提高地层承压能力的钻井液封堵理论与技术研究
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摘要
提高地层承压能力的钻井液技术是扩展窄安全密度窗口钻井液技术的重要内容。通过钻井液防漏堵漏技术手段来提高地层的承压能力,提高钻井液密度的安全使用上限,从而保证在窄(或负)安全密度窗口条件下的安全钻进,是油气勘探开发钻井的重要需求。
论文以易漏失地层的承压能力特征研究为切入点,系统地研究提高地层承压能力的基础理论,开展提高地层承压能力的室内模拟实验和数值模拟研究,进而研究提高地层承压能力的钻井液设计理论与方法。
首先,根据易漏失地层特征,将易漏失地层分为薄弱易破地层和致漏裂缝型地层两大类,分别研究了两类地层承压能力低的工程表现,并分析了影响地层承压能力的内因和外因,系统地揭示了提高地层承压能力的技术实质,包括提高薄弱易破地层的破裂压力及重建裂缝漏失地层的新“破裂压力”两方面。
基于岩石力学和断裂力学理论,研究了提高薄弱地层破裂压力的力学机理。结合薄弱易漏地层水力压裂的力学机理,提出了考虑地层岩体裂纹时的地层破裂压力计算方法；分析了薄弱地层破裂压力的影响因素,并提出了防止致漏诱导裂缝形成的钻井液“阻劈裂”理论,该理论认为,改善钻井液的封堵性能可显著提高薄弱易漏地层的破裂压力,可起到一定的高承压防漏作用。
研究了重建裂缝地层破裂压力的钻井液堵漏作用机理,包括阻止裂缝延伸扩大、提高裂缝重启压力及提高围岩的破裂压力的机理。研究表明,阻止裂缝延伸扩大是重建裂缝地层破裂压力首要任务,改善缝内压力分布是阻止裂缝延伸的有效途径。堵漏材料在裂缝入口内一定距离堵塞(“封喉”)为裂缝堵漏的最佳位置形式,且裂缝“尖端段”的流体压力小于最小水平主应力是有效阻止裂缝延伸的必要条件；诱导并维持一定大小的周向诱导应力是提高裂缝重新开启压力的关键,采用具有一定机械强度的堵漏材料支撑诱导裂缝,周向诱导应力才不随裂缝内压力降低而减小或消失,堵漏材料应发挥支撑剂的作用,堵漏材料应同时具有封堵性能和机械强度；基于井周围岩诱导应力场,研究了井周围岩形成新裂缝的力学条件及重建后的新破裂压力。
利用压裂实验装置,开展了薄弱易破地层承压能力的室内模拟实验,研究了不同注入流体类型与性能条件下岩心的破裂压力、裂缝传播压力及重启压力。结果表明,改善钻井液体系的滤失造壁性能和封堵性能,可大幅度提高薄弱地层的承压能力,验证了防止诱导裂缝形成的“阻劈裂”理论的正确性。
利用研制的新型裂缝型地层承压堵漏模拟实验装置,开展了裂缝型地层承压能力的堵漏室内模拟实验,研究了裂缝形态、堵漏材料类型、粒度级配及浓度与裂缝型地层堵漏效果的关系。实验结果表明,具有足够长度(深度)的裂缝实验装置能够更客观地模拟地层裂缝,粗糙壁面裂缝更容易堵住且堵塞深度比光滑裂缝更浅；棱角分明的刚性颗粒材料是较为理想的架桥材料；承压堵漏材料能否在裂缝内架桥及架桥位置由材料粒度大小决定,堵漏漏失量的多少由各粒级的比例及粒度范围决定,细小颗粒材料有利于减少漏失量。
利用颗粒流数值模拟理论与方法,在三维颗粒流数值建模平台(PFC3D)上构建了裂缝型桥塞堵漏的颗粒流模型,研究了裂缝型桥塞堵漏的细观机理。利用建模平台的“簇”逻辑构建了不规则形状的桥塞堵漏颗粒。研究表明,不规则颗粒可以堵塞比自身筛分粒度更大的裂缝宽度,颗粒材料在裂缝内的架桥方式为“单粒架桥”；堵塞深度、速度与堵漏材料特征粒度D50及D90值密切相关；颗粒浓度对堵塞深度的影响不大,而对堵塞速度的影响较大,且在一定条件下堵漏材料应有最优浓度。
基于室内实验和数值模拟数据,研究了提高地层承压能力的钻井液设计理论与方法,并提出了裂缝地层承压堵漏材料的粒度级配的必要条件。利用灰色关联法,开展了裂缝地层承压堵漏效果影响因素的敏感性分析,结果表明,堵漏材料粒度级配为影响堵漏效果的主要因素,而堵漏材料的浓度为次要因素。
研究了承压堵漏钻井液密度的确定方法,为承压堵漏工艺技术提供了参考。提出设计井内堵漏钻井液密度时,必须同时考虑套管鞋等处薄弱地层的承压能力和桥接材料的抗压强度对井内压力的限制；认为提高压力敏感性裂缝地层承压能力的堵漏作业时,井口压力应不超过桥接材料的抗压强度,以保证裂缝内已形成的堵塞隔层不被破坏。
本文研究成果将进一步提升对提高地层承压能力的钻井液理论与技术的科学认识,对钻井工程防漏堵漏技术研究与应用具有理论指导和现实借鉴意义。
Drilling fluid for wellbore strengthening is one of the most important drilling fluid techniques to extend the narrow Mud Weight Window (MWW). The wellbore pressure containment can be improved, and then the upper limit of the MWW can also be enhanced by wellbore strengthening. The technique makes it safe to drill in the narrow or negative MWW conditions, so it is the important requirement of the oil&gas exploration and development.
This thesis took the characteristics of the leakage formations as the cut-in point, researched the basic theory of stopping lost circulation and wellbore strengthening systematically, carried out the experiment and numerical simulations for wellbore strengthening, and then researched the theory and method for optimizing the drilling fluid for stopping lost circulation.
First, according to the characteristics, the leakage formation can be categorized into weak formation and fractured formation, and the engineering phenomena of these two types were studied, then the internal and external causes affecting the wellbore pressure containment were analyzed. The substance of wellbore strengthening was revealed, including enhance the fracture resistance of weak formation and rebuilding the fracture pressure of fractured formation.
Aided by the linear elastic Rock Mechanics and Fracture Mechanics, the mechanisms of enhancing the wellbore pressure containment of weak formation were studied. Based on the fracturing mechanism of weak formation, the computational method for fracture pressure considering microcracks was proposed. The factors affecting the fracture pressure of weak formation were analyzed, and the theory called anti-split preventing induced fracture. This theory believes that the fracture pressure can be increased significantly by improved the sealing properties of drilling fluid, and it can pay a role in preventing lost circulation.
The mechanism of rebuilding the fracture pressure for fractured formation was investigated. The mechanism includes preventing the induced fracture from propagating, increasing the fracture reopen pressure and the fracture pressure of the fractured formation. It holds:it is the first job to prevent the induced fracture from propagating, and improve the pressure distribution in the fracture is an effective method for rebuilding the fracture pressure. The lost circulation material (LCM) should plug at certain place near the fracture mouth, which is the best plugging way, and the fluid pressure at the fracture tip must be smaller than the minimum horizontal stress, and the smaller, the more beneficial to resist the propagation of fracture. Inducing and maintaining the induced stress field is the key factor increasing the fracture reopen pressure, the Lost Circulation Material (LCM) must act as proppant agent to maintain the induced stress field; the borehole wall will generate new fractures when the wellbore pressure is high enough, furthermore, the multifissure state must be accounted when analyzing the lost mechanism and design the LCM.
Laboratory simulation experiments for weak formation were carried out with fracturing experimental equipment, then the fracture pressure, the fracture propagating pressure and the reopening pressure under different injecting fluid system were investigated. The results have showed that the pressure containment of weak formation can be increased significantly by improving the filtration and sealing properties of the drilling fluids, which confirms that the "anti-split" theory is correct.
Laboratory experiments for fractured formation were carried out with the novel experimental equipment, the effect of fracture shape, the type, the granularity and the concentration of LCM on the plugging effect were investigated. It holds:the fracture in the formation should be simulated using the equipment with fracture of enough length or depth, and the plugging location in rough fracture wall was shallower than the smooth wall. Rigid particle is the ideal material to determine the plugging location. Whether the fracture can be plugged or not depends on the granularity of LCM, and the loss volume of drilling fluid depends on the proportion and scale of the LCM, which means that the small particles can decrease the loss volume.
Based on the theory and method of particle flow numerical simulation, the particle flow model was set up with the PFC3D, and the mesoscopical mechanism of bridging and plugging was studied. The bridge particles of irregular shape were simulated with the Clump logic of the PFC. It holds:the particle of irregular shape can plug the fracture width which is wider than itself granularity and the plugging manner was "Single Particle Bridging"; the plugging location and plugging rate relating to the D50and D90of LCM. The concentration of LCM has little effect on the plugging location and should have optimum value for different condition.
Based on the laboratory and numerical simulation results, the design theory and methods of drilling fluids for enhancing wellbore pressure containment were proposed. Gray correlation method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the factors affecting the plugging effect. The results have showed that the gradation of LCM was the main factor while the concentration of LCM was the secondary factor for fracture plugging.
The idea that the casing shoe resistance and the crushing strength of the LCM must be considered when design the density of the drilling fluids is presented. It holds that the surface pressure should be junior to the crushing strength of LCM, in order to prevent the formed bridge plug from crushing.
The research results in this thesis will improve the scientific cognition of the theory and technology of drilling fluids for wellbore strengthening, and they has important theoretical and practical significance for preventing and stopping lost circulation of drilling engineering.
论文以易漏失地层的承压能力特征研究为切入点,系统地研究提高地层承压能力的基础理论,开展提高地层承压能力的室内模拟实验和数值模拟研究,进而研究提高地层承压能力的钻井液设计理论与方法。
首先,根据易漏失地层特征,将易漏失地层分为薄弱易破地层和致漏裂缝型地层两大类,分别研究了两类地层承压能力低的工程表现,并分析了影响地层承压能力的内因和外因,系统地揭示了提高地层承压能力的技术实质,包括提高薄弱易破地层的破裂压力及重建裂缝漏失地层的新“破裂压力”两方面。
基于岩石力学和断裂力学理论,研究了提高薄弱地层破裂压力的力学机理。结合薄弱易漏地层水力压裂的力学机理,提出了考虑地层岩体裂纹时的地层破裂压力计算方法；分析了薄弱地层破裂压力的影响因素,并提出了防止致漏诱导裂缝形成的钻井液“阻劈裂”理论,该理论认为,改善钻井液的封堵性能可显著提高薄弱易漏地层的破裂压力,可起到一定的高承压防漏作用。
研究了重建裂缝地层破裂压力的钻井液堵漏作用机理,包括阻止裂缝延伸扩大、提高裂缝重启压力及提高围岩的破裂压力的机理。研究表明,阻止裂缝延伸扩大是重建裂缝地层破裂压力首要任务,改善缝内压力分布是阻止裂缝延伸的有效途径。堵漏材料在裂缝入口内一定距离堵塞(“封喉”)为裂缝堵漏的最佳位置形式,且裂缝“尖端段”的流体压力小于最小水平主应力是有效阻止裂缝延伸的必要条件；诱导并维持一定大小的周向诱导应力是提高裂缝重新开启压力的关键,采用具有一定机械强度的堵漏材料支撑诱导裂缝,周向诱导应力才不随裂缝内压力降低而减小或消失,堵漏材料应发挥支撑剂的作用,堵漏材料应同时具有封堵性能和机械强度；基于井周围岩诱导应力场,研究了井周围岩形成新裂缝的力学条件及重建后的新破裂压力。
利用压裂实验装置,开展了薄弱易破地层承压能力的室内模拟实验,研究了不同注入流体类型与性能条件下岩心的破裂压力、裂缝传播压力及重启压力。结果表明,改善钻井液体系的滤失造壁性能和封堵性能,可大幅度提高薄弱地层的承压能力,验证了防止诱导裂缝形成的“阻劈裂”理论的正确性。
利用研制的新型裂缝型地层承压堵漏模拟实验装置,开展了裂缝型地层承压能力的堵漏室内模拟实验,研究了裂缝形态、堵漏材料类型、粒度级配及浓度与裂缝型地层堵漏效果的关系。实验结果表明,具有足够长度(深度)的裂缝实验装置能够更客观地模拟地层裂缝,粗糙壁面裂缝更容易堵住且堵塞深度比光滑裂缝更浅；棱角分明的刚性颗粒材料是较为理想的架桥材料；承压堵漏材料能否在裂缝内架桥及架桥位置由材料粒度大小决定,堵漏漏失量的多少由各粒级的比例及粒度范围决定,细小颗粒材料有利于减少漏失量。
利用颗粒流数值模拟理论与方法,在三维颗粒流数值建模平台(PFC3D)上构建了裂缝型桥塞堵漏的颗粒流模型,研究了裂缝型桥塞堵漏的细观机理。利用建模平台的“簇”逻辑构建了不规则形状的桥塞堵漏颗粒。研究表明,不规则颗粒可以堵塞比自身筛分粒度更大的裂缝宽度,颗粒材料在裂缝内的架桥方式为“单粒架桥”；堵塞深度、速度与堵漏材料特征粒度D50及D90值密切相关；颗粒浓度对堵塞深度的影响不大,而对堵塞速度的影响较大,且在一定条件下堵漏材料应有最优浓度。
基于室内实验和数值模拟数据,研究了提高地层承压能力的钻井液设计理论与方法,并提出了裂缝地层承压堵漏材料的粒度级配的必要条件。利用灰色关联法,开展了裂缝地层承压堵漏效果影响因素的敏感性分析,结果表明,堵漏材料粒度级配为影响堵漏效果的主要因素,而堵漏材料的浓度为次要因素。
研究了承压堵漏钻井液密度的确定方法,为承压堵漏工艺技术提供了参考。提出设计井内堵漏钻井液密度时,必须同时考虑套管鞋等处薄弱地层的承压能力和桥接材料的抗压强度对井内压力的限制；认为提高压力敏感性裂缝地层承压能力的堵漏作业时,井口压力应不超过桥接材料的抗压强度,以保证裂缝内已形成的堵塞隔层不被破坏。
本文研究成果将进一步提升对提高地层承压能力的钻井液理论与技术的科学认识,对钻井工程防漏堵漏技术研究与应用具有理论指导和现实借鉴意义。
Drilling fluid for wellbore strengthening is one of the most important drilling fluid techniques to extend the narrow Mud Weight Window (MWW). The wellbore pressure containment can be improved, and then the upper limit of the MWW can also be enhanced by wellbore strengthening. The technique makes it safe to drill in the narrow or negative MWW conditions, so it is the important requirement of the oil&gas exploration and development.
This thesis took the characteristics of the leakage formations as the cut-in point, researched the basic theory of stopping lost circulation and wellbore strengthening systematically, carried out the experiment and numerical simulations for wellbore strengthening, and then researched the theory and method for optimizing the drilling fluid for stopping lost circulation.
First, according to the characteristics, the leakage formation can be categorized into weak formation and fractured formation, and the engineering phenomena of these two types were studied, then the internal and external causes affecting the wellbore pressure containment were analyzed. The substance of wellbore strengthening was revealed, including enhance the fracture resistance of weak formation and rebuilding the fracture pressure of fractured formation.
Aided by the linear elastic Rock Mechanics and Fracture Mechanics, the mechanisms of enhancing the wellbore pressure containment of weak formation were studied. Based on the fracturing mechanism of weak formation, the computational method for fracture pressure considering microcracks was proposed. The factors affecting the fracture pressure of weak formation were analyzed, and the theory called anti-split preventing induced fracture. This theory believes that the fracture pressure can be increased significantly by improved the sealing properties of drilling fluid, and it can pay a role in preventing lost circulation.
The mechanism of rebuilding the fracture pressure for fractured formation was investigated. The mechanism includes preventing the induced fracture from propagating, increasing the fracture reopen pressure and the fracture pressure of the fractured formation. It holds:it is the first job to prevent the induced fracture from propagating, and improve the pressure distribution in the fracture is an effective method for rebuilding the fracture pressure. The lost circulation material (LCM) should plug at certain place near the fracture mouth, which is the best plugging way, and the fluid pressure at the fracture tip must be smaller than the minimum horizontal stress, and the smaller, the more beneficial to resist the propagation of fracture. Inducing and maintaining the induced stress field is the key factor increasing the fracture reopen pressure, the Lost Circulation Material (LCM) must act as proppant agent to maintain the induced stress field; the borehole wall will generate new fractures when the wellbore pressure is high enough, furthermore, the multifissure state must be accounted when analyzing the lost mechanism and design the LCM.
Laboratory simulation experiments for weak formation were carried out with fracturing experimental equipment, then the fracture pressure, the fracture propagating pressure and the reopening pressure under different injecting fluid system were investigated. The results have showed that the pressure containment of weak formation can be increased significantly by improving the filtration and sealing properties of the drilling fluids, which confirms that the "anti-split" theory is correct.
Laboratory experiments for fractured formation were carried out with the novel experimental equipment, the effect of fracture shape, the type, the granularity and the concentration of LCM on the plugging effect were investigated. It holds:the fracture in the formation should be simulated using the equipment with fracture of enough length or depth, and the plugging location in rough fracture wall was shallower than the smooth wall. Rigid particle is the ideal material to determine the plugging location. Whether the fracture can be plugged or not depends on the granularity of LCM, and the loss volume of drilling fluid depends on the proportion and scale of the LCM, which means that the small particles can decrease the loss volume.
Based on the theory and method of particle flow numerical simulation, the particle flow model was set up with the PFC3D, and the mesoscopical mechanism of bridging and plugging was studied. The bridge particles of irregular shape were simulated with the Clump logic of the PFC. It holds:the particle of irregular shape can plug the fracture width which is wider than itself granularity and the plugging manner was "Single Particle Bridging"; the plugging location and plugging rate relating to the D50and D90of LCM. The concentration of LCM has little effect on the plugging location and should have optimum value for different condition.
Based on the laboratory and numerical simulation results, the design theory and methods of drilling fluids for enhancing wellbore pressure containment were proposed. Gray correlation method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the factors affecting the plugging effect. The results have showed that the gradation of LCM was the main factor while the concentration of LCM was the secondary factor for fracture plugging.
The idea that the casing shoe resistance and the crushing strength of the LCM must be considered when design the density of the drilling fluids is presented. It holds that the surface pressure should be junior to the crushing strength of LCM, in order to prevent the formed bridge plug from crushing.
The research results in this thesis will improve the scientific cognition of the theory and technology of drilling fluids for wellbore strengthening, and they has important theoretical and practical significance for preventing and stopping lost circulation of drilling engineering.
引文
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