电力系统静态电压稳定性快速评估及其预防控制
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摘要
近些年来,随着电网大规模广域互联和电力市场化改革的不断深入,使得电力系统的运行点更接近稳定极限,系统的电压稳定问题比以往更加突出。如何确保复杂运行条件下互联电网的电压稳定性已成为电力调度部门所面临的巨大挑战之一。本文以湖南电网电压稳定性科研项目为背景,以实现对电力系统电压稳定性的在线监控为目的展开了深入的研究,内容涉及到静态电压稳定性的快速评估算法及其预防控制策略等方面。本文取得的主要研究成果如下：
提出了一种基于支路MVA功率灵敏度的N-1网络电压无功的快速计算方法。该方法以N网络的潮流计算为基础,利用节点电压对故障支路故障前MVA功率的灵敏度修正N网络节点电压,直接得到N-1网络的节点电压。方法特点为在计算不同支路故障的灵敏度时共用潮流计算收敛时的雅可比阵,因此不用重新因子表分解,且节点电压与支路MVA功率之间具有良好的线性关系,使得本方法不仅计算速度快而且精度较高。
针对静态电压稳定临界点的求取问题,本文提出了一种基于灵敏度约束的电压稳定临界点快速算法。该算法特点为根据灵敏度约束引导,提出了一种自适应负荷增长步长选择方法,大跨度的逼近临界点,使得潮流计算次数明显减少；在步长预测过程中利用灵敏度技术来考虑发电机无功限值问题,以此来判断无功／电压约束转换点和系统的电压崩溃类型；当运行点靠近临界点后,通过对临界点的局部曲线拟合使得计算结果更加准确。
以计算电压稳定临界点的拟合方程式为基础,本文提出了一种与鞍结分岔相关的负荷裕度灵敏度求解的新方法。与以往方法不同的是该方法无需计算临界点处的潮流雅可比矩阵零特征值所对应的左特征向量,只需运用拟合方程式结合拟合点信息即可推导出负荷裕度对指定参数的灵敏度。由于避免了对左特征向量的迭代求解,且拟合方程的求解为单个方程式的一般数值计算,因此该算法简单实用、计算速度快。
针对电力系统静态电压稳定控制问题,本文提出了一种在线的预防调度算法。该算法可将预想的严重故障和失稳故障放在同一个数学模型中求解,同时增加了调度成本极低且对基态状态变量无影响的发电机有功分配因子这一虚拟参数,在满足裕度要求的前提下,通过对该虚拟参数的集中调度,可最大限度减小其他实际控制参数的调整量。特别是减少了对发电厂有功出力的大量、频繁调整,减弱了对发电厂的负面影响。
以基于灵敏度约束的电压稳定临界点快速算法和在线电压稳定预防调度算法为基础,采用C++和java语言开发了基于Web模式的“在线静态电压稳定性快速分析及预防调度”系统软件,并对IEEE标准节点系统和湖南电网系统进行了数值分析,通过与其他方法的数值对比,验证了本文所提方法的正确性和快速性。最后成功的将该软件应用于对湖南电网电压稳定性的在线实时分析与控制。
In recent years, the large-scale wide area interconnected electric network and deregulated market environment of power systems have driven the operation of power systems closer to their limits than ever. Thereby, issues of voltage stability become more prominent than ever. Insuring power systems voltage operating safely and stably under complicated operating conditions has become a rigorous challenge to electric utilities. Voltage stability project of Hunan power grid as the background, in this dissertation an attempt is made to implement effective online voltage stability monitoring. The contents include fast assessment methods for power system static voltage stability and its preventive control approach. The following are the main contributions of this thesis:
A novel fast accurate algorithm of calculating node voltage under the N-1network topology is proposed based on branch MVA power sensitivity in this paper. The pre-contingency voltage is calculated based on Newton power flow approach. The derivative of voltage with respect to branch MVA power is calculated by using the convergent power flow equation of the base network topology. So, the post-contingency node voltage is obtained by using MVA sensitivity. The coefficient matrix for different branch outage is identical, it is not necessary to factor the coefficient matrix repeatedly; And because of good linear relation between node voltage and branch MVA power, the advantage of the proposed approach is its high speed and high accuracy.
The calculation of critical point is an important issue in the field of power system static voltage stability research. A fast sensitivity based algorithm for the determination of critical point was presented. The feature of the proposed algorithm is that not need to use power flow Jacobin matrix of critical point; Base on sensitivity technology, load increments step be reduced automatically with the slope of PV curve increased; During the processing for approaching the SNB point, reactive power limits of all generators is considered, and it can be used to determine the reactive power/voltage type conversion and identify critical point. The value of critical point can be calculated accurately as local curve fitting is close to the critical point.
Based on fitting equation which was used to calculate the critical point, a new method is derived to compute the sensitivity of loading margin to voltage collapse with respect to any parameters. Differing from the traditional one, this method does not not need to compute the left eigenvector associated with the zero eigenvalue of power flower flow Jacobian matrix, evaluated at critical point. What's needed is just to the operating point is close to the critical point as possible used sensitivity guidance technique. Then, sensitivity information is obtained easily with fitting equation and information of fitting point. Avoiding the interation step to compute left eigenvector and fitting equation is only a single equation. Therefore, this method is more simple and more suitable for on-line static voltage stability analisis.
An on-line prevention scheduling algorithm base on linear programming is presented. The feature of this algorithm is that Serious Contingencies and Unstable Contingencies can be solved in the same mathematical model; At the same time, virtual distribution factor is added, which low cost and no influence to state variable of base network. To increase the system static voltage stability margin, distribution factors is optimized used centralized scheduling. Under meetting the requirements of loading margin, the adjusted amount for actual parameter was reduced by this means. Especially, the adjustment about amount and frequency of active power output of the power plant was reduced, the negative impact to power plant is reduced simultaneously.
Based on power systems static voltage stability fast assessment and preventive control algorithm which is mentioned in the previous paragraph, a monitoring Software of voltage stability is designed based on web. This Software in the server system is exploited by C++and Java programme language. Tests on IEEE standard bus system and Hunan power system verify the correctness and accurateness of this approach. Finally, this software is successful applied to on-line static voltage stability analysis of Hunan power system.
提出了一种基于支路MVA功率灵敏度的N-1网络电压无功的快速计算方法。该方法以N网络的潮流计算为基础,利用节点电压对故障支路故障前MVA功率的灵敏度修正N网络节点电压,直接得到N-1网络的节点电压。方法特点为在计算不同支路故障的灵敏度时共用潮流计算收敛时的雅可比阵,因此不用重新因子表分解,且节点电压与支路MVA功率之间具有良好的线性关系,使得本方法不仅计算速度快而且精度较高。
针对静态电压稳定临界点的求取问题,本文提出了一种基于灵敏度约束的电压稳定临界点快速算法。该算法特点为根据灵敏度约束引导,提出了一种自适应负荷增长步长选择方法,大跨度的逼近临界点,使得潮流计算次数明显减少；在步长预测过程中利用灵敏度技术来考虑发电机无功限值问题,以此来判断无功／电压约束转换点和系统的电压崩溃类型；当运行点靠近临界点后,通过对临界点的局部曲线拟合使得计算结果更加准确。
以计算电压稳定临界点的拟合方程式为基础,本文提出了一种与鞍结分岔相关的负荷裕度灵敏度求解的新方法。与以往方法不同的是该方法无需计算临界点处的潮流雅可比矩阵零特征值所对应的左特征向量,只需运用拟合方程式结合拟合点信息即可推导出负荷裕度对指定参数的灵敏度。由于避免了对左特征向量的迭代求解,且拟合方程的求解为单个方程式的一般数值计算,因此该算法简单实用、计算速度快。
针对电力系统静态电压稳定控制问题,本文提出了一种在线的预防调度算法。该算法可将预想的严重故障和失稳故障放在同一个数学模型中求解,同时增加了调度成本极低且对基态状态变量无影响的发电机有功分配因子这一虚拟参数,在满足裕度要求的前提下,通过对该虚拟参数的集中调度,可最大限度减小其他实际控制参数的调整量。特别是减少了对发电厂有功出力的大量、频繁调整,减弱了对发电厂的负面影响。
以基于灵敏度约束的电压稳定临界点快速算法和在线电压稳定预防调度算法为基础,采用C++和java语言开发了基于Web模式的“在线静态电压稳定性快速分析及预防调度”系统软件,并对IEEE标准节点系统和湖南电网系统进行了数值分析,通过与其他方法的数值对比,验证了本文所提方法的正确性和快速性。最后成功的将该软件应用于对湖南电网电压稳定性的在线实时分析与控制。
In recent years, the large-scale wide area interconnected electric network and deregulated market environment of power systems have driven the operation of power systems closer to their limits than ever. Thereby, issues of voltage stability become more prominent than ever. Insuring power systems voltage operating safely and stably under complicated operating conditions has become a rigorous challenge to electric utilities. Voltage stability project of Hunan power grid as the background, in this dissertation an attempt is made to implement effective online voltage stability monitoring. The contents include fast assessment methods for power system static voltage stability and its preventive control approach. The following are the main contributions of this thesis:
A novel fast accurate algorithm of calculating node voltage under the N-1network topology is proposed based on branch MVA power sensitivity in this paper. The pre-contingency voltage is calculated based on Newton power flow approach. The derivative of voltage with respect to branch MVA power is calculated by using the convergent power flow equation of the base network topology. So, the post-contingency node voltage is obtained by using MVA sensitivity. The coefficient matrix for different branch outage is identical, it is not necessary to factor the coefficient matrix repeatedly; And because of good linear relation between node voltage and branch MVA power, the advantage of the proposed approach is its high speed and high accuracy.
The calculation of critical point is an important issue in the field of power system static voltage stability research. A fast sensitivity based algorithm for the determination of critical point was presented. The feature of the proposed algorithm is that not need to use power flow Jacobin matrix of critical point; Base on sensitivity technology, load increments step be reduced automatically with the slope of PV curve increased; During the processing for approaching the SNB point, reactive power limits of all generators is considered, and it can be used to determine the reactive power/voltage type conversion and identify critical point. The value of critical point can be calculated accurately as local curve fitting is close to the critical point.
Based on fitting equation which was used to calculate the critical point, a new method is derived to compute the sensitivity of loading margin to voltage collapse with respect to any parameters. Differing from the traditional one, this method does not not need to compute the left eigenvector associated with the zero eigenvalue of power flower flow Jacobian matrix, evaluated at critical point. What's needed is just to the operating point is close to the critical point as possible used sensitivity guidance technique. Then, sensitivity information is obtained easily with fitting equation and information of fitting point. Avoiding the interation step to compute left eigenvector and fitting equation is only a single equation. Therefore, this method is more simple and more suitable for on-line static voltage stability analisis.
An on-line prevention scheduling algorithm base on linear programming is presented. The feature of this algorithm is that Serious Contingencies and Unstable Contingencies can be solved in the same mathematical model; At the same time, virtual distribution factor is added, which low cost and no influence to state variable of base network. To increase the system static voltage stability margin, distribution factors is optimized used centralized scheduling. Under meetting the requirements of loading margin, the adjusted amount for actual parameter was reduced by this means. Especially, the adjustment about amount and frequency of active power output of the power plant was reduced, the negative impact to power plant is reduced simultaneously.
Based on power systems static voltage stability fast assessment and preventive control algorithm which is mentioned in the previous paragraph, a monitoring Software of voltage stability is designed based on web. This Software in the server system is exploited by C++and Java programme language. Tests on IEEE standard bus system and Hunan power system verify the correctness and accurateness of this approach. Finally, this software is successful applied to on-line static voltage stability analysis of Hunan power system.
引文
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