双语电子词典中词汇—语义网络的构建
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摘要
学习外语的过程就是一个范畴化的过程,范畴化的结果就是心理词库在学习者头脑中的形成。因此了解心理词库的内在组织结构并运用它来指导我们的词典编纂就变得非常重要了。
经过认真研究我们认为心理词库的组织结构是词汇语义网络。我们试图运用这种词汇语义网络来指导我们的词典编纂,然而由于纸质词典版面和技术手段有限,我们发现难以在纸质词典中构建完整的词汇语义网络。幸运的是,随着现代计算机技术的发展,我们可以在电子词典中构建这样一个相对比较完善的词汇语义网络。
构建了一个词汇语义网络的电子词典,看上去似乎是一个字母排序词典和分类词典的组合。我们的研究表明,它超越了字母排序词典,也超越了分类词典,甚至不只是将两者结合那么简单。它构建的外部网络涉及到语义关系、语音关系和形态关系,这对于学习者词汇的意义理解和词汇推理能力的提高非常重要。它也构建了一个内部网络,解决了长期以来义项排列不能同时兼顾历史顺序、逻辑顺序、词频顺序和查询效率的问题。
本研究是在语言学、心理语言学、词典学和计算机技术等跨学科理论的共同指导下进行了一系列的创新,同时保持词典原有优势和特色。从理论上提出了在双语词典中构建语义一词汇网络的理念,并且较好地解决了长期以来没有得到解决的义项排序死结,对于未来电子词典的发展提供了较好的理论支持和实践尝试。
The process of learning a foreign language is a process of categorization. The result of categorization is to form a mental lexicon in language learner's mind. So it is very important to know the organization of the mental lexicon so as to provide guidance for our bilingual dictionary compilation.After a careful study we propose that in linguistics the organization of the mental lexicon is represented as a lexical-semantic network. Then we try to use this to guide our dictionary compiling. However, it is very difficult to set up a lexical-semantic network in printed dictionaries because of their limited space and technology. Luckily, with the development of the modern computer technology we can construct a comparatively good lexical-semantic network in the electronic dictionary.The dictionary provided with a lexical-semantic network seems to be a combination of dictionary and thesaurus, but in fact it is more than this. For it consists of an external network as well as an internal network. The former involves the semantic relations and the morphological relations which are very important to comprehend a word and to form the vocabulary referential ability. The latter aims at improving the sense arrangement which has been a tough problem for lexicography.Dictionary users can greatly benefit from such a dictionary. First, they can comprehend a word within a frame so that they can acquire comprehensive knowledge of the lexeme. Secondly, it may facilitate users' categorization of different entities and concepts. Thirdly, it provides favorable situation for users to enlarge their vocabulary.In brief, the research aims to set up a lexical-semantic network in learner's dictionary on the basis on a theoretical study of the mental lexicon and the semantic structure as well as prototypical categorization, which would greatly facilitate the FFL acquisition for Chinese learners.
经过认真研究我们认为心理词库的组织结构是词汇语义网络。我们试图运用这种词汇语义网络来指导我们的词典编纂,然而由于纸质词典版面和技术手段有限,我们发现难以在纸质词典中构建完整的词汇语义网络。幸运的是,随着现代计算机技术的发展,我们可以在电子词典中构建这样一个相对比较完善的词汇语义网络。
构建了一个词汇语义网络的电子词典,看上去似乎是一个字母排序词典和分类词典的组合。我们的研究表明,它超越了字母排序词典,也超越了分类词典,甚至不只是将两者结合那么简单。它构建的外部网络涉及到语义关系、语音关系和形态关系,这对于学习者词汇的意义理解和词汇推理能力的提高非常重要。它也构建了一个内部网络,解决了长期以来义项排列不能同时兼顾历史顺序、逻辑顺序、词频顺序和查询效率的问题。
本研究是在语言学、心理语言学、词典学和计算机技术等跨学科理论的共同指导下进行了一系列的创新,同时保持词典原有优势和特色。从理论上提出了在双语词典中构建语义一词汇网络的理念,并且较好地解决了长期以来没有得到解决的义项排序死结,对于未来电子词典的发展提供了较好的理论支持和实践尝试。
The process of learning a foreign language is a process of categorization. The result of categorization is to form a mental lexicon in language learner's mind. So it is very important to know the organization of the mental lexicon so as to provide guidance for our bilingual dictionary compilation.After a careful study we propose that in linguistics the organization of the mental lexicon is represented as a lexical-semantic network. Then we try to use this to guide our dictionary compiling. However, it is very difficult to set up a lexical-semantic network in printed dictionaries because of their limited space and technology. Luckily, with the development of the modern computer technology we can construct a comparatively good lexical-semantic network in the electronic dictionary.The dictionary provided with a lexical-semantic network seems to be a combination of dictionary and thesaurus, but in fact it is more than this. For it consists of an external network as well as an internal network. The former involves the semantic relations and the morphological relations which are very important to comprehend a word and to form the vocabulary referential ability. The latter aims at improving the sense arrangement which has been a tough problem for lexicography.Dictionary users can greatly benefit from such a dictionary. First, they can comprehend a word within a frame so that they can acquire comprehensive knowledge of the lexeme. Secondly, it may facilitate users' categorization of different entities and concepts. Thirdly, it provides favorable situation for users to enlarge their vocabulary.In brief, the research aims to set up a lexical-semantic network in learner's dictionary on the basis on a theoretical study of the mental lexicon and the semantic structure as well as prototypical categorization, which would greatly facilitate the FFL acquisition for Chinese learners.
引文
American Heritage Dictionary (1982). Houghton Mifflin Company
Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1987, 1995). London: Harper Collins.
Kenkyusha Lighthouse English-Japanese Dictionary (3rd ed1996). Kenkyusha, Japan.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2nd Edition) (1997). Longman Group Ltd.
Longman dictionary of contemporary English (3~(rd) ed. 1995). England: Longman Group Ltd.
Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1997). Longman Group Ltd.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ( 6th Edition), Oxford University Press.
Oxford English Dictionary. (2nd ed. 1989). Oxford: Carendon Press.
The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998). Clarendon Press.
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd edition 1987). New York: Random House.
Thorndike English dictionary (1948). London: The English Universities Press.
《英汉大词典》(1989/1991),上海译文出版社。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版1997),商务印书馆 牛津大学出版社
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第六版2004),商务印书馆 牛津大学出版社
《简明英语同义词宝库》(2002),外语教学与研究出版社
《新观念英汉词典》(2002),中国青年出版社
《韦氏美语学习词典》(1997),外语教学与研究出版社、兰登书屋集团
《剑桥美国英语词典》(2000),上海外语教育出版社、剑桥大学出版社
《当代美国英语学习词典》(英汉双解2000),外语教学与研究出版社
《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(英汉双解版1998),商务印书馆,艾迪生·维斯理.
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary. (CD-ROM) Harper Collins Publisher Ltd., 2001
Encarta 2004. Mircrosoft Corporation, 2004
Longman Advanced American dictionary. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Longman Group Ltd. 2003
Longman dictionary of contemporary English. (CD-ROM 4th edition) Longman Group UK Ltd., 2003
Longman Interactive English Dictionary. (1~(st) ed.) Longman Group UK Ltd., 1993
Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners. (CD-ROM) Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. (Electronic Edition) Merriam-Webster Inc., 2000
Microsoft Bookshelf 2000. Mircrosoft Corporation, 1999
Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary. (V.4.0) Oxford University Press, 1995
Random House Unabridged Electronic Dictionary. Random House, 1994
The American Heritage Dictionary. The Learning Company, 2000
The American Heritage Tallying Dictionary. The Learning Company, 1997
Webster's New World Dictionary. ZCI Publishing, 1995
Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. U.S.A.: G. & C. Merriam, 1961
Dr.Eye译典通.台湾英姿达股份有限公司、北京金版电子出版公司,2003
IBM智能词典.世界图书出版公司,2000
金山词霸.金山公司、北京大学出版社,2002、2003、2005
牛津高阶英汉双解词典.香港牛津电子出版公司,电子版1997 2 Other publications
Archibald J (2000) Second language acquisition and linguistic theory-Oxford: Blackwell
Bo Svensen. (1993) Practical Lexicography. Oxford University Press
Book, K., & W. Levelt. (1994) In M. A Gernbascher (Ed.) Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 945-984). San Diego: Academic Press
Carter, R. McCarthy. (1988) Vocabulary and Language Teaching. London: Longman
Collins A. M. & Loftus E. F. (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1969) Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 432-438
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1970) Does category size affect categorization time? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1972) Experiments on semantic memory and language comprehension. In L. W. Gregg (Ed.), Cognition in learning and memory (pp. 117-137). New York: Wiley
Daniel N. Osherson and Howard Lasnik. (1995) Language—An Invitation to Cognitive Science. A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
David McNeill. (1998) Psycholinguistics. Harper & Row, publishers, New York
David W. Carroll. (1985) Psychology of Language. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
David W. Carroll. (2000) Psychology of Language 3th edition. Thomson
David W. Carroll. (2004) Psychology of Language 4th edition. Thomson
F. R. Palmer. (1981 ) Semantics 2~(nd) edition. Cambridge University Press
Foss, J. D. (1982) A Discourse on Semantic Priming. Cognitive Psychology 14: 590-607
Fromkin, V. A. and R. Rodman. (1988)An Introduction to Language.
Gary D. Prideaux. (1984)Psycholinguistics. Croom Helm
Gass S. M., Selinke L. (2001 Second language acquisition: an introductory course/. - 2nd ed. - Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (2003) Lexicographer's Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary Age. International Journal of Lexicography, vol. 16, No. 2
Glass A. L. and Holyoak K. J (1986) Cognition 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill International Editions
Gleason J. B. and Ratner N B (1998) Psycholinguistics (2nd edition). Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Gold, D. L. (1981) Ordering the senses in a monolingual dictionary entry. Papers of the Dictionary Society of North America, 1981, U. S. A.
Hartmann R. R. K. (1998) Dictionary of lexicography. London: Routledge
Henderson, L. (1982) Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading. Academic Press: 314-316
Hintzman D. L (1998) The Psychology of Learning and Memory. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988a) The computer and the mind: An introduction to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988b) How is meaning mentally represented? In U. Eco, M. Santambrogio, & P. Violi (Ed.), Meaning and mental presentations (pp. 99-118). Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Herrmann, D.J., & Chaffin, R. (1984) Only connections: A critique of semantic networks. Psychological Bulletin, 96,292-315
Joseph F. Kess. (1998) Psycholinguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company
Kipfer, B. A. (1984) Methods of ordering senses within Entries. LEXeter '83 proceedings. Tubingen: M. Niemeyer
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989) Speaking: From intension to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) The handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press
Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1987, 1995). London: Harper Collins.
Kenkyusha Lighthouse English-Japanese Dictionary (3rd ed1996). Kenkyusha, Japan.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2nd Edition) (1997). Longman Group Ltd.
Longman dictionary of contemporary English (3~(rd) ed. 1995). England: Longman Group Ltd.
Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1997). Longman Group Ltd.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ( 6th Edition), Oxford University Press.
Oxford English Dictionary. (2nd ed. 1989). Oxford: Carendon Press.
The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998). Clarendon Press.
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd edition 1987). New York: Random House.
Thorndike English dictionary (1948). London: The English Universities Press.
《英汉大词典》(1989/1991),上海译文出版社。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版1997),商务印书馆 牛津大学出版社
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第六版2004),商务印书馆 牛津大学出版社
《简明英语同义词宝库》(2002),外语教学与研究出版社
《新观念英汉词典》(2002),中国青年出版社
《韦氏美语学习词典》(1997),外语教学与研究出版社、兰登书屋集团
《剑桥美国英语词典》(2000),上海外语教育出版社、剑桥大学出版社
《当代美国英语学习词典》(英汉双解2000),外语教学与研究出版社
《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(英汉双解版1998),商务印书馆,艾迪生·维斯理.
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary. (CD-ROM) Harper Collins Publisher Ltd., 2001
Encarta 2004. Mircrosoft Corporation, 2004
Longman Advanced American dictionary. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Longman Group Ltd. 2003
Longman dictionary of contemporary English. (CD-ROM 4th edition) Longman Group UK Ltd., 2003
Longman Interactive English Dictionary. (1~(st) ed.) Longman Group UK Ltd., 1993
Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners. (CD-ROM) Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. (Electronic Edition) Merriam-Webster Inc., 2000
Microsoft Bookshelf 2000. Mircrosoft Corporation, 1999
Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary. (V.4.0) Oxford University Press, 1995
Random House Unabridged Electronic Dictionary. Random House, 1994
The American Heritage Dictionary. The Learning Company, 2000
The American Heritage Tallying Dictionary. The Learning Company, 1997
Webster's New World Dictionary. ZCI Publishing, 1995
Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. U.S.A.: G. & C. Merriam, 1961
Dr.Eye译典通.台湾英姿达股份有限公司、北京金版电子出版公司,2003
IBM智能词典.世界图书出版公司,2000
金山词霸.金山公司、北京大学出版社,2002、2003、2005
牛津高阶英汉双解词典.香港牛津电子出版公司,电子版1997 2 Other publications
Archibald J (2000) Second language acquisition and linguistic theory-Oxford: Blackwell
Bo Svensen. (1993) Practical Lexicography. Oxford University Press
Book, K., & W. Levelt. (1994) In M. A Gernbascher (Ed.) Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 945-984). San Diego: Academic Press
Carter, R. McCarthy. (1988) Vocabulary and Language Teaching. London: Longman
Collins A. M. & Loftus E. F. (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1969) Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 432-438
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1970) Does category size affect categorization time? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247
Collins, A. M, & Quillian, M. R. (1972) Experiments on semantic memory and language comprehension. In L. W. Gregg (Ed.), Cognition in learning and memory (pp. 117-137). New York: Wiley
Daniel N. Osherson and Howard Lasnik. (1995) Language—An Invitation to Cognitive Science. A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
David McNeill. (1998) Psycholinguistics. Harper & Row, publishers, New York
David W. Carroll. (1985) Psychology of Language. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
David W. Carroll. (2000) Psychology of Language 3th edition. Thomson
David W. Carroll. (2004) Psychology of Language 4th edition. Thomson
F. R. Palmer. (1981 ) Semantics 2~(nd) edition. Cambridge University Press
Foss, J. D. (1982) A Discourse on Semantic Priming. Cognitive Psychology 14: 590-607
Fromkin, V. A. and R. Rodman. (1988)An Introduction to Language.
Gary D. Prideaux. (1984)Psycholinguistics. Croom Helm
Gass S. M., Selinke L. (2001 Second language acquisition: an introductory course/. - 2nd ed. - Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (2003) Lexicographer's Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary Age. International Journal of Lexicography, vol. 16, No. 2
Glass A. L. and Holyoak K. J (1986) Cognition 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill International Editions
Gleason J. B. and Ratner N B (1998) Psycholinguistics (2nd edition). Harcourt Brace College Publishers
Gold, D. L. (1981) Ordering the senses in a monolingual dictionary entry. Papers of the Dictionary Society of North America, 1981, U. S. A.
Hartmann R. R. K. (1998) Dictionary of lexicography. London: Routledge
Henderson, L. (1982) Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading. Academic Press: 314-316
Hintzman D. L (1998) The Psychology of Learning and Memory. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988a) The computer and the mind: An introduction to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988b) How is meaning mentally represented? In U. Eco, M. Santambrogio, & P. Violi (Ed.), Meaning and mental presentations (pp. 99-118). Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Herrmann, D.J., & Chaffin, R. (1984) Only connections: A critique of semantic networks. Psychological Bulletin, 96,292-315
Joseph F. Kess. (1998) Psycholinguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company
Kipfer, B. A. (1984) Methods of ordering senses within Entries. LEXeter '83 proceedings. Tubingen: M. Niemeyer
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989) Speaking: From intension to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) The handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press