超冷原子介质中快光、慢光和静止光的相干调控
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摘要
未来的量子信息网络需要人们运用精确的手段控制光信息的动态传输，在量子化媒介中对光信息进行有效存储以及利用新颖的技术对光学数据进行相干操控。光与物质相互作用导致的量子相干效应为实现这一目标提供了强大的工具。特别地，基于激光诱导原子相干的电磁感应透明（EIT）技术被非常成功的大量应用在量子信息领域。
本论文回顾了原子相干效应，重点介绍了基于EIT的光存储技术和光学前驱场的相关研究工作的发展历程和前沿方向。在此基础上，我们探讨了携带信息的弱光信号在超冷EIT原子介质中的动力学演化过程以及对其进行的相干调控。研究内容主要包括在相干制备的EIT介质中利用光存储技术产生和操控慢光拍信号和双静止光脉冲，利用超快光学前驱场实现对脉冲序列中特殊超慢光脉冲的标记方案，共分为四个部分。具体内容如下：
一、基于光存储技术在tripod型冷原子中产生和操控拍信号
我们研究了在EIT条件下的四能级tripod型冷原子介质中，利用非对称的光存储技术将量子探测场转化为拍频信号的方案。具体过程是：在存储阶段调制两个具有相等失谐的控制场，将缓慢进入原子介质的一束量子探测场转化成两个原子自旋相干波包。在提取阶段同时开启具有不同失谐的两个控制场，可以获得动态可控的慢光拍频信号。通过理论分析可知，这种拍信号来源于所提取的具有不同含时相位的两个光学分量之间的相长和相消干涉。这种有趣的现象可以通过“暗态极化子”（DSPs）理论来很好的解释。并且，我们可以通过改变两个控制场的相对失谐和相对相位有效控制拍信号的拍频大小和峰值的位置。最后我们还分析了这种拍信号的潜在用途，例如可以用来快速测量原子跃迁频率以及磁场强度等。
二、在四能级准型冷原子中通过引入微波场产生和操控拍信号
我们提出了在相干场驱动的四能级准型冷原子系统中实现的一种动力学产生和操控拍信号的有效方案。这个方案依赖于一个由一束经典耦合场和在光提取阶段引入的一束微波场控制的光存储和提取过程。输入的量子探测场被首先转化成一个原子自旋相干激发，接下来再被转化成具有不同含时相位的两个光学分量。二者之间发生相长和相消干涉，因此，所提取出的量子探测场呈现出一系列强度上的最大值和最小值交替出现的拍信号。我们利用暗态极化子理论分析拍信号的产生过程，实际上包含了单模暗态极化子和双模暗态极化子的相干转化。拍信号的频率、对比度和相位由微波场的强度、失谐和开启时间控制。我们还发现由微波场产生拍信号引入的能量损耗是很小的。最后，当我们输入矩形脉冲，经历上述的存取过程后，输出脉冲具有三部分彼此分离的振荡结构，前两部分是来源于上升沿和下降沿的快速的光学前驱场，后一部分是来源于主体脉冲的减慢的光拍信号。基于这个方案，我们可以利用高精度的拍信号测量微波场强度。
三、五能级双tripod型冷原子中双静止光脉冲的产生与操控
我们研究在五能级双tripod型冷原子系统中，通过调控两个前向和两个后向控制场，以同时或一定的时间延迟的方式将一束量子探测场转化成一对双色静止光脉冲（SLPs）。我们的数值结果表明，此双色静止光脉冲是由两个原子自旋波包相互耦合产生的。实际上每个静止光脉冲都来源于一对互相耦合的暗态极化子，它们的速度方向相反但是强度相同，这种竞争的平衡状态导致了光脉冲的静止。通过调制四个控制场，我们不仅能同时从介质出口和入口处释放两个静止光脉冲，并且能使二者先后从介质末尾处被释放。特别地，在这种模型下产生的静止光脉冲可以避免快速的能量衰减和空间扩散。另外，通过在光存储和提取阶段改变四个经典控制场的失谐，我们可以将振荡拍的形式加载到静止光脉冲上，并以拍信号的形式对其进行释放。
四、在EIT情况下利用超快光学前驱场标记超慢光信号
我们研究了在EIT下的量子延迟或存储介质中，利用超快光学前驱场实现对光信号序列中某些特定目标脉冲做标记的四种方案。前三种方案是在三能级型系统中实现的。第一种方案中，我们在信号脉冲序列中掺杂了一个半高斯脉冲，利用其突变上升沿产生的光学前驱场与目标脉冲的慢光主体发生干涉作用，使目标脉冲具有振荡的尖峰结构从而被标记。在第二种方案中，我们通过修正信号脉冲的波形，利用目标脉冲突变的下降沿产生的前驱场与自身的慢光主体发生干涉作用以实现标记方案。在第三种方案中，我们利用目标脉冲后一个脉冲的突变的上升沿或者下降沿产生的前驱场对目标脉冲进行标记。在第四种标记方案中，我们引入一束矩形调制的弱微扰场耦合三能级型系统与另一个基态能级，使之构成一个N型系统。在此系统中，信号脉冲序列仍在EIT情况下缓慢通过介质，而微扰场的主体部分被吸收，只有前驱场能通过。将此前驱场叠加在以慢光形式输出的目标脉冲上，使其被标记。通过这些方案，我们能够实时的对某个特定脉冲进行标记，这在光通讯和超快信息处理领域将具有潜在的应用价值。
In the future, the realization of quantum internet requires that people shoulduse accurate means to control the dynamic propagation of optical pulses, toeffectively store optical information in quantized media, and apply noveltechniques to coherently control optical data. The quantum interference effectbetween light and matter provides powerful tools to achieve this goal. Inparticular, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique has beenwidely and successfully used in the field of quantum information.
This thesis reviews the atomic coherence effects and focuses on thedevelopments and frontiers of EIT-based light storage techniques and researcheson optical precursors. On this basis, we investigate the dynamic evolution andcoherent control of weak optical signals with information in ultra-cold EIT atomicmedia. Our work includes the coherent generation and manipulation of slowoptical beating signals, stationary light pulse pairs, and fast optical precursorsused for marking the slow pulse in the regime of EIT.
I. Dynamic generation of robust and controlled beating signals in anasymmetric procedure of light storage and retrieval
We investigate the generation of beating signals from a quantum probe fieldbased on an asymmetric procedure of light storage and retrieval in a sample oftripod-type cold atoms under EIT condition. In this scheme, when we modulatetwo classical coupling fields with equal detunings in the storage stage, a quantumprobe field first slowly enters the atomic sample and then transform into two spincoherence wave-packets. In the retrieval stage, we turn on two classical coupling fields with opposite detunings and then retrieve the probe field withbeating signals. Through theoretical analysis, the beating signals rely on thealternative constructive and destructive interference between two opticalcomponents characterized by different time-dependent phases. The generation ofthis interesting phenomenon can be well understood in the terms of dark-statepolaritons (DSPs). In addition, the beat frequency and locations of peaks aredetermined by the detunings difference and the relative phase of two couplingfields. We also analyze the potential applications of the beating signals in fastlimited measurement of magnetic field amplitudes and atomic transitionfrequencies.
II. Generating and manipulating beating signals by a microwave field infour-level cold atoms
We propose an efficient scheme for the dynamic generation andmanipulation of beating signals in a sample of cold atoms driven into thefour-level quasi-Λ configuration. This scheme relies on a procedure of lightstorage and retrieval controlled by a classical coupling field with a microwavefield introduced only in the retrieval stage. One quantum probe field, incidentupon this atomic sample, is transformed first into a collective excitation of atomicspin coherence and then into two optical components characterized by differenttime-dependent phases. Consequently the retrieved quantum probe field exhibits aseries of maxima and minima (beating signals) in intensity due to the alternativeconstructive and destructive interference. This interesting phenomenon involvesin fact the coherent conversion between single-mode and two-mode DSPs. Thebeating frequency, contrast, and phase can be easily controlled by modulating themicrowave intensity, detuning, and turn-on time. We also find that little energyloss is additionally introduced when beating signals are generated by applying themicrowave field in the light retrieval stage. If the incident probe field is a squared pulse, the output probe field will have three separate parts exhibiting oscillatingintensities, among which the former two are fast optical precursors originatingfrom the sudden rising and falling edges while the last one is slow beating signalsgenerated from the central main part. This scheme can be explored to measure themicrowave intensity with high-precision beating signals
III. Coherent generation and dynamic manipulation of double stationarylight pulses in a five-level double-tripod system of cold atoms
We study a five-level double-tripod system of cold atoms for efficientlymanipulating the dynamic propagation and evolution of a quantum probe field bymodulating four classical control fields. A pair of two-color stationary light pulses(SLPs) can be generated either at the same time or with a suitable time delay. Ournumerical results show that the two-color double SLPs are mutually coupledthrough two wave packets of atomic spin coherence. Each SLP is contributed by apair of mutually coupled DSPs with opposite velocities and equal strengths so thatno one can conquer the other to move in its own direction. The pair of stationarylight pulses can be released either from the sample entrance and exitsynchronously or just from the sample exit with a controlled time delay. Inaddition, the two-color stationary light pulses are immune to the fast decayoriginating from the higher-order Fourier components of atomic spin and opticalcoherence, and may exhibit the quantum limited beating signals with theircharacteristic frequency determined by detunings of the four classical controlfields.
IV. Marking slow light signals with fast optical precursors in the regime ofelectromagnetically induced transparency
We propose four schemes for marking a desired slow light signal in asequence of optical pulses with fast optical precursors in a quantum delay ormemory medium of cold atoms under the EIT condition. The first three schemes are accomplished in a model of generic-type system without applying thedisturbing field. In the first scheme, we dope a special half-Gaussian wave-patternpulse into the pulse sequence. The target output signal with oscillating peaks ishighlighted by a fast optical precursor generated from the rising edge of theincident half-Gaussian pulse. In the second scheme, we modulate a Gaussian-likepulse with a sudden falling edge. The corresponding precursors will interfere withthe output slow main pulse and a few oscillating peaks can be generated. In thethird scheme, we use the precursors from the sudden rising or falling edge of thenext pulse after the target pulse to generate the oscillating peaks. However, in thefourth scheme of an N-type system, a square-modulated disturbing field isintroduced to couple the-type system and another atomic level. Only its opticalprecursors can propagate through the medium but the main pulse will be absorbed.The slow target signal pulses under EIT can be marked for that the opticalprecursors add their intensities and generate oscillating peaks. Through thesemarking schemes above, we can achieve to mark a particular pulse of an opticalsequence immediately as required. These marking schemes may have potentialapplications in optical communication and fast information processing.
本论文回顾了原子相干效应，重点介绍了基于EIT的光存储技术和光学前驱场的相关研究工作的发展历程和前沿方向。在此基础上，我们探讨了携带信息的弱光信号在超冷EIT原子介质中的动力学演化过程以及对其进行的相干调控。研究内容主要包括在相干制备的EIT介质中利用光存储技术产生和操控慢光拍信号和双静止光脉冲，利用超快光学前驱场实现对脉冲序列中特殊超慢光脉冲的标记方案，共分为四个部分。具体内容如下：
一、基于光存储技术在tripod型冷原子中产生和操控拍信号
我们研究了在EIT条件下的四能级tripod型冷原子介质中，利用非对称的光存储技术将量子探测场转化为拍频信号的方案。具体过程是：在存储阶段调制两个具有相等失谐的控制场，将缓慢进入原子介质的一束量子探测场转化成两个原子自旋相干波包。在提取阶段同时开启具有不同失谐的两个控制场，可以获得动态可控的慢光拍频信号。通过理论分析可知，这种拍信号来源于所提取的具有不同含时相位的两个光学分量之间的相长和相消干涉。这种有趣的现象可以通过“暗态极化子”（DSPs）理论来很好的解释。并且，我们可以通过改变两个控制场的相对失谐和相对相位有效控制拍信号的拍频大小和峰值的位置。最后我们还分析了这种拍信号的潜在用途，例如可以用来快速测量原子跃迁频率以及磁场强度等。
二、在四能级准型冷原子中通过引入微波场产生和操控拍信号
我们提出了在相干场驱动的四能级准型冷原子系统中实现的一种动力学产生和操控拍信号的有效方案。这个方案依赖于一个由一束经典耦合场和在光提取阶段引入的一束微波场控制的光存储和提取过程。输入的量子探测场被首先转化成一个原子自旋相干激发，接下来再被转化成具有不同含时相位的两个光学分量。二者之间发生相长和相消干涉，因此，所提取出的量子探测场呈现出一系列强度上的最大值和最小值交替出现的拍信号。我们利用暗态极化子理论分析拍信号的产生过程，实际上包含了单模暗态极化子和双模暗态极化子的相干转化。拍信号的频率、对比度和相位由微波场的强度、失谐和开启时间控制。我们还发现由微波场产生拍信号引入的能量损耗是很小的。最后，当我们输入矩形脉冲，经历上述的存取过程后，输出脉冲具有三部分彼此分离的振荡结构，前两部分是来源于上升沿和下降沿的快速的光学前驱场，后一部分是来源于主体脉冲的减慢的光拍信号。基于这个方案，我们可以利用高精度的拍信号测量微波场强度。
三、五能级双tripod型冷原子中双静止光脉冲的产生与操控
我们研究在五能级双tripod型冷原子系统中，通过调控两个前向和两个后向控制场，以同时或一定的时间延迟的方式将一束量子探测场转化成一对双色静止光脉冲（SLPs）。我们的数值结果表明，此双色静止光脉冲是由两个原子自旋波包相互耦合产生的。实际上每个静止光脉冲都来源于一对互相耦合的暗态极化子，它们的速度方向相反但是强度相同，这种竞争的平衡状态导致了光脉冲的静止。通过调制四个控制场，我们不仅能同时从介质出口和入口处释放两个静止光脉冲，并且能使二者先后从介质末尾处被释放。特别地，在这种模型下产生的静止光脉冲可以避免快速的能量衰减和空间扩散。另外，通过在光存储和提取阶段改变四个经典控制场的失谐，我们可以将振荡拍的形式加载到静止光脉冲上，并以拍信号的形式对其进行释放。
四、在EIT情况下利用超快光学前驱场标记超慢光信号
我们研究了在EIT下的量子延迟或存储介质中，利用超快光学前驱场实现对光信号序列中某些特定目标脉冲做标记的四种方案。前三种方案是在三能级型系统中实现的。第一种方案中，我们在信号脉冲序列中掺杂了一个半高斯脉冲，利用其突变上升沿产生的光学前驱场与目标脉冲的慢光主体发生干涉作用，使目标脉冲具有振荡的尖峰结构从而被标记。在第二种方案中，我们通过修正信号脉冲的波形，利用目标脉冲突变的下降沿产生的前驱场与自身的慢光主体发生干涉作用以实现标记方案。在第三种方案中，我们利用目标脉冲后一个脉冲的突变的上升沿或者下降沿产生的前驱场对目标脉冲进行标记。在第四种标记方案中，我们引入一束矩形调制的弱微扰场耦合三能级型系统与另一个基态能级，使之构成一个N型系统。在此系统中，信号脉冲序列仍在EIT情况下缓慢通过介质，而微扰场的主体部分被吸收，只有前驱场能通过。将此前驱场叠加在以慢光形式输出的目标脉冲上，使其被标记。通过这些方案，我们能够实时的对某个特定脉冲进行标记，这在光通讯和超快信息处理领域将具有潜在的应用价值。
In the future, the realization of quantum internet requires that people shoulduse accurate means to control the dynamic propagation of optical pulses, toeffectively store optical information in quantized media, and apply noveltechniques to coherently control optical data. The quantum interference effectbetween light and matter provides powerful tools to achieve this goal. Inparticular, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique has beenwidely and successfully used in the field of quantum information.
This thesis reviews the atomic coherence effects and focuses on thedevelopments and frontiers of EIT-based light storage techniques and researcheson optical precursors. On this basis, we investigate the dynamic evolution andcoherent control of weak optical signals with information in ultra-cold EIT atomicmedia. Our work includes the coherent generation and manipulation of slowoptical beating signals, stationary light pulse pairs, and fast optical precursorsused for marking the slow pulse in the regime of EIT.
I. Dynamic generation of robust and controlled beating signals in anasymmetric procedure of light storage and retrieval
We investigate the generation of beating signals from a quantum probe fieldbased on an asymmetric procedure of light storage and retrieval in a sample oftripod-type cold atoms under EIT condition. In this scheme, when we modulatetwo classical coupling fields with equal detunings in the storage stage, a quantumprobe field first slowly enters the atomic sample and then transform into two spincoherence wave-packets. In the retrieval stage, we turn on two classical coupling fields with opposite detunings and then retrieve the probe field withbeating signals. Through theoretical analysis, the beating signals rely on thealternative constructive and destructive interference between two opticalcomponents characterized by different time-dependent phases. The generation ofthis interesting phenomenon can be well understood in the terms of dark-statepolaritons (DSPs). In addition, the beat frequency and locations of peaks aredetermined by the detunings difference and the relative phase of two couplingfields. We also analyze the potential applications of the beating signals in fastlimited measurement of magnetic field amplitudes and atomic transitionfrequencies.
II. Generating and manipulating beating signals by a microwave field infour-level cold atoms
We propose an efficient scheme for the dynamic generation andmanipulation of beating signals in a sample of cold atoms driven into thefour-level quasi-Λ configuration. This scheme relies on a procedure of lightstorage and retrieval controlled by a classical coupling field with a microwavefield introduced only in the retrieval stage. One quantum probe field, incidentupon this atomic sample, is transformed first into a collective excitation of atomicspin coherence and then into two optical components characterized by differenttime-dependent phases. Consequently the retrieved quantum probe field exhibits aseries of maxima and minima (beating signals) in intensity due to the alternativeconstructive and destructive interference. This interesting phenomenon involvesin fact the coherent conversion between single-mode and two-mode DSPs. Thebeating frequency, contrast, and phase can be easily controlled by modulating themicrowave intensity, detuning, and turn-on time. We also find that little energyloss is additionally introduced when beating signals are generated by applying themicrowave field in the light retrieval stage. If the incident probe field is a squared pulse, the output probe field will have three separate parts exhibiting oscillatingintensities, among which the former two are fast optical precursors originatingfrom the sudden rising and falling edges while the last one is slow beating signalsgenerated from the central main part. This scheme can be explored to measure themicrowave intensity with high-precision beating signals
III. Coherent generation and dynamic manipulation of double stationarylight pulses in a five-level double-tripod system of cold atoms
We study a five-level double-tripod system of cold atoms for efficientlymanipulating the dynamic propagation and evolution of a quantum probe field bymodulating four classical control fields. A pair of two-color stationary light pulses(SLPs) can be generated either at the same time or with a suitable time delay. Ournumerical results show that the two-color double SLPs are mutually coupledthrough two wave packets of atomic spin coherence. Each SLP is contributed by apair of mutually coupled DSPs with opposite velocities and equal strengths so thatno one can conquer the other to move in its own direction. The pair of stationarylight pulses can be released either from the sample entrance and exitsynchronously or just from the sample exit with a controlled time delay. Inaddition, the two-color stationary light pulses are immune to the fast decayoriginating from the higher-order Fourier components of atomic spin and opticalcoherence, and may exhibit the quantum limited beating signals with theircharacteristic frequency determined by detunings of the four classical controlfields.
IV. Marking slow light signals with fast optical precursors in the regime ofelectromagnetically induced transparency
We propose four schemes for marking a desired slow light signal in asequence of optical pulses with fast optical precursors in a quantum delay ormemory medium of cold atoms under the EIT condition. The first three schemes are accomplished in a model of generic-type system without applying thedisturbing field. In the first scheme, we dope a special half-Gaussian wave-patternpulse into the pulse sequence. The target output signal with oscillating peaks ishighlighted by a fast optical precursor generated from the rising edge of theincident half-Gaussian pulse. In the second scheme, we modulate a Gaussian-likepulse with a sudden falling edge. The corresponding precursors will interfere withthe output slow main pulse and a few oscillating peaks can be generated. In thethird scheme, we use the precursors from the sudden rising or falling edge of thenext pulse after the target pulse to generate the oscillating peaks. However, in thefourth scheme of an N-type system, a square-modulated disturbing field isintroduced to couple the-type system and another atomic level. Only its opticalprecursors can propagate through the medium but the main pulse will be absorbed.The slow target signal pulses under EIT can be marked for that the opticalprecursors add their intensities and generate oscillating peaks. Through thesemarking schemes above, we can achieve to mark a particular pulse of an opticalsequence immediately as required. These marking schemes may have potentialapplications in optical communication and fast information processing.
引文
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