中西方传统书信艺术差异之修辞分析
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摘要
当今西方修辞界中,书信艺术成为了最热门的研究领域之一,西方学者从修辞角度对于他们的书信艺术进行具有深度及广度的修辞剖析,产生了丰硕成果。相比之下,学者从修辞或比较修辞角度对中国书信艺术的研究就少了很多,这正是诱发本研究的因素。本文意在修辞框架内对中西方传统书信艺术进行比较,主要从两个方面切入,即修辞情景及与书信艺术发展相关的教育模式。除了劳埃德·比彻的修辞情景理论及伊拉斯谟对于教育的观点将被应用外,本文还运用了福柯的权力机制理论进行分析,探讨两种书信艺术在修辞框架内的差异所在。
Nowadays, the art of letter writing is one of the hottest fields in the western studies of rhetoric. The western scholars make deep and broad analyses of the western art of letter writing from the perspective of rhetoric, producing a great deal of works. The art of letter writing is an important component of the theoretical system of rhetoric. In contrast, the Chinese art of letter writing is almost left unexplored, and fewer academic works on the Chinese art of letter writing are produced from the perspective of rhetoric. As the first step to address the deficiency, this thesis undertakes to compare the two traditions of letter writing within a rhetorical framework. The comparison is made in terms of two considerations: the rhetorical situation and the educational pattern related to the development of the art of letter writing. As far as the rhetorical situation is concerned, Lloyd Bitzer's theory of the rhetorical situation is used. And as for the educational pattern, Desiderius Erasmus's opinion about teaching is introduced. In addition, Michel Foucault's theory of mechanisms of power is also taken into consideration in the thesis.
Nowadays, the art of letter writing is one of the hottest fields in the western studies of rhetoric. The western scholars make deep and broad analyses of the western art of letter writing from the perspective of rhetoric, producing a great deal of works. The art of letter writing is an important component of the theoretical system of rhetoric. In contrast, the Chinese art of letter writing is almost left unexplored, and fewer academic works on the Chinese art of letter writing are produced from the perspective of rhetoric. As the first step to address the deficiency, this thesis undertakes to compare the two traditions of letter writing within a rhetorical framework. The comparison is made in terms of two considerations: the rhetorical situation and the educational pattern related to the development of the art of letter writing. As far as the rhetorical situation is concerned, Lloyd Bitzer's theory of the rhetorical situation is used. And as for the educational pattern, Desiderius Erasmus's opinion about teaching is introduced. In addition, Michel Foucault's theory of mechanisms of power is also taken into consideration in the thesis.
引文
Anonymous.2004.The Principle of Letter Writing.In Scott D.Troyan.Medieval Rhetoric:A Casebook.New York and London:Routledge,429-438
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Arnhart,Larry.1981.Aristotle on Political Reasoning.Dekalb:Northern Illinois University Press.
Barnes,Jonathan.1995.The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Bitzer,Lloyd.1959.Aristotle's Enthymeme Revisited.Quarterly Journal of Speech 45.
Bitzer,Lloyd.1968.The Rhetorical Situation.Philosophy and Rhetoric 1:1-14.
Bitzer,Lloyd.1995.The Rhetorical Situation.In eds.William A Covino and David A.Jolliffe.Rhetoric:Concepts,Definitions,Boundaries.Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
Bizzell,Patricia,Herzberg,Bruce.1990.The Rhetorical Tradition.Boston:St.Mrtin's Press.
Burke,Kenneth.1969.A Rhetoric of Motives.Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press.
CH.Perelman and L.Olbrechts-Tyteca.1969.The New Rhetoric:A Treatise on Argumentation.London:University of Notre Dame Press,
Faulhaber,Charles B..1978.The Summa Dictaminis of Guido Faba.In Medieval Eloquence.ed.James J.Murphy.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Foucault,Michael.1980.The History of Sexuality,Vol.I:An Introduction.New York:Vintage Books.
Green,Lawrence D..2007.The Renaissance Union of Rhetoric and Letters.
Herrick,James A.2001.The History and Theory of Rhetoric:An Introduction,2~(nd) ed.Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
James J.Murphy.1971.Three Medieval Rhetorical Arts.Berkeley:University of California Press.
John T.Gage.2006.The Shape of Reason.New York:Pearson Longman.
Kennedy,George A.1980.Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
Poulakos,John,Poulakos,Takis.1999.Classical Rhetorical Theory.Boston,New Work:Houghton Mifflin Company.
May,James M.1988.Trials of Character:The Eloquence of Ciceronian Ethos.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
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Wenzel,Joseph.1990.Three Perspectives of Argument.In eds.Robert Trapp and Janice Achuetz.Perspectives on Argumentation:Essays in Honor of Wayne Brockriede.Prospect Heights,Illinois:Waveland:13.
Bo Xiuye[柏秀叶],2001,《汉魏六朝书信体散文论》。硕士论文:山东师范大学。
Cao Xianghong[曹湘洪],2007,汉语书信开头段中问询语寒暄功能分析,《新疆师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),28,4:128-131。
Chen Tinyu[陈廷玉],2008,《建安尺牍文学研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Corey Sandler,,[科里·桑德勒],Janice Keefe,[贾尼丝·基夫],2006,《英文书信写作大全》,孔雁译,北京:电子工业出版社:5-6。
Fang Fei[方飞],1993,《实用书信大全》。深圳:海天出版社。
Fang Fei[方飞],1995,《实用书信指南》。深圳:海天出版社。
Jia Zhifang[贾植芳];Li Dong[李东],1992,《历代名家尺牍新钞》。上海:文淮出版社。
Kenneth Burke,[肯尼斯·博克]等,常昌富,顾宝桐译,1998,《当代西方修辞学:演讲与话语批评》。北京:中国社会科学院出版社。
Li Qiang[李强],Li Xia[李霞],2000,韩愈和三苏干谒书信辨异,《山东农业大学学报》(社会科学版),2,4:62-64。
Lin Chengzhang[林承璋],1994,《大众尺牍》。福州:福建人民出版社。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2004,《追求象征的力量:关于西方修辞思想的思考》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2008,《西方修辞学史》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Luo Jingguo[罗经国],2005,《〈古文观止〉精选汉英对照》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Peng Linwen[彭林文],2005,不见面的礼仪:书信,《历史学习》,5,39。
Qu Shucheng[曲树程],1985,《注评、译析古方百篇》。济南:山东教育出版社。
Sun Danping[孙丹萍],2006,《两晋尺牍文学研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Wan Yu[万宇],2007,《中国现代学人论学书信研究》。博士论文,南京师范大学。
Wang Jianfeng[汪建峰],2006,《论掌握西方修辞对于提高中国软实力的重要性》。硕士论文,福建师范大学。
Wang Liping[王丽萍],2007,《南朝尺牍文研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Wu Nan[吴楠],2007,《范仲淹散文研究》。硕士论文:兰州大学。
Xiao Hong[晓红],1994,《书信百事通》。厦门:鹭江出版社。
Xiong Xianguang[熊宪光]译,1996,《文心雕龙》。重庆:西南师范大学出版社。
Xue Hailan[薛海兰],2004,个人书信与修辞说略,《平顶山师专学报》,19,4:67-69。
Yang Wenke[杨文科],2004,《尺牍写作指要》。北京:中国国际广播出版社。
Zhang Xiaoyan[张小艳],2004,《敦煌书仪语言研究》。博士论文:浙江大学。
Zhang Yufang[张玉芳],2007,演讲语篇中的修辞互动:演讲者与受众之间的权力关系,《西安外国语大学学报》,15:32-35。
Zhao Shugong[赵树功],1999,《中国尺牍文学史》。石家庄:河北人民出版社。
Zhou Tanke[周探科],2007,旧体书信写作指要,《写作》,2:37-38
Zhou Yiliang[周一良],Zhao Heping[赵和平],1995,《唐五代书仪研究》。北京:中国社会科学出版社。
CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure),The Interpersonal Meaning,2008,from http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=the+interpersonal+meaning&style=&tjType =all
Wikipedia,Desiderius Erasmus,2008,from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus
Wikipedia,Michael Halliday,2008,from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Halliday
Aristotle.1991.On Rhetoric,translated by George A.Kennedy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Arnhart,Larry.1981.Aristotle on Political Reasoning.Dekalb:Northern Illinois University Press.
Barnes,Jonathan.1995.The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Bitzer,Lloyd.1959.Aristotle's Enthymeme Revisited.Quarterly Journal of Speech 45.
Bitzer,Lloyd.1968.The Rhetorical Situation.Philosophy and Rhetoric 1:1-14.
Bitzer,Lloyd.1995.The Rhetorical Situation.In eds.William A Covino and David A.Jolliffe.Rhetoric:Concepts,Definitions,Boundaries.Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
Bizzell,Patricia,Herzberg,Bruce.1990.The Rhetorical Tradition.Boston:St.Mrtin's Press.
Burke,Kenneth.1969.A Rhetoric of Motives.Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press.
CH.Perelman and L.Olbrechts-Tyteca.1969.The New Rhetoric:A Treatise on Argumentation.London:University of Notre Dame Press,
Faulhaber,Charles B..1978.The Summa Dictaminis of Guido Faba.In Medieval Eloquence.ed.James J.Murphy.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Foucault,Michael.1980.The History of Sexuality,Vol.I:An Introduction.New York:Vintage Books.
Green,Lawrence D..2007.The Renaissance Union of Rhetoric and Letters.
Herrick,James A.2001.The History and Theory of Rhetoric:An Introduction,2~(nd) ed.Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
James J.Murphy.1971.Three Medieval Rhetorical Arts.Berkeley:University of California Press.
John T.Gage.2006.The Shape of Reason.New York:Pearson Longman.
Kennedy,George A.1980.Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
Poulakos,John,Poulakos,Takis.1999.Classical Rhetorical Theory.Boston,New Work:Houghton Mifflin Company.
May,James M.1988.Trials of Character:The Eloquence of Ciceronian Ethos.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
Mann,Nicholas.1996.The Origins of Humanism.In The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism.ed.Jill Kraye.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sonja K.Foss,Karen A.Foss,Robert Trapp.2002.Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric.USA:Waveland Press,Inc.
Wenzel,Joseph.1990.Three Perspectives of Argument.In eds.Robert Trapp and Janice Achuetz.Perspectives on Argumentation:Essays in Honor of Wayne Brockriede.Prospect Heights,Illinois:Waveland:13.
Bo Xiuye[柏秀叶],2001,《汉魏六朝书信体散文论》。硕士论文:山东师范大学。
Cao Xianghong[曹湘洪],2007,汉语书信开头段中问询语寒暄功能分析,《新疆师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),28,4:128-131。
Chen Tinyu[陈廷玉],2008,《建安尺牍文学研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Corey Sandler,,[科里·桑德勒],Janice Keefe,[贾尼丝·基夫],2006,《英文书信写作大全》,孔雁译,北京:电子工业出版社:5-6。
Fang Fei[方飞],1993,《实用书信大全》。深圳:海天出版社。
Fang Fei[方飞],1995,《实用书信指南》。深圳:海天出版社。
Jia Zhifang[贾植芳];Li Dong[李东],1992,《历代名家尺牍新钞》。上海:文淮出版社。
Kenneth Burke,[肯尼斯·博克]等,常昌富,顾宝桐译,1998,《当代西方修辞学:演讲与话语批评》。北京:中国社会科学院出版社。
Li Qiang[李强],Li Xia[李霞],2000,韩愈和三苏干谒书信辨异,《山东农业大学学报》(社会科学版),2,4:62-64。
Lin Chengzhang[林承璋],1994,《大众尺牍》。福州:福建人民出版社。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2004,《追求象征的力量:关于西方修辞思想的思考》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2008,《西方修辞学史》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Luo Jingguo[罗经国],2005,《〈古文观止〉精选汉英对照》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Peng Linwen[彭林文],2005,不见面的礼仪:书信,《历史学习》,5,39。
Qu Shucheng[曲树程],1985,《注评、译析古方百篇》。济南:山东教育出版社。
Sun Danping[孙丹萍],2006,《两晋尺牍文学研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Wan Yu[万宇],2007,《中国现代学人论学书信研究》。博士论文,南京师范大学。
Wang Jianfeng[汪建峰],2006,《论掌握西方修辞对于提高中国软实力的重要性》。硕士论文,福建师范大学。
Wang Liping[王丽萍],2007,《南朝尺牍文研究》。硕士论文,山东师范大学。
Wu Nan[吴楠],2007,《范仲淹散文研究》。硕士论文:兰州大学。
Xiao Hong[晓红],1994,《书信百事通》。厦门:鹭江出版社。
Xiong Xianguang[熊宪光]译,1996,《文心雕龙》。重庆:西南师范大学出版社。
Xue Hailan[薛海兰],2004,个人书信与修辞说略,《平顶山师专学报》,19,4:67-69。
Yang Wenke[杨文科],2004,《尺牍写作指要》。北京:中国国际广播出版社。
Zhang Xiaoyan[张小艳],2004,《敦煌书仪语言研究》。博士论文:浙江大学。
Zhang Yufang[张玉芳],2007,演讲语篇中的修辞互动:演讲者与受众之间的权力关系,《西安外国语大学学报》,15:32-35。
Zhao Shugong[赵树功],1999,《中国尺牍文学史》。石家庄:河北人民出版社。
Zhou Tanke[周探科],2007,旧体书信写作指要,《写作》,2:37-38
Zhou Yiliang[周一良],Zhao Heping[赵和平],1995,《唐五代书仪研究》。北京:中国社会科学出版社。
CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure),The Interpersonal Meaning,2008,from http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=the+interpersonal+meaning&style=&tjType =all
Wikipedia,Desiderius Erasmus,2008,from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus
Wikipedia,Michael Halliday,2008,from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Halliday