直流电能表智能化的研究与应用
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摘要
在现代电网的发展过程中，各国结合其电力工业发展的具体情况，通过不同领域的研究和实践，形成了各自的发展方向和技术路线，也反映出各国对未来电网发展模式的不同理解。近年来，随着各种先进技术在电网中的广泛应用，智能化已经成为电网发展的必然趋势，发展智能电网已在世界范围内形成共识。从技术发展和应用的角度看，世界各国、各领域的专家、学者普遍认同以下观点：智能电网是将先进的传感测量技术、信息通信技术、分析决策技术、自动控制技术和能源电力技术相结合，并与电网基础设施高度集成而形成的新型现代化电网。
现有电网总体上是一个刚性系统，智能化程度不高。电源的接入与退出、电能量的传输等都缺乏较好的灵活性，电网的协调控制能力不理想；系统自愈及自恢复能力完全依赖于物理冗余；对用户的服务形式简单、信息单向，缺乏良好的信息共享机制。2009年5月，在北京召开的“2009特高压输电技术国际会议”上，国家电网公司正式发布了“坚强智能电网”发展战略。2009年8月，国家电网公司启动了智能化规划编制、标准体系研究与制定、研究检测中心建设、重大专项研究和试点工程等一系列工作。在2010年3月召开的全国“两会”上，温家宝总理在《政府工作报告》中强调：“大力发展低碳经济，推广高效节能技术，积极发展新能源和可再生能源，加强智能电网建设”。这标志着智能电网建设已成为国家的基本发展战略。
智能电网的建设正如火如荼地进行，随着智能电网的发展，直流应用的场合将越来越宽泛，直流计量的需求将越来越迫切。直流电能表作为其中不可或缺的直流电能计量装置，正受到越来越多的关注。为了满足智能电网电能量信息采集建设的需要，提高直流电能表智能化技术水平，对直流电能表智能化技术进行研究与应用就显得非常有必要。目前，交流电能表的应用已趋于成熟期，直流电能表的智能化研究已现热潮，交、直流电能表计量功能的本质不同点在于：其输入信号的不同。交流信号是50Hz的正弦波含低频干扰信号，需滤除低频分量得到有用信号输入，而直流信号可认为与此相反，需计量以恒定信号为主的低频或者有脉动的信号。针对直流信号的特点，传统直流计量采用直流信号转换成交流信号进行计量的方式已不合时宜，本文着重对直流电能表的计量方式、结构设计、功能智能化进行研究，通过合理的试验方法检测，确保其精度要求，从而付诸于电动汽车充电等实际应用进行详细论述。
In the process of development of modern power, national power industrydevelopment combined with its specific circumstances, in different fields ofresearch and practice, formed their own development direction and technologyroadmap, and also reflects the national grid for the future development pattern ofdifferent interpretations. In recent years, with a variety of advanced technologywidely used in the power grid, intelligent grid has become the inevitable trend ofdevelopment; development of smart grid has been a consensus in the world.From a technical point of view of development and application of the world,experts in various fields, scholars generally agree that the following view: SmartGrid is an advanced metrology technology, information communicationtechnology, analysis and decision technology, automatic control technology andenergy power technologies combined with a highly integrated networkinfrastructure to form a new modern power grid.
Existing power grid in general is a rigid system, intelligence is not high.Power access and exit, the transmission of electric energy and so lack of a betterflexibility, coordination and control capacity of the grid is not ideal; systemself-healing and self-recovery is totally dependent on physical redundancy;simple form of service to users, information one-way, lack of good informationsharing mechanism. In May2009, held in Beijing "2009InternationalConference on UHV transmission technology", the State Grid Corporationofficially launched the "Smart Grid" development strategy. August2009, theState Grid Corporation launched the preparation of intelligent planning, researchand standards development, Research and Test Center construction, majorprojects and a series of studies and pilot projects work. In March2010meetingof the national "two sessions", Premier Wen Jiabao in the "Government Work Report" stressed:"to develop low-carbon economy, promote energy efficienttechnologies, developing new energy and renewable energy, strengthen theconstruction of smart grid."This indicates that the smart grid construction hasbecome the country's basic development strategy.
Smart grid construction is in full swing, with the development of smart grid,where the DC will be more broadly applied, the DC measurement needs willbecome increasingly urgent. DC to DC table as one of the essential energymeasurement devices is being more and more attention. In order to meet thesmart grid electrical energy needs of the construction of the informationcollected to improve the DC level of intelligent technology to the table, the tableof DC to conduct research and application of intelligent technology is verynecessary. Currently, the exchange energy meter applications have becomemature, intelligent study of DC to form the current boom has been, AC, DCfunction can be essentially different metering point is: the input signal isdifferent. AC signal is50Hz sine wave with low frequency interference signals,the need to filter out low frequency components to be useful for signal input,while the DC signal can be considered on the contrary, the main signal to bemeasured at a constant low-frequency or a pulse signal. Signal for the DCcharacteristics of conventional DC measurement of AC signals into DC signalsmeasured way out of date, this article focuses on the measurement of DC to thetable way, structural design, functional intelligence research, test methods byreasonable inspection to ensure its accuracy, and thus put into the practicalapplication of electric vehicle charging, etc. are discussed in detail.
现有电网总体上是一个刚性系统，智能化程度不高。电源的接入与退出、电能量的传输等都缺乏较好的灵活性，电网的协调控制能力不理想；系统自愈及自恢复能力完全依赖于物理冗余；对用户的服务形式简单、信息单向，缺乏良好的信息共享机制。2009年5月，在北京召开的“2009特高压输电技术国际会议”上，国家电网公司正式发布了“坚强智能电网”发展战略。2009年8月，国家电网公司启动了智能化规划编制、标准体系研究与制定、研究检测中心建设、重大专项研究和试点工程等一系列工作。在2010年3月召开的全国“两会”上，温家宝总理在《政府工作报告》中强调：“大力发展低碳经济，推广高效节能技术，积极发展新能源和可再生能源，加强智能电网建设”。这标志着智能电网建设已成为国家的基本发展战略。
智能电网的建设正如火如荼地进行，随着智能电网的发展，直流应用的场合将越来越宽泛，直流计量的需求将越来越迫切。直流电能表作为其中不可或缺的直流电能计量装置，正受到越来越多的关注。为了满足智能电网电能量信息采集建设的需要，提高直流电能表智能化技术水平，对直流电能表智能化技术进行研究与应用就显得非常有必要。目前，交流电能表的应用已趋于成熟期，直流电能表的智能化研究已现热潮，交、直流电能表计量功能的本质不同点在于：其输入信号的不同。交流信号是50Hz的正弦波含低频干扰信号，需滤除低频分量得到有用信号输入，而直流信号可认为与此相反，需计量以恒定信号为主的低频或者有脉动的信号。针对直流信号的特点，传统直流计量采用直流信号转换成交流信号进行计量的方式已不合时宜，本文着重对直流电能表的计量方式、结构设计、功能智能化进行研究，通过合理的试验方法检测，确保其精度要求，从而付诸于电动汽车充电等实际应用进行详细论述。
In the process of development of modern power, national power industrydevelopment combined with its specific circumstances, in different fields ofresearch and practice, formed their own development direction and technologyroadmap, and also reflects the national grid for the future development pattern ofdifferent interpretations. In recent years, with a variety of advanced technologywidely used in the power grid, intelligent grid has become the inevitable trend ofdevelopment; development of smart grid has been a consensus in the world.From a technical point of view of development and application of the world,experts in various fields, scholars generally agree that the following view: SmartGrid is an advanced metrology technology, information communicationtechnology, analysis and decision technology, automatic control technology andenergy power technologies combined with a highly integrated networkinfrastructure to form a new modern power grid.
Existing power grid in general is a rigid system, intelligence is not high.Power access and exit, the transmission of electric energy and so lack of a betterflexibility, coordination and control capacity of the grid is not ideal; systemself-healing and self-recovery is totally dependent on physical redundancy;simple form of service to users, information one-way, lack of good informationsharing mechanism. In May2009, held in Beijing "2009InternationalConference on UHV transmission technology", the State Grid Corporationofficially launched the "Smart Grid" development strategy. August2009, theState Grid Corporation launched the preparation of intelligent planning, researchand standards development, Research and Test Center construction, majorprojects and a series of studies and pilot projects work. In March2010meetingof the national "two sessions", Premier Wen Jiabao in the "Government Work Report" stressed:"to develop low-carbon economy, promote energy efficienttechnologies, developing new energy and renewable energy, strengthen theconstruction of smart grid."This indicates that the smart grid construction hasbecome the country's basic development strategy.
Smart grid construction is in full swing, with the development of smart grid,where the DC will be more broadly applied, the DC measurement needs willbecome increasingly urgent. DC to DC table as one of the essential energymeasurement devices is being more and more attention. In order to meet thesmart grid electrical energy needs of the construction of the informationcollected to improve the DC level of intelligent technology to the table, the tableof DC to conduct research and application of intelligent technology is verynecessary. Currently, the exchange energy meter applications have becomemature, intelligent study of DC to form the current boom has been, AC, DCfunction can be essentially different metering point is: the input signal isdifferent. AC signal is50Hz sine wave with low frequency interference signals,the need to filter out low frequency components to be useful for signal input,while the DC signal can be considered on the contrary, the main signal to bemeasured at a constant low-frequency or a pulse signal. Signal for the DCcharacteristics of conventional DC measurement of AC signals into DC signalsmeasured way out of date, this article focuses on the measurement of DC to thetable way, structural design, functional intelligence research, test methods byreasonable inspection to ensure its accuracy, and thus put into the practicalapplication of electric vehicle charging, etc. are discussed in detail.
引文
[1]许晓慧.智能电网导论.中国电力出版社,2009.
[2]徐政.智能电网中的电力电子技术.机械工业出版社,2010.
[3]上海超高压输变电公司.交直流电源与测量表计.中国电力出版社,2005.
[4]国家电网公司营销部.电动汽车充电设施建设标准及相关文件.中国电力出版社,2010.
[5]直流电能表. JJG中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程. JJG842-1993.国家技术监督局.1994,6.1实施.
[6]魏巍,沙倩,韩元凯,李建祥,付崇光.电动汽车充电对电网的影响分析[J].信息技术与信息化,2011,6:34-37.
[7]陈玉进.电动汽车充电设备特点及对电网影响探讨[J].湖北电力,2009,33(06):48-50.
[8]徐凡,俞国勤,顾临峰,张华.电动汽车充电站布局规划浅析[J].华东电力,2009,37(10):1678-1682
[9]孙逢春.电动汽车发展现状及趋势[J].科学中国人,2006,(08):44-47
[10]辛建波,温宇宾,李睿.电动汽车规模应用对江西电网的影响分析[J].江西电力,2010,34(04):1-5
[11]夏德建.电动汽车研究综述[J].能源技术经济,2010,22(07):49-55
[12]李立理,张义斌,周原冰,葛旭波.我国发展电动汽车充电基础设施若干问题分析[J].能源技术经济,2011,23(01):6-10
[13]杨永标,丁孝华,朱金大,白义传.物联网应用于电动汽车充电设施的设想[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(21):95-98
[14]吴春阳,黎灿兵,杜力,曹一家.电动汽车充电设施规划方法[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(24):36-39.
[15]张文亮,武斌,李武峰,来小康.我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式的探讨[J].电网技术,2009,33(04):1-5.
[16]高赐威,张亮.电动汽车充电对电网影响的综述[J].电网技术,2011,35(02):127-131
[17]崔玉峰,张林山,杨晴,王骏.基于智能微网的电动汽车自适应充放电技术[A].战略性新兴产业的培育和发展首届云南省科协学术年会论文集[C],2011:6-7.
[18]江腾.电动汽车充电设施发展策略与布局思路初探以深圳市东部滨海地区为例[A].转型与重构2011中国城市规划年会论文集[C],2011,8-9.
[19]王立谦,朱明清.浅谈智能电网的现状与发展[J].黑龙江科技信息,2011,(19):36.
[20]智能电网规划2009年7月出台[J].能源工程,2009,(03):16-18.
[21]国家电网十二五电网智能化投资分析[J].陕西电力,2011,(04):3-6.
[22]高昇宇.物联网与智能电网[J].华北电业,2010,(03):54-56.
[23]曹方.智能电网的智慧之路[J].上海信息化,2010,(09):20-23.
[24]范俊.智能电网的研究与发展[J].电力信息化,2009,(09):25-27.
[25]我国新能源十二五入网智能电网成战略重点[J].上海电力,2010,(03):204.
[26]黄晓艳,李云峰,杨鸿宾.我国智能电网建设促进节能减排[J].高科技与产业化,2010,(11):15-16.
[27]张宏艳,汪祥兵.智能电网在我国发展之展望[J].武汉电力职业技术学院学报,2009,7(04):54-57.
[28]关敬东.智能电网与低碳经济的认识与思考[J].供电企业管理,2010,(04):14-15.
[29]董小瑞,乔琨.中国智能电网发展模式及关键技术[J].电力学报,2010,25(04):287-291.
[30]余贻鑫,栾文鹏.智能电网[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,(01):1-3.
[31]徐子立,李前,胡浩亮,李鹤,李登云,熊前柱.电动汽车充电桩直流电能表检定装置的研制[J].电测与仪表,2011,48(12):65-69.
[32]Andrey E, Morelli. Design of a smart meter techno-economic model for electric utilities in Ontario[C].2010IEEE Electric Power and Energy Congerence(EPEC),2010:1-7.
[33]May Ann Choo, New generation IC benefits single-phase energy meters, EDN Asia,2004,(4):1-3.
[34]李景新,姜久春.电动大巴双向电能计量装置的设计与实现[J].电子测量技术,2009,32(02):56-59.
[35]胡超,张华,罗伟明,包海龙.电动汽车直流充电系统研究[J].华东电力,2009,37(10):1683-1685.
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[2]徐政.智能电网中的电力电子技术.机械工业出版社,2010.
[3]上海超高压输变电公司.交直流电源与测量表计.中国电力出版社,2005.
[4]国家电网公司营销部.电动汽车充电设施建设标准及相关文件.中国电力出版社,2010.
[5]直流电能表. JJG中华人民共和国国家计量检定规程. JJG842-1993.国家技术监督局.1994,6.1实施.
[6]魏巍,沙倩,韩元凯,李建祥,付崇光.电动汽车充电对电网的影响分析[J].信息技术与信息化,2011,6:34-37.
[7]陈玉进.电动汽车充电设备特点及对电网影响探讨[J].湖北电力,2009,33(06):48-50.
[8]徐凡,俞国勤,顾临峰,张华.电动汽车充电站布局规划浅析[J].华东电力,2009,37(10):1678-1682
[9]孙逢春.电动汽车发展现状及趋势[J].科学中国人,2006,(08):44-47
[10]辛建波,温宇宾,李睿.电动汽车规模应用对江西电网的影响分析[J].江西电力,2010,34(04):1-5
[11]夏德建.电动汽车研究综述[J].能源技术经济,2010,22(07):49-55
[12]李立理,张义斌,周原冰,葛旭波.我国发展电动汽车充电基础设施若干问题分析[J].能源技术经济,2011,23(01):6-10
[13]杨永标,丁孝华,朱金大,白义传.物联网应用于电动汽车充电设施的设想[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(21):95-98
[14]吴春阳,黎灿兵,杜力,曹一家.电动汽车充电设施规划方法[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(24):36-39.
[15]张文亮,武斌,李武峰,来小康.我国纯电动汽车的发展方向及能源供给模式的探讨[J].电网技术,2009,33(04):1-5.
[16]高赐威,张亮.电动汽车充电对电网影响的综述[J].电网技术,2011,35(02):127-131
[17]崔玉峰,张林山,杨晴,王骏.基于智能微网的电动汽车自适应充放电技术[A].战略性新兴产业的培育和发展首届云南省科协学术年会论文集[C],2011:6-7.
[18]江腾.电动汽车充电设施发展策略与布局思路初探以深圳市东部滨海地区为例[A].转型与重构2011中国城市规划年会论文集[C],2011,8-9.
[19]王立谦,朱明清.浅谈智能电网的现状与发展[J].黑龙江科技信息,2011,(19):36.
[20]智能电网规划2009年7月出台[J].能源工程,2009,(03):16-18.
[21]国家电网十二五电网智能化投资分析[J].陕西电力,2011,(04):3-6.
[22]高昇宇.物联网与智能电网[J].华北电业,2010,(03):54-56.
[23]曹方.智能电网的智慧之路[J].上海信息化,2010,(09):20-23.
[24]范俊.智能电网的研究与发展[J].电力信息化,2009,(09):25-27.
[25]我国新能源十二五入网智能电网成战略重点[J].上海电力,2010,(03):204.
[26]黄晓艳,李云峰,杨鸿宾.我国智能电网建设促进节能减排[J].高科技与产业化,2010,(11):15-16.
[27]张宏艳,汪祥兵.智能电网在我国发展之展望[J].武汉电力职业技术学院学报,2009,7(04):54-57.
[28]关敬东.智能电网与低碳经济的认识与思考[J].供电企业管理,2010,(04):14-15.
[29]董小瑞,乔琨.中国智能电网发展模式及关键技术[J].电力学报,2010,25(04):287-291.
[30]余贻鑫,栾文鹏.智能电网[J].电网与清洁能源,2009,(01):1-3.
[31]徐子立,李前,胡浩亮,李鹤,李登云,熊前柱.电动汽车充电桩直流电能表检定装置的研制[J].电测与仪表,2011,48(12):65-69.
[32]Andrey E, Morelli. Design of a smart meter techno-economic model for electric utilities in Ontario[C].2010IEEE Electric Power and Energy Congerence(EPEC),2010:1-7.
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