顺,张立晴,刘博.网络化制造与制造网络[J].中国机械工程,2004,15(19)：1733－1738
[113]G.Q. Huang, P.K. Wright, S.T. Newman. Wireless manufacturing:A literature review, recent developments, and case studies[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2009,22(7):579-594
[114]L.M. Camarinha-Matos. Collaborative networked organizations:Status and trends in manufacturing[J]. Annual Reviews in Control,2009,33(2):199-208
[115]G. Zhou, P. Jiang. Using mobile agents to encapsulate manufacturing resources over the Internet[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2005,25(1-2): 189-197
[116]R.S. Kumar, Z. YANG, J.B. Zhang, et al. Virtualization for manufacturing Web services:A WS-RF approach[J]. International Journal of Information Technology,2005,11(3):40-51
[117]J. Yu, J. Cha, Y. Lu, et al. A CAE-integrated distributed collaborative design system for finite element analysis of complex product based on SOOA[J]. Advances in Engineering Software. 2010,41(4):590-603
[118]J. Yu, J. Cha, Y. Lu, et al. A remote CAE collaborative design system for complex product based on design resource unit[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2011,53(9-12):855-866
[119]陈琨,王东勃,王颖慧,等.云制造软资源封装研究[J].中国制造业信息化：学术版,2012,41(5)：58－63
[120]Command-line interface [EB/OL]. (2013-1-12)[2013-01-13]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
[121]The Apache Software Foundation. The Apache Velocity Project[EB/OL]. (2010-11-29)[2013-01-13]. http://velocity.apache.org
[122]J. Newmarch. Foundations of Jini2 programming[M]. Apress,2006:265-280
[123]于加晴,查建中,陆一平,等.面向复杂产品的分布式协同设计系统[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,41(2)：539－545
[124]L. Kong, W. Xu, J. Cha, et al. A resource integration platform for manufacturing grid based on SOOA[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Harbin, China,2011:1466-1469
[125]C. Aurrecoechea, A.T. Campbell, L. Hauw. A survey of QoS architectures[J]. Multimedia Systems,1998,6(3):138-151
[126]I. Foster, A. Roy, V. Sander. A quality of service architecture that combines resource reservation and application adaptation[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quality of Service, Pittsburgh, USA,2000:181-188
[127]K. Czajkowski, I. Foster, C. Kesselman, et al. SNAP:A protocol for negotiating service level agreements and coordinating resource management in distributed systems[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2002,2537:153-183
[128]P. Bhoj, S. Singhal, S. Chutani. SLA management in federated environments[J]. Computer Networks,35(1),2001:5-24
[129]S. Fr(?)lund, J. Koistinen. Quality-of-service specification in distributed object systems[J]. Distributed Systems Engineering,1998,5(4):179-202
[130]C. Yang, B.R. Bryant, C.C. Burt, et al. Formal methods for quality of service analysis in component-based distributed computing[J]. Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, 2004,8(2):137-149
[131]L. Jin, V. Machiraju, A. Sahai. Analysis on service level agreement of Web services[R]. Palo Alto:HP Laboratories,2002:1-13
[132]H. Ludwig, A. Keller, A. Dan, et al. Web service level agreement (WSLA) language specification[EB/OL]. Versionl.0, IBM Corporation. (2003-01-28)[2013-01-13]. http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/wsla/WSLASpecV1-20030128.pdf
[133]A. Andrieux, K. Czajkowski, A. Dan, et al. Web services agreement specification (WS-Agreement)[EB/OL]. Open Grid Forum. (2006-09-07)[2013-01-13]. https://www.ggf.org/Public_Comment_Docs/Documents/Oct-2006/WS-AgreementSpecificati onDraftFinal_sp_tn_jpver_v2.pdf
[134]W. Ziegler, P. Wieder, D. Battre. Extending WS-agreement for dynamic negotiation of service level agreements[R]. CoreGRID Technical Report TR-0172, Institute on Resource Management and Scheduling,2008:1-9
[135]The University of Edinburgh and members of the NextGRID Consortium. NextGRID Project[EB/OL]. (2008)[2013-01-13]. http://www.nextgrid.org
[136]G. Dobson, R. Lock, I. Sommerville. Quality of service requirements specification using an ontology[C]//Proceedings of the 1 st International Workshop on Service-Oriented Computing, Paris, France,2005
[137]Z. Shi, T. Yu, L. Liu. MG-QoS:QoS-based resource discovery in manufacturing grid[C]// Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Grid and Cooperative Computing, Berlin, Germany,2004:1044-1051
[138]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备.制造网格中服务质量管理系统的研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(2)：284-288
[139]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备.制造网格中基于服务质量的资源调度研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(4)：475－480
[140]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备,等.自组织制造网格及其任务调度算法[J].计算机集成制造系统,2003,9(6)：449-455
[141]谢晓兰,周德俭,李春泉.SLA的制造网格模糊资源预留技术研究[J].中国机械工程,2008,19(1)：64-68
[142]W. Xu, Z. Zhou, D.T. Pham, et al. Quality of service in manufacturing networks:A service framework and its implementation[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2012,63(9-12):1227-1237
[143]F. Tao, Y. Hu, D. Zhao, et al. Study on manufacturing grid resource service QoS modeling and evaluation[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2009,41(9-10): 1034-1042
[144]P. Rubach, M. Sobolewski. Dynamic SLA negotiation in autonomic federated environments[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2009,5872:248-258
[145]P. Rubach, M. Sobolewski. Autonomic SAL management in federated computing environments[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, Vienna, Austria,2009:314-321
[146]Rio Project[EB/OL]. (2012-12-31)[2013-01-13]. http://www.rio-project.org/
[147]王时龙,宋文艳,康玲,等.云制造环境下的制造资源优化配置研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1396-1405
[148]薛淳,方鸣.中国和谐号CRH动车组[J].中国科技投资,2008,(12)：36-38
[149]The Apache Software Foundation. Apache Derby[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://db.apache.org/derby/
[150]Inca X Service Browser for Jini Technology[EB/OL]. [2008-03-23]. http://www.incax.com/index.htm
[151]陈喜红,辛成瑶.200km／h高速动力车车体结构轻量化设计和静、动强度计算[J].铁道学报,2000,22(1)：25-30
[152]Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Divisional Council on Railways and Rolling Stock. JIS E 4501-1995铁道机车车辆车轴强度设计[S]. Tokyo:Japanese Standards Association, 1995:1-4
[153]GN. Vanderplaats. CONMIN user's manual[EB/OL]. (1973-08)[2013-01-13]. http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/Research/MODEL/mdo.test.orig/CONMIN/manual.html
[2]M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, et al. A view of cloud computing[J]. Communications of the ACM,2010,53(4):50-58
[3]陈康,郑纬民.云计算：系统实例与研究现状[J].软件学报,2009,20(5)：1337－1348
[4]李伯虎,张霖,王时龙,等.云制造——面向服务的网络化制造新模式[J].计算机集成制造系统,2010,16(1)：1－7,16
[5]李伯虎,张霖,任磊,等.再论云制造[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：449-457
[6]杨春立,于明.生产性服务与制造业价值链变化的分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2008,14(1)：153－159
[7]S. Vandermerwe, J. Rada. Servitization of business:Adding value by adding services[J]. European Management Journal,1998,6(4):314-324
[8]A.L. White, M. Stoughton, L. Feng. Servicizing:The quiet transition to extended product responsibility[R]. Boston:Tellus Institute,1999:27-34
[9]A. Szalavetz.'Tertiarization' of manufacturing industry in the new economy:Experiences in Hungarian companies[R]. Budapest:Hungarian Academy of Sciences,2003:5-12
[10]何哲,孙林岩.中国制造业服务化——理论、路径及其社会影响[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2012：64-67
[11]张霖,罗永亮,陶飞,等.制造云构建关键技术研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2010,16(11)：2510-2520
[12]杨海成.云制造是一种制造服务[J].中国制造业信息化,2010,39(6)：22-23
[13]M.S. Hundal. Rules and models for low cost design[J]. Design Engineering-Design for Manufacturability, ASME,1993,52:75-84
[14]谢友柏.现代设计与知识获取[J].中国机械工程.1996,7(6)：36-41
[15]J.J. Harrington. Computer integrated manufacturing[M]. New York:Industrial Press,1973: 12-26
[16]G. Sohlenius. Concurrent engineering[J]. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,1992,41(2): 645-655
[17]G. Flammia. Application service providers:Challenges and opportunities [J]. IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications,2001,16(1):22-23
[18]F. Tao, L. Zhang, A.Y.C. NEE. A review of the application of grid technology in manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2010,49(13):4119-4155
[19]T. Anderson, L. Peterson, S. Shenker, et al. Overcoming the Internet impasse through virtualization[J]. IEEE Computer,2005,38(4):34-41
[20]International Telecommunication Union. ITU Internet reports 2005:The Internet of things[EB/OL]. (2005-11)[2013-01-13]. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/internetofthings/InternetofThings_summary.pdf
[21]E.A. Lee. Cyber physical systems:Design challenges[C]//Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-time Distributed Computing,2008, Orlando, USA,2008:363-369
[22]E.A. Lee. Cyber physical systems-Are computing foundations adequate?[R/OL]. (2006-10-16-17)[2013-01-13]. http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/06/CPSPositionPaper/Lee_CPS_PositionP aper.pdf
[23]T. Mather, S. Kumaraswamy, S. Latif. Cloud security and privacy:An enterprise perspective on risks and compliance[M]. O'Reilly Media,2009:61-71
[24]冯登国,张敏,张妍,等.云计算安全研究[J].软件学报,2011,22(1)：71－83
[25]王时龙,郭亮,康玲,等.云制造应用模式探讨及方案分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1637－1643
[26]M. Meier, J. Seidelmann, I. Mezgar. ManuCloud:The next-generation manufacturing as a service environment[N/OL]. ERCIM News,2010-10, (83):33-34[2013-01-11]. http://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en83/special/manucloud-the-next-generation-manufacturing-as-a-se rvice-environment
[27]李伯虎,张霖,任磊,等.云制造典型特征、关键技术与应用[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1345－1356
[28]李伯虎,柴旭东,侯宝存,等.一种基于云计算理念的网络化建模与仿真平台——“云仿真平台”[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(17)：5292－5299
[29]战德臣,赵曦滨,王顺强,等.面向制造及管理的集团企业云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：487－494
[30]樊哲高.上汽：智能汽车“云制造”[N].中国电子报,2012-06-26(14)
[31]M. Yasuda. Fujitsu's engineering cloud[J]. Fujitsu Scientific & Technical Journal,2012,48(4): 404-412
[32]顾新建,黄沈权,陈芨熙,等.模具行业需求驱动的云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1650－1657
[33]李波,张国军,施松新.支持协作的模具行业云制造平台及关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1620－1626
[34]X. Xu. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing[J]. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2012,28(1):75-86
[35]D. Wu, J.L. Thames, D.W. Rosen, et al. Towards a cloud-based design and manufacturing paradigm:Looking backward, looking forward[C]//Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conference & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Chicago, USA,2012, Paper#70780
[36]J.M. Tien. Manufacturing and services:From mass production to mass customization[J]. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,2011,20(2):129-154
[37]U. Rauschecker, M. Stohr. Using manufacturing service descriptions for flexible integration of production facilities to manufacturing clouds[C]//Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation, Munich, Germany,2012:1-10
[38]A.L. Yip, A.P. Jagadeesan, J.R. Corney, et al. A front-end system to support cloud-based manufacturing of customized products[C]//Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Glasgow, UK,2011:193-198
[39]K. Nagorny, A.W. Colombo, U. Schmidtmann. A service- and multi-agent-oriented manufacturing automation architecture:An IEC 62264 level 2 compliant implementation[J]. Computers in Industry,2012,63(8):813-823
[40]吴晓晓,石胜友,侯俊杰,等.航天云制造服务应用模式研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012，18(7)：1595－1603
[41]张霖,罗永亮,范文慧,等.云制造及相关先进制造模式分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：458－468
[42]任磊,张霖,张雅彬,等.云制造资源虚拟化研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：511－518
[43]L. Ren, L. Zhang, F. Tao, et al. A methodology towards virtualisation-based high performance simulation platform supporting multidisciplinary design of complex products[J]. Enterprise Information Systems,2012,6(3):267-290
[44]罗永亮,张霖,陶飞,等.云制造模式下制造能力建模关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1357－1367
[45]陶飞,张霖,郭华,等.云制造特征及云服务组合关键问题研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：477－486
[46]Y. Laili, F. Tao, L. Zhang, et al. A study of optimal allocation of computing resources in cloud manufacturing systems[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2012, 63(5-8):671-690
[47]胡安瑞,张霖,陶飞,等.基于知识的云制造资源服务管理[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(7)：1093－1101
[48]尹超,黄必清,刘飞,等.中小企业云制造服务平台共性关键技术体系[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：495－503
[49]尹超,张云,钟婷.面向新产品开发的云制造服务资源组合优选模型[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1368－1378
[50]汪卫星,刘飞.云制造资源的一种发现机制[J].广西大学学报：自然科学版,2012,37(2)：323-327
[51]尹胜,尹超,刘飞,等.云制造环境下外协加工资源集成服务模式及语义描述[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：525－532
[52]尹超,夏卿,黎振武.基于OWL-S的云制造服务语义匹配方法[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1494－1502
[53]李孝斌,尹超,龚小容,等.机床装备及其加工运行过程云制造服务平台[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1604－1612
[54]范文慧,肖田元.基于联邦模式的云制造集成体系架构[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：469-476
[55]马成,孙宏波,肖田元,等.一种模型驱动的云制造联邦接入技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1536－1546
[56]B. Huang, C. Li, C. Yin, et al. Cloud manufacturing service platform for small- and medium-sized enterprises[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2012, doi:10.1007/s00170-012-4255-4
[57]周竞涛,王明微,杨海成,等.能力驱动的云制造项目监控机制研究[J／OL].计算机集成制造系统,2012-05-14, http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3619.TP.20120514.1111.004.html.
[58]王明微,周竞涛,敬石开,等.面向云制造的按需工作流任务分配方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2012,24(3)：308-313
[59]张映锋,赵曦滨,孙树栋,等.一种基于物联技术的制造执行系统实现方法与关键技术研究[J／OL].计算机集成制造系统,2012-03－16,http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3619.TP.20120316.1533.002.html
[60]战德臣,程臻,赵曦滨,等.制造服务及其成熟度模型[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1584－1594
[61]孟祥旭,刘士军,武蕾,等.云制造模式与支撑技术[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2011,41(5)：13－20
[62]刘士军,曲本科,武蕾,等.自组织云制造资源聚集框架与多维属性区间搜索方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2012,24(3)：299－307
[63]潘丽.基于Agent的服务交易模型与协商算法研究[D].济南：山东大学,2011：30－42
[64]朱琦琦,江平宇.加工系统的加工能力形式化建模方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2011,45(11)：63-67
[65]郑镁,罗磊,江平宇.基于语义Web的云设计服务平台及关键技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1426－1434
[66]顾新建,陈芨熙,纪杨建,等.云制造中的成组技术[J].成组技术与生产现代化,2010,27(3)：1－4
[67]程功勋,刘丽兰,林智奇,等.面向用户偏好的智能云服务平台研究[J].中国机械工程,2012,23(11)：1318－1323,1336
[68]马翠霞,任磊,滕东兴,等.云制造环境下的普适人机交互技术[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：504-510
[69]W. Xu, J. Cha, M. Sobolewski. A service-oriented collaborative design platform for concurrent engineering[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2008,44(46):717-724
[70]W. Xu, J. Cha. A manufacturing grid architecture based on Jini and SORCER[C]//Proceedings of the 16th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, Taipei, China,2009: 855-864
[71]W. Xu, L. Kong, N. Li, et al. A service encapsulation method in cloud simulation platform[C]// Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:431-439
[72]L. Kong, W. Xu, N. Li, et al. Research on service encapsulation of manufacturing resources based on SOOA[J]. Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences,2013,5(1): 158-166
[73]W.S. Xu, L.J. Kong, N. Li, J.Z. Cha. A service encapsulation method in cloud simulation platform[C]//Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:431-439
[74]S.-H. Cho. CAE services on cloud computing platform in South Korea[C]//Asia Simulation Conference, Shanghai, China,2012,324:440-446
[75]L. Smarr, C.E. Catlett. Metacomputing[J]. Communications of the ACM,1992,35(6):45-52
[76]FAFNER:Factoring via network-enabled recursion[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://www.cs.bu.edu/cgi-bin/FAFNER/factor.pl
[77]T.A. DeFanti, I. Foster, M.E. Papka, et al. Overview of the I-WAY:Wide-area visual supercomputing[J]. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications,1996, 10(2-3):123-131
[78]I. Foster, C. Kesselman. Globus:A metacomputing infrastructure toolkit[J]. International Journal of Supercomputer Applications,1997,11(2):115-128
[79]I. Foster, C. Kesselman, S. Tuecke. The anatomy of the grid:Enabling scalable virtual organizations[J]. International Journal of Supercomputer Applications,2001,15(3):200-222
[80]I. Foster, C. Kesselman, J.M. Nick, et al. The physiology of the grid:An open grid services architecture for distributed systems integration[EB/OL]. (2002-06-22)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/ogsa.pdf
[81]S. Tuecke, K. Czajkowski, I. Foster, et al. Open grid services infrastructure(OGSI)[EB/OL]. (2003-06-27)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/Final_OGSI_Specification_V1.0.pdf
[82]K. Czajkowski, D. Ferguson, I. Foster, et al. The WS-resource framework[EB/OL]. (2004-03-05)[2013-01-16]. http://www.globus.org/wsrf/specs/ws-wsrf.pdf
[83]M. Sobolewski. Federated P2P services in CE environments[C]//Proceedings of the 9th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, Cranfield, UK,2002:13-22
[84]P.J. Rohl, R.M. Kolonay, R.K. Irani. A federated intelligent product environment[C]// Proceedings of the 8th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Long Beach, USA,2000, Paper#4902
[85]M. Sobolewski. SORCER:Computing and metacomputing intergrid[C]//Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Barcelona, Spain,2008:74-85
[86]R.M. Kolonay, M. Sobolewski. Service oriented computing enviRonment (SORCER) for large scale, distributed, dynamic fidelity aeroelastic analysis & optimization[C]//International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Paris, France,2011:26-30
[87]P. Rubach. Sla-based asynchronous coordination in metacomputing environments[C]// Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks, Innsbruck, Austria,2011:198-205
[88]M. Sobolewski. Federated method invocation with exertions[C]//Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Wisla, Poland, 2007:765-778
[89]张霖,罗永亮,范文慧,等.云制造及相关先进制造模式分析[J].计算机集成制造系统,2011,17(3)：458－468
[90]M.P. Papazoglou, W.-J. Heuvel. Service oriented architectures:Approaches, technologies and research issues[J]. The VLDB Journal,2007,16(3):389-415
[91]M. Sobolewski. Metacomputing with federated method invocation[M]//A. Hussain. Advances in computer science and IT. InTech,2009:337-363
[92]M. Sobolewski. Object-oriented metacomputing with exertions[M]//A. Gunasekaran, M. Sandhu. Handbook on Business Information Systems. World Scientific Publishing,2010: 853-887
[93]M. Sobolewski. Provisioning object-oriented service clouds for exertion-oriented programming[C]//International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands,2011:11-25
[94]M. Sobolewski. Exerted enterprise computing:From protocol-oriented networking to exertion-oriented networking[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2010,6428:182-201
[95]张迈曾,李明德.创新：知识经济的灵魂[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1998：31－42
[96]R.H. Coase. The nature of the firm[J]. Economica,1937,4(16):386-405
[97]M. Sobolewski. Exertion oriented programming[J]. IADIS International Journal on Computer Science and Information Systems,2008,3(1):86-109
[98]M. Sobolewski, R. Kolonay. The convergence of three languages for transdisciplinary computing[EB/OL]. (2011-07)[2013-01-13]. http://sorcersoft.org/publications/papers/2011/ce2011.pdf
[99]Y. Yin, Z. Zhou, Y. Chen, et al. Information service of the resource node in a manufacturing grid environment[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2008,39(3-4): 409-413
[100]F. Tao, Y. Hu, Z. Zhou. Study on manufacturing grid & its resource service optimal-selection system[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2008,37(9-10): 1022-1041
[101]S. Shu, R. Mo, H. Yang, et al. An implementation of modeling resource in a manufacturing grid for resource sharing[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2007, 20(2-3):169-177
[102]沈彬,刘丽兰,俞涛.制造网格中基于WSRF的制造资源封装技术的研究[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006,(2)：12-15
[103]武蕾,盂祥旭,刘士军.制造网格中资源服务化封装方法研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2008,14(9)：1837-1844
[104]Y. Hu, F. Tao, D. Zhao, et al. Manufacturing grid resource and resource service digital description[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2009,44(9-10): 1024-1035
[105]郭钢,汤华茂,陈国荣,等.基于语义Web的网络化制造模式研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2009,15(4)：690-697
[106]J.W. Yin, W.Y. Zhang, M. Cai. Weaving an agent-based semantic grid for distributed collaborative manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2010,48(7): 2109-2126
[107]N. Weibel, R. Belotti, M.C. Norrie, et al. Web services technologies:SOAP vs. Jini[R]. Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,2002:57-63
[108]P. Deutsch. The eight fallacies of distributed computing[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. https://blogs.oracle.com/jag/resource/Fallacies.html
[109]H. Wong. Developing Jini applications using J2ME technology[M]. Pearson Education,2002: 35-42
[110]The Apache Software Foundation. Apache River[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://river.apache.org/
[111]E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson, et al. Design patterns:Elements of reusable object-oriented software[M]. Addison Wesley,1995:360-365
[112]范玉顺,张立晴,刘博.网络化制造与制造网络[J].中国机械工程,2004,15(19)：1733－1738
[113]G.Q. Huang, P.K. Wright, S.T. Newman. Wireless manufacturing:A literature review, recent developments, and case studies[J]. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,2009,22(7):579-594
[114]L.M. Camarinha-Matos. Collaborative networked organizations:Status and trends in manufacturing[J]. Annual Reviews in Control,2009,33(2):199-208
[115]G. Zhou, P. Jiang. Using mobile agents to encapsulate manufacturing resources over the Internet[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2005,25(1-2): 189-197
[116]R.S. Kumar, Z. YANG, J.B. Zhang, et al. Virtualization for manufacturing Web services:A WS-RF approach[J]. International Journal of Information Technology,2005,11(3):40-51
[117]J. Yu, J. Cha, Y. Lu, et al. A CAE-integrated distributed collaborative design system for finite element analysis of complex product based on SOOA[J]. Advances in Engineering Software. 2010,41(4):590-603
[118]J. Yu, J. Cha, Y. Lu, et al. A remote CAE collaborative design system for complex product based on design resource unit[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2011,53(9-12):855-866
[119]陈琨,王东勃,王颖慧,等.云制造软资源封装研究[J].中国制造业信息化：学术版,2012,41(5)：58－63
[120]Command-line interface [EB/OL]. (2013-1-12)[2013-01-13]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
[121]The Apache Software Foundation. The Apache Velocity Project[EB/OL]. (2010-11-29)[2013-01-13]. http://velocity.apache.org
[122]J. Newmarch. Foundations of Jini2 programming[M]. Apress,2006:265-280
[123]于加晴,查建中,陆一平,等.面向复杂产品的分布式协同设计系统[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,41(2)：539－545
[124]L. Kong, W. Xu, J. Cha, et al. A resource integration platform for manufacturing grid based on SOOA[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Harbin, China,2011:1466-1469
[125]C. Aurrecoechea, A.T. Campbell, L. Hauw. A survey of QoS architectures[J]. Multimedia Systems,1998,6(3):138-151
[126]I. Foster, A. Roy, V. Sander. A quality of service architecture that combines resource reservation and application adaptation[C]//Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quality of Service, Pittsburgh, USA,2000:181-188
[127]K. Czajkowski, I. Foster, C. Kesselman, et al. SNAP:A protocol for negotiating service level agreements and coordinating resource management in distributed systems[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2002,2537:153-183
[128]P. Bhoj, S. Singhal, S. Chutani. SLA management in federated environments[J]. Computer Networks,35(1),2001:5-24
[129]S. Fr(?)lund, J. Koistinen. Quality-of-service specification in distributed object systems[J]. Distributed Systems Engineering,1998,5(4):179-202
[130]C. Yang, B.R. Bryant, C.C. Burt, et al. Formal methods for quality of service analysis in component-based distributed computing[J]. Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science, 2004,8(2):137-149
[131]L. Jin, V. Machiraju, A. Sahai. Analysis on service level agreement of Web services[R]. Palo Alto:HP Laboratories,2002:1-13
[132]H. Ludwig, A. Keller, A. Dan, et al. Web service level agreement (WSLA) language specification[EB/OL]. Versionl.0, IBM Corporation. (2003-01-28)[2013-01-13]. http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/wsla/WSLASpecV1-20030128.pdf
[133]A. Andrieux, K. Czajkowski, A. Dan, et al. Web services agreement specification (WS-Agreement)[EB/OL]. Open Grid Forum. (2006-09-07)[2013-01-13]. https://www.ggf.org/Public_Comment_Docs/Documents/Oct-2006/WS-AgreementSpecificati onDraftFinal_sp_tn_jpver_v2.pdf
[134]W. Ziegler, P. Wieder, D. Battre. Extending WS-agreement for dynamic negotiation of service level agreements[R]. CoreGRID Technical Report TR-0172, Institute on Resource Management and Scheduling,2008:1-9
[135]The University of Edinburgh and members of the NextGRID Consortium. NextGRID Project[EB/OL]. (2008)[2013-01-13]. http://www.nextgrid.org
[136]G. Dobson, R. Lock, I. Sommerville. Quality of service requirements specification using an ontology[C]//Proceedings of the 1 st International Workshop on Service-Oriented Computing, Paris, France,2005
[137]Z. Shi, T. Yu, L. Liu. MG-QoS:QoS-based resource discovery in manufacturing grid[C]// Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Grid and Cooperative Computing, Berlin, Germany,2004:1044-1051
[138]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备.制造网格中服务质量管理系统的研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(2)：284-288
[139]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备.制造网格中基于服务质量的资源调度研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(4)：475－480
[140]刘丽兰,俞涛,施战备,等.自组织制造网格及其任务调度算法[J].计算机集成制造系统,2003,9(6)：449-455
[141]谢晓兰,周德俭,李春泉.SLA的制造网格模糊资源预留技术研究[J].中国机械工程,2008,19(1)：64-68
[142]W. Xu, Z. Zhou, D.T. Pham, et al. Quality of service in manufacturing networks:A service framework and its implementation[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2012,63(9-12):1227-1237
[143]F. Tao, Y. Hu, D. Zhao, et al. Study on manufacturing grid resource service QoS modeling and evaluation[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2009,41(9-10): 1034-1042
[144]P. Rubach, M. Sobolewski. Dynamic SLA negotiation in autonomic federated environments[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2009,5872:248-258
[145]P. Rubach, M. Sobolewski. Autonomic SAL management in federated computing environments[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, Vienna, Austria,2009:314-321
[146]Rio Project[EB/OL]. (2012-12-31)[2013-01-13]. http://www.rio-project.org/
[147]王时龙,宋文艳,康玲,等.云制造环境下的制造资源优化配置研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2012,18(7)：1396-1405
[148]薛淳,方鸣.中国和谐号CRH动车组[J].中国科技投资,2008,(12)：36-38
[149]The Apache Software Foundation. Apache Derby[EB/OL]. [2013-01-13]. http://db.apache.org/derby/
[150]Inca X Service Browser for Jini Technology[EB/OL]. [2008-03-23]. http://www.incax.com/index.htm
[151]陈喜红,辛成瑶.200km／h高速动力车车体结构轻量化设计和静、动强度计算[J].铁道学报,2000,22(1)：25-30
[152]Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Divisional Council on Railways and Rolling Stock. JIS E 4501-1995铁道机车车辆车轴强度设计[S]. Tokyo:Japanese Standards Association, 1995:1-4
[153]GN. Vanderplaats. CONMIN user's manual[EB/OL]. (1973-08)[2013-01-13]. http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/Research/MODEL/mdo.test.orig/CONMIN/manual.html