材料微观结构与电磁场效应关系的数值模拟
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摘要
材料微观结构对其电磁场效应有着直接的影响，由于受到电磁环境干扰和实验材料的不稳定性等多方面因素影响，实际工程实验在研究深度和广度上受到诸多限制。随着有限元方法和计算机技术的发展，人们可以利用有限元方法来模拟微观结构，以达到材料微观结构的性能导向型设计和性能预测的目的。本研究在对材料微观结构进行可视化模拟的基础上，选择有限元软件ANSYS设计了材料电磁场有效作用空间的计算模型，应用Poynting矢量算法计算了材料的电磁场效应。
采用基于传输线理论的双端口算法，应用波导结构模型，从模型长度、模型尺寸级别、模型各部分厚度、单元大小、单元层数、边界条件及载荷施加等方面确定了材料电磁场有效作用空间。计算机实验表明，电磁场有效作用空间各区的厚度对材料电磁场效应计算影响很小，而各区的单元层数才是决定能否真实模拟的关键。原因是在有限元计算中，单元是电磁波传播和衰减的载体，而模型的几何尺寸仅仅能反映的是电磁波远场和近场关系。
双端口算法的的优点是不考虑材料本身复杂的电磁场耦合作用，只在外部端口上整体研究电磁波对材料的影响，大大简化了研究过程。但这种算法带来了以下缺点：一是当工作频率进入材料结构的谐振区时，反射率数值可能远远大于100%，这不利于反射率、透射率和吸收率之间的对比；二是不能计算材料的多角度反射率；三是不能计算多层复合材料的分层吸收率及分层反射率。为了解决这些问题，本文设计了一种新的计算方法，通过可以表征电磁能量流动方向和大小的Poynting矢量来计算材料的电磁场效应。
与本课题组同仁合作，对不同结构的铁氧体材料进行了微观结构设计，并以之为例，应用Poynting矢量算法，在铁氧体材料单元上研究材料在平面电磁波作用下的电磁场效应，解决了目前同类研究中不能计算材料多角度反射问题。计算机实验表明：铁氧体材料对平面电磁波有着优异的吸收能力，纳米球互穿结构铁氧体材料的电磁吸收能力高于含纳米球形孔的材料，这主要是由铁氧体材料的高电阻率及其复杂的内部结构决定。
应用Poynting矢量算法计算了三层简单形体结构材料的分层电磁场效应，验证了方法的可行性。然后，采用这一算法计算了某四结构层复合材料的分层电磁场效应。计算机实验表明：该结构复合材料在宽频率范围内具有较低反射率，在低频段吸收率较高，随工作频率增加吸收率逐渐降低，当工作频率达到40GHz以上时，吸收率趋于稳定，数值在50%左右。这样的电磁场效应与复合材料采用了三维纤维编织结构和材料本身的电磁参数有关。对该结构进行的分层电磁场效应计算结果表明：入射平面电磁波能量主要集中于沿电磁波传播方向的前两个结构层上，这与材料的趋肤效应和工作频率有关。
为了明确复合材料各相基本电磁参数在电磁场计算中的作用，以四结构层复合材料为研究对象，针对各相复电磁参数采用正交实验方法研究了复电磁参数变化对复合材料电磁场效应的影响规律。结果表明：复电磁参数实部增加有利于提高复合材料的电磁吸收率并降低反射率，而复介电常数虚部影响情况则刚好相反，复磁导率虚部对电磁场效应影响比较小。这与电磁参数的基本物理意义有关，复电磁参数实部代表材料的电磁能量储存能力，实部增加表示材料储存能量值增加，所以吸收率会上升。最后，为了获得复合材料宽频范围高吸收低反射性能，采用了与纤维分布相关的各向异性电磁参数计算了四结构层复合材料的电磁场效应。结果表明：在电磁波传播垂直方向具有较大复电磁参数实部的材料可以获得良好的宽频高吸收低反射电磁性能。
计算机实验和理论分析证明，采用Poynting矢量算法计算材料的电磁场效应是可行的。研究方法有效的解决了材料的多角度反射率计算和分层电磁场效应计算问题。此外，研究内容对宽频高吸收低反射性能复合材料设计具有一定的指导意义。
Material microstructure impact electromagnetic filed effect directly. The practicalengineering experiments have many limitations in the depth and breadth by variousfactors, which include the electromagnetic environmental interference and theinstability of experimental material. With the development of finite element methodand computer technology, and the people can make use of finite element method tosimulate microstructure in order to achieve the goals of the performance-orienteddesign and performance prediction of material microstructure. In this paper, on thebase of visualized simulation for microstructure, finite element software ANSYS isapplied to design the calculation model of electromagnetic field effectiveoperation-space for materials, and calculated electromagnetic field effects of materialsby the Poynting vector method.
The electromagnetic field effective operation-space for materials is determinedfrom model length, model size level, thickness of parts, element size, numbers ofelement layer, boundary conditions and load application by the two-port networkalgorithm based on transmission line theory and waveguide structure model. Thecomputer experiments show that the impacts of thickness of the electromagnetic fieldeffective operation-space component parts for electromagnetic field effect are tiny, andthe numbers of element layer is the key of simulation. The reason is that the elementsare carrier of the electromagnetic wave propagation and attenuation, while thegeometry size of model can only reflect the relationship of electromagnetic far-fieldand near-field in finite element simulation.
The advantages of two-port network algorithm is not consider the complexelectromagnetic field coupling effect in material itself, and research the influence ofelectromagnetic wave on the external port for the whole material structure, and theresearch process is simplified greatly. However, this algorithm has brought thefollowing disadvantages. Firstly, the reflectivity may be far greater than100%whenthe working frequency arrive at the resonance region of the material structure, which isinconvenient the contrast of the reflectivity, transmittivity and absorptivity. Secondly,it can not calculate multi-angle reflectivity. Thirdly, it can not calculate layeredabsorptivity and layered reflectivity of multilayer composite materials. In order tosolve these problems, a new caculated method is designed in this study,electromagnetic field effects of materials are calculated by the Poynting vector which can characterize the flow direction and magnitude of electromagnetic field energy.
The various microstructures of the ferrite materials are designed cooperation withcolleague in our studying team as example. The electromagnetic field effect iscalculated on the ferrite material elements in plane electromagnetic wave by thePoynting vector algorithm, and the problem is solved that the multi-angle reflectivitycould not calculation in similar research. Computer experiments show that: ferritematerial has excellent absorption capacity for plane electromagnetic wave, thenano-particles interpenetrating structure has better absorption capacity than thestructure containing nano-spherical pores of ferrite material. This is mainly determinedby the high resistivity and complex internal structure of the ferrite material.
The layered electromagnetic field effect of a simple structure, which is composedthree-layer materials, was calculated by the Poynting vector algorithm. It verified thefeasibility of the algorithm. Then, the layered electromagnetic field effect is calculatedfor the fiber composite material with four structural layers. Computer experimentsshow that the composite material has a low reflectivity in a wide frequency range. Ithas high absorptivity in the low frequency band, and absorptivity decrease with theincrease of working frequency. The absorptivity is stable in about50%when theworking frequency is above40GHz. The electromagnetic field effect is determined bythe fiber weave structure of three-dimensional and the electromagnetic parameters ofmaterial itself. The calculation results of layered electromagnetic field effect for thestructure show that, in the incident plane electromagnetic wave, the electromagneticenergy is mainly concentrated in the previous two structural layers along the directionof electromagnetic wave propagation. This is related to the skin effect of material andworking frequency.
In order to definitude in the influence of electromagnetic parameters of thecomposite material’s each phase in the calculation of the electromagnetic field effect,the fiber composite material with four structural layers is research object, usingorthogonal experimental method to research the impact regularity which is the changeof complex electromagnetic parameters against the composite electromagnetic fieldeffect for each phase of the composite material. The results showed that: theabsorptivity is increase and the reflectivity is decrease with the increase of real part ofcomplex electromagnetic parameters, and the influence of the imaginary part ofcomplex permittivity is just the opposite, and the influence of the imaginary part ofcomplex permeability is relatively small. This is related to the basic physicalsignificance of the complex electromagnetic parameters, the real part represent the capacity of electromagnetic energy, the increase of real part indicates that the materialstored energy values increase, so the absorptivity will rise.
Finally, in order to obtain high-absorption and low-reflection properties of thecomposite materials in wide frequency band range, we calculated electromagnetic fieldeffect of the fiber composite material with four structural layers by anisotropicelectromagnetic parameters which is related to fiber distribution. The results showedthat: the larger real part of complex electromagnetic parameters of materials in thevertical direction of the electromagnetic wave propagation can obtain a high-absorptionand low-reflection properties in wide frequency band range.
Computer experiments and theoretical analysis show that the method ofelectromagnetic field effect simulation is feasible by the Poynting vector algorithm.Research methods solve the problems of multi-angle reflectivity calculation andlayered electromagnetic effect calculation of materials. In addition, research contentshave guiding significance for composite materials design of high absorptivity and lowreflectivity properties in a wide frequency.
采用基于传输线理论的双端口算法，应用波导结构模型，从模型长度、模型尺寸级别、模型各部分厚度、单元大小、单元层数、边界条件及载荷施加等方面确定了材料电磁场有效作用空间。计算机实验表明，电磁场有效作用空间各区的厚度对材料电磁场效应计算影响很小，而各区的单元层数才是决定能否真实模拟的关键。原因是在有限元计算中，单元是电磁波传播和衰减的载体，而模型的几何尺寸仅仅能反映的是电磁波远场和近场关系。
双端口算法的的优点是不考虑材料本身复杂的电磁场耦合作用，只在外部端口上整体研究电磁波对材料的影响，大大简化了研究过程。但这种算法带来了以下缺点：一是当工作频率进入材料结构的谐振区时，反射率数值可能远远大于100%，这不利于反射率、透射率和吸收率之间的对比；二是不能计算材料的多角度反射率；三是不能计算多层复合材料的分层吸收率及分层反射率。为了解决这些问题，本文设计了一种新的计算方法，通过可以表征电磁能量流动方向和大小的Poynting矢量来计算材料的电磁场效应。
与本课题组同仁合作，对不同结构的铁氧体材料进行了微观结构设计，并以之为例，应用Poynting矢量算法，在铁氧体材料单元上研究材料在平面电磁波作用下的电磁场效应，解决了目前同类研究中不能计算材料多角度反射问题。计算机实验表明：铁氧体材料对平面电磁波有着优异的吸收能力，纳米球互穿结构铁氧体材料的电磁吸收能力高于含纳米球形孔的材料，这主要是由铁氧体材料的高电阻率及其复杂的内部结构决定。
应用Poynting矢量算法计算了三层简单形体结构材料的分层电磁场效应，验证了方法的可行性。然后，采用这一算法计算了某四结构层复合材料的分层电磁场效应。计算机实验表明：该结构复合材料在宽频率范围内具有较低反射率，在低频段吸收率较高，随工作频率增加吸收率逐渐降低，当工作频率达到40GHz以上时，吸收率趋于稳定，数值在50%左右。这样的电磁场效应与复合材料采用了三维纤维编织结构和材料本身的电磁参数有关。对该结构进行的分层电磁场效应计算结果表明：入射平面电磁波能量主要集中于沿电磁波传播方向的前两个结构层上，这与材料的趋肤效应和工作频率有关。
为了明确复合材料各相基本电磁参数在电磁场计算中的作用，以四结构层复合材料为研究对象，针对各相复电磁参数采用正交实验方法研究了复电磁参数变化对复合材料电磁场效应的影响规律。结果表明：复电磁参数实部增加有利于提高复合材料的电磁吸收率并降低反射率，而复介电常数虚部影响情况则刚好相反，复磁导率虚部对电磁场效应影响比较小。这与电磁参数的基本物理意义有关，复电磁参数实部代表材料的电磁能量储存能力，实部增加表示材料储存能量值增加，所以吸收率会上升。最后，为了获得复合材料宽频范围高吸收低反射性能，采用了与纤维分布相关的各向异性电磁参数计算了四结构层复合材料的电磁场效应。结果表明：在电磁波传播垂直方向具有较大复电磁参数实部的材料可以获得良好的宽频高吸收低反射电磁性能。
计算机实验和理论分析证明，采用Poynting矢量算法计算材料的电磁场效应是可行的。研究方法有效的解决了材料的多角度反射率计算和分层电磁场效应计算问题。此外，研究内容对宽频高吸收低反射性能复合材料设计具有一定的指导意义。
Material microstructure impact electromagnetic filed effect directly. The practicalengineering experiments have many limitations in the depth and breadth by variousfactors, which include the electromagnetic environmental interference and theinstability of experimental material. With the development of finite element methodand computer technology, and the people can make use of finite element method tosimulate microstructure in order to achieve the goals of the performance-orienteddesign and performance prediction of material microstructure. In this paper, on thebase of visualized simulation for microstructure, finite element software ANSYS isapplied to design the calculation model of electromagnetic field effectiveoperation-space for materials, and calculated electromagnetic field effects of materialsby the Poynting vector method.
The electromagnetic field effective operation-space for materials is determinedfrom model length, model size level, thickness of parts, element size, numbers ofelement layer, boundary conditions and load application by the two-port networkalgorithm based on transmission line theory and waveguide structure model. Thecomputer experiments show that the impacts of thickness of the electromagnetic fieldeffective operation-space component parts for electromagnetic field effect are tiny, andthe numbers of element layer is the key of simulation. The reason is that the elementsare carrier of the electromagnetic wave propagation and attenuation, while thegeometry size of model can only reflect the relationship of electromagnetic far-fieldand near-field in finite element simulation.
The advantages of two-port network algorithm is not consider the complexelectromagnetic field coupling effect in material itself, and research the influence ofelectromagnetic wave on the external port for the whole material structure, and theresearch process is simplified greatly. However, this algorithm has brought thefollowing disadvantages. Firstly, the reflectivity may be far greater than100%whenthe working frequency arrive at the resonance region of the material structure, which isinconvenient the contrast of the reflectivity, transmittivity and absorptivity. Secondly,it can not calculate multi-angle reflectivity. Thirdly, it can not calculate layeredabsorptivity and layered reflectivity of multilayer composite materials. In order tosolve these problems, a new caculated method is designed in this study,electromagnetic field effects of materials are calculated by the Poynting vector which can characterize the flow direction and magnitude of electromagnetic field energy.
The various microstructures of the ferrite materials are designed cooperation withcolleague in our studying team as example. The electromagnetic field effect iscalculated on the ferrite material elements in plane electromagnetic wave by thePoynting vector algorithm, and the problem is solved that the multi-angle reflectivitycould not calculation in similar research. Computer experiments show that: ferritematerial has excellent absorption capacity for plane electromagnetic wave, thenano-particles interpenetrating structure has better absorption capacity than thestructure containing nano-spherical pores of ferrite material. This is mainly determinedby the high resistivity and complex internal structure of the ferrite material.
The layered electromagnetic field effect of a simple structure, which is composedthree-layer materials, was calculated by the Poynting vector algorithm. It verified thefeasibility of the algorithm. Then, the layered electromagnetic field effect is calculatedfor the fiber composite material with four structural layers. Computer experimentsshow that the composite material has a low reflectivity in a wide frequency range. Ithas high absorptivity in the low frequency band, and absorptivity decrease with theincrease of working frequency. The absorptivity is stable in about50%when theworking frequency is above40GHz. The electromagnetic field effect is determined bythe fiber weave structure of three-dimensional and the electromagnetic parameters ofmaterial itself. The calculation results of layered electromagnetic field effect for thestructure show that, in the incident plane electromagnetic wave, the electromagneticenergy is mainly concentrated in the previous two structural layers along the directionof electromagnetic wave propagation. This is related to the skin effect of material andworking frequency.
In order to definitude in the influence of electromagnetic parameters of thecomposite material’s each phase in the calculation of the electromagnetic field effect,the fiber composite material with four structural layers is research object, usingorthogonal experimental method to research the impact regularity which is the changeof complex electromagnetic parameters against the composite electromagnetic fieldeffect for each phase of the composite material. The results showed that: theabsorptivity is increase and the reflectivity is decrease with the increase of real part ofcomplex electromagnetic parameters, and the influence of the imaginary part ofcomplex permittivity is just the opposite, and the influence of the imaginary part ofcomplex permeability is relatively small. This is related to the basic physicalsignificance of the complex electromagnetic parameters, the real part represent the capacity of electromagnetic energy, the increase of real part indicates that the materialstored energy values increase, so the absorptivity will rise.
Finally, in order to obtain high-absorption and low-reflection properties of thecomposite materials in wide frequency band range, we calculated electromagnetic fieldeffect of the fiber composite material with four structural layers by anisotropicelectromagnetic parameters which is related to fiber distribution. The results showedthat: the larger real part of complex electromagnetic parameters of materials in thevertical direction of the electromagnetic wave propagation can obtain a high-absorptionand low-reflection properties in wide frequency band range.
Computer experiments and theoretical analysis show that the method ofelectromagnetic field effect simulation is feasible by the Poynting vector algorithm.Research methods solve the problems of multi-angle reflectivity calculation andlayered electromagnetic effect calculation of materials. In addition, research contentshave guiding significance for composite materials design of high absorptivity and lowreflectivity properties in a wide frequency.
引文
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