板栗树冠节肢动物群落结构与动态及栗瘿蜂生物学生态学习性研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本研究着眼于重庆市板栗生产和害虫发生与治理的现状,采用林间系统调查和室内研究相结合的研究手段,综合运用群落生态学的原理和方法,在2001-2002年两个生长季节中对板栗树冠节肢动物群落的结构特征、时间格局、优势害虫和天敌林间消长动态及栗瘿蜂的生物学生态学习性、林间消长的影响因子等进行了研究。主要研究内容和结果摘要如下:
     1、群落的结构组成及各类群相对多度
     2001及2002年2-11月以系统调查、随机调查结合室内饲养的方法,共获得节肢动物136种,隶属于12个目、63个科,其中害虫70种、天敌62种、中性昆虫4种,分别占物种总数的51.47%、45.59%和2.94%。天敌中捕食性天敌47种,寄生性天敌15种,分别占天敌物种数的75.81%和24.19%,害虫物种数略多于天敌物种数,天敌中捕食性天敌物种数明显多于寄生性天敌物种数。为了进一步分析群落结构,将板栗树冠节肢动物群落划分为3个营养层、4个功能团和11个类群,相对多度分析结果表明植食性营养层在物种数和个体数上均占绝对优势,以刺吸性功能团为主,其中又以蚜虫类群数量最多。板栗储藏期害虫以蛀果性害虫桃蛀螟数量最多。在群落调查基础上明确了板栗树冠节肢动物群落的组成,并提出了栗园节肢动物名录。
     2、板栗树冠节肢动物群落季节动态
     2.1、总群落、群落中主要类群、主要害虫及天敌个体数量季节动态
     通过定点定期调查的方法研究了群落主要类群、主要害虫和天敌个体数量的季节动态。
     节肢动物群落的总个体数量和同翅目昆虫数量变化曲线均为双峰型,两个峰值分别出现在4月下旬和9月中旬,第一峰值明显高于第二峰值,形成这两个峰值的物种在数量上占绝对优势的均是斑翅蚜;鞘翅目昆虫亦呈现双峰型的变化曲线,两峰值在5月中旬和9月上旬,且第一峰值>第二峰值;鳞翅目昆虫仅在7月中下旬出现一个发生高峰期。
     各种主要害虫的发生有明显的阶段性。斑翅蚜的种群数量动态表现为春季高峰型和秋季高峰型;象甲的数量以4月上旬和9月上旬较多;金龟子在4月上旬至5月下旬期间数量急剧上升,在5月中旬数量达到顶峰;鳞翅目幼虫在6-8月间发生数量较多,在7月中旬达到峰值。天敌中草间小黑蛛在4月上旬-5月下旬数量较多,数量曲线有两个峰值,分别在4月中旬和5月上旬,其后变化曲线呈现锯齿形;异色瓢虫数量有两个明显的高峰,分别在4月上旬和5月上中旬,7月上旬之后数量曲线亦呈现锯齿型变化趋势。
     2.2、群落发展的各阶段害虫及天敌优势种的确定及群落结构特征分析
     2.2.1、优势度分析和优势种的确定
     群落的优势种在群落发展的各阶段有所不同。斑翅蚜4月上旬到5月上旬优势性十分突出,
    
     摘 要
    5 )j份金龟子的优势度超过斑翅蚜,5月下旬到 6月上旬栗大蚜的忧势度超过金龟十,从6月中
    旬到9月上旬,象甲、栗大蚜、鳞翅目幼虫、斑翅蚜的优势度交替上升,9月中旬到下旬斑翅
    蚜再次成为忧势种。4月上旬到7月上旬,天敌以草间小黑蛛为优势种,7月中旬至9月下旬,
    忧势度较高的种类有大草蛆、异色瓢虫、棕管巢蛛、十二斑巧瓢虫,以异色瓢虫为主。
    2.2.2、群落结构特征
     根据物种丰富度、多样牲、均匀度与生态集中度指数等群落结构特征指数分析了总群落、
    害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落在时间上的结构数量特征。分析表明板栗生育期和天气是影响群落结
    构特征变化的主要因于,害虫亚群落结构特征指数在时间上的变化规律与总群落一致,害虫亚
    群落的数量变化决定了总群落结构数量特征的变化规律。
    2.3、群落季节格局及栗园害虫综合抬理策略
     利用有序样本的最优分割将群落划分为三个阶段,并结合气候状况和板栗生育期提出了各
    阶段的害虫治理策略。
     群落发展的初期阶段为春末夏初栗树萌芽展叶期,r-对策害虫斑翅蚜在数量上占绝对优
    势,群落处于各种害虫和天敌种群的初建状态。这一阶段应密切监测害虫和天敌种群的发展,
    可以对个别有虫植株进行挑治,避免大面积施用杀虫剂:群落发展的盛期处于初夏-盛夏-初秋
    栗树的开花-座果-生长-果实成熟阶段,主要害虫的发生与为害具有明显的阶段性,天敌种群不
    足以控制害虫的猖撅发生,但害虫种群在林间环境条件和天敌的联合控制作用下处于一种相对
    的平衡状态。这一阶段是板栗各种害虫大量出现及主要害虫可以形成猖撅危害的时期,应抓住
    害虫发生的阶段性特点,针对一至两种种群密度高且处于上升阶段的主要害虫进行防治,同时
    充分发挥天敌的自然控制作用;第三阶段处于夏末秋初果实收获阶段群落的逐渐衰退期,斑翅
    蚜是这一阶段的优势种,其数量上升导致群落的优势度和生态集中度升高,多样性和均匀度降
    低,这一阶段栗树在果实采收后逐渐进人休眠期,应注意清理田园和及时处理害虫越冬场所。
    3、主要害虫和天敌的时间生态位
     测定了板栗树冠节肢动物群落主要害虫及天敌的时间生态位。应用生态位概念分析了各类
    群发生的数量特征,分析了各种害虫和天敌对环境资源的利用情况,探讨了害虫和天敌之间的
    竞争与共存机制。结?
By field systematic investigation and, indoor trials, the characters of Chinese chestnut Canopy Arthropod Community structure and dynamics, temporal pattern, numeric dynamics of dominant pests and natural enemies in Hechuan, Chongqing were investigated using the knowledge and theory of community Ecology. The biological and ecological characters of Chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus Kuriphilus Yasumatsu) were also studied. The research contents and results were listed as follows:
    1. Composition of Canopy Arthropod Community in Chestnut Orchard
    Canopy arthropod community structure in chestnut orchard was studied in two seasons of 2001-2002. The result showed that species of canopy arthropod community was abundant. Total 136 species of arthropods were observed, which belong to 12 Orders, 63 Families. Among these species, there were 70 species of insect pests, 62 species of natural enemies and 4 species of neutral insects, which account for 55. 15%, 41.39%, and 2.94% , respectively. Among 62 species of natural enemies, there were 15 species of parasitoids and 42 species of predatory arthropods, which account for 75.81% and 24. 19%, respectively. Most insect pests belong to Curculionoidae (6 species), Chrysomelidae (5 species), Rutelidae (5 species), and Eucleidae (5 species), and most natural enemies belong to Coccinellidae (7 species), Salticidae(6 species), Clubionidae(6 species), Tetragnathidae (5 species), and Torymidae (5species). Species spactial structure analysis showed that the order of pest species numbers was leaf pest (57 species) >flower pest (6 species) >branch pest (4 species) >fruit pest (2 species).
    Based on investigation of two seasons, the name list of canopy arthropod community in chestnut orchard was established.
    Species composition and relative abundance of the canopy arthropod community in
    
    chestnut orchard were analyzed. The community could be divided into 3 nutrient classes, 4 guilds and 11 groups. Herbivorous nutrient class was the most dominant in individual numbers, and the relative abundance was 88. 11%. Among Herbivorous nutrient class, the relative abundance of sucking and chewing guild were 60.66% and 22.21% respectively. In sucking and chewing guilds, the relative abundances of aphid and scarab group were 40.02% and 11.56%, respectively. Relative abundance of natural enemy nutrient class was 11. 50%, and among them the relative abundance of predatory and parasitic guild were 16. 81% and 0. 32%, respectively. The relative abundance of spider group was the greatest (7.38%) among predatory guild. The relative abundance of the third nutrient class (mainly neutral insects) was only 0. 39%.
    During fruit storage, the relative abundance of Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guen ee was the greatest (72.59%), followed by Characama ruficrra Hampton (24. 19%). 2. Seasonal dynamics of canopy arthropod community
    Seasonal dynamics of canopy community, main groups, individual numbers of main pests and natural enemies in two seasons were studied. The influential factors of their population dynamics were also analyzed. 2.1. Seasonal dynamics and influential factors
    2.1.1. Community and the main groups
    Dynamics curve of community individual numbers was two-peak pattern. The two peaks appeared in late April and middle September. So was the curve of Homoptera. The dominant species was Castanocallis castanocallis Zhang. The two peaks of curve of the dynamics of Coleopteran appeared in middle May and early September. Early and middle July was the peak period of Lepidopteran.
    2.1.2. Main pests and natural enemies
    Individual number of C. castanocallis Zhang had spring and autumn peaks. Variation of the individual number of Lachnus tropicalis (Van der Goot) was not quite intensive. Weevils (Macrocorynus capito (Faust) was the dominant species) mainly appeared in early April and early September. Scarabs (Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky was the dominant species) mainly appeared in early April and late May and there was a peak value during middle May. Subsequently the number descended and only Adoretus ten
引文
1.敖贤斌,张守友.我国栗瘿蜂及其天敌研究[J].果树科技通讯,1980(4):17-29
    2.奥德姆.生态学基础[M].1981,人民教育出版社
    3.程良勤,郭益龙.光滑才小蠹生物学特性观察[J].昆虫知识,1994,31(2):94-96
    4.丁伟,赵志模,王进军等.玉米地节肢动物群落优势功能集团的组成与演替[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(1):38-41
    5.丁岩钦.论害虫种群的生态控制[J].生态学报,1993,13(2):99-106
    6.丁玉洲,吕传海,韩冰等.板栗害虫发生特征与治理对策[J].安徽农业大学学报,2001,28(3):232-237
    7.段军浩.栗瘿蜂的研究及防治实验[J].陕西林业科技,1983(5):20-23
    8.高宝嘉,张执中,李镇宇.封山育林对昆虫群落结构及多样性、稳定性影响的研究[J].生态学报,1992,12(1):1-7
    9.高宝嘉,张执中,李镇宇.封山育林对植物群落结构和多样性的影响[J].北京农业大学学报,1992,14(2):46-53
    10.贵州农林昆虫志.1987,Vol.1.贵州人民出版社
    11.贵州农林昆虫志.1991,Vol.4.贵州科技出版社
    12.高新一.板栗栽培技术[M].1992,北京:金盾出版社
    13.郭树嘉,曲爱军,孙伟.栗瘿蜂的初步研究[J].林业科学,1997,33(3):242-246
    14.郭线茹,尹新明,罗梅浩等.桃园昆虫群落的时间结构研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):146-149
    15.郭依泉,朱文炳,赵志模.桔园昆虫群落空间结构研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1988(2):144-149
    16.郭依泉,朱文炳.桔园昆虫群落季节格局研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1987(1):28-32
    17.郝树广,张孝羲,程遐平等.稻田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性动态[J].昆虫学报,1998,41(4):343-353
    18.侯清敏,韩春梅,白九维等.河北省栗实象甲的种类与分布[J].河北农业大学学报,1993,16(2):23-26
    19.侯有明,庞雄飞等.化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(8):1262-1268
    20.胡金林.中国农林蜘蛛[M].1983,天津科学技术出版社
    21.黄竞芳等.中国板栗瘿蜂天敌的研究[J].林业科学,1988,2(2):162-168
    22.胡务义,方志俊,胡盛根.大豆田昆虫群落时间结构的研究[J].昆虫知识,1997,34(5):263-266
    23.黄宏文,J. D. 洛屯.板栗抗栗瘿蜂特性的初步研究[J].森林病虫通讯,1990(1):21-22
    24.黄其林,田立新,杨莲芳.农业昆虫鉴定[M].1982,上海科学技术出版社
    25.黄寿波,沈朝栋,郁怡文等.我国板栗气候生态区划探讨[J].湖北气象,1998(3):23-25
    26.嘉理思,木村.中国叶甲科检索表.1981,广东省佛山地区林业局印
    
    
    27.蒋金炜,马继盛,陈俊炜等.引黄稻区节肢动物群落的季节特征[J].河南农业大学学报,1994 28(4):344-349
    28.金翠霞,吴亚.群落多样性测定及其应用的探讨[J].昆虫学报,1981,24(1):28-33
    29.金翠霞,吴亚,王冬兰.稻田节肢动物群落多样性[J].昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287-295
    30.雷鸣宇.栗雪片象生物学及防治实验[J].经济林研究,1994,12(2):46-49
    31.李云平,黄邦侃等.福建省栗树害虫的考察(Ⅰ)[J].华东昆虫学报,2001,10(2):15-42
    32.李华安,徐东升等.栗链蚧生物学特性和防治研究[J].孝感学院学报,2001,21(6):52-53
    33.林业部造林局.日本板栗栽培技术及对中国发展板栗的几点建议[J].果树科技通讯,1980,4:36-42
    34.刘爱芝,李素娟,武予清等.三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落的影响[J].植物保护学报,2002,29(1):83-87
    35.刘德广,熊锦君,潭炳林等.荔枝-牧草复合系统节肢动物群落多样性与稳定性分析[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1596-1601
    36.刘桂祥,朱孟玉,于奎江等.栗毒蛾生物学特性观察[J].中国果树,1996(3):35-36
    37.刘永生,李顺文.保护利用中华长尾小蜂防治栗瘿蜂研究[J].中国南方果树,2001,30(1):49-50
    38.刘永生,李顺文,盛继群.栗瘿蜂化学防治方法的研究[J].森林病虫通讯,2000(5):34-35
    39.柳鎏.世界板栗业与21世纪我国板栗发展的思考[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(1).89-93
    40.隆旺夫.栗瘿蜂防治技术[J]柑桔与亚热带果树信息,2000.16(7):46
    41.卢美榕,许若清,孙跃先等.云南柞栗象的研究[J].森林病虫通讯,1994,(3):18-19
    42.罗维德.栗瘿蜂生物学特性观察与防治方法探讨[J].植物保护学报,1980,7(4):227-232
    43.骆有庆.栗瘿蜂的天敌[J].北京林学院学报,1985(2):82-92
    44.骆有庆,黄竞芳,廖定熹.中华长尾小蜂的分布和生物学特性的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1987,9(1):47-57
    45.罗佑珍,樊美珍,卢美榕等.云南板栗新害虫二斑栗象的研究[J].云南农业大学学报,1991,6(2):93-97
    46.著(王文良,季正端译).苏联小蜂总科分类[M].1980,河北省生物防治实验站,河北农业大学出版社
    47.鸟居酉藏.长野县之栗树没食子蜂[J].新昆虫.1956,9(7):39-43
    48.庞保平.麦田昆虫群落的时间结构[J].昆虫知识,1993,(4):263-266
    49,庞保平.麦田昆虫群落的时间结构[J].昆虫知识,1993,(4):263-266
    50.彭艳琼,杨大荣,王秋艳等.木瓜榕上昆虫群落结构及分布特征[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(5):629-635
    51.邱明生等.玉米田节肢动物群落特征的时序动态[J].西南农业学报,2000,14(1):70-73
    52.曲耀训,高孝华,孙士宗等.豆田食虫蝽类生态位研究[J].山东农业科学,2002,3:34-36
    53.曲耀训,高孝华,牟少敏等.大豆主要食叶害虫生态位的研究[J].植物保护,1997,1:11-14
    54.任爽,朱文炳等.板栗园蜘蛛群落结构与组成调查[J].植物医生,2002,15(3):11
    
    
    55.山本荣治.爱嫒县小田町寄生蜂相[J].森林防疫,1981,30(7):119-120
    56.石万成,李建荣,刘旭等.柑桔叶片害虫群落结构的生态位研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(5):273-277
    57.石万成等.苹果园昆虫群落时间格局及防治研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1990,12(2):145-147
    58.师光禄,曹挥,戈峰等.不同枣园生态系统中昆虫群落及其多样性[J].林业科学,2002,38(3):94-101
    59.施金德,胡海军,刘宏文等.大板栗主要害虫防治试验[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,16(1):14-22
    60.孙益知,王沛政,王永宏等.板栗抗雪片象抗性研究[J].作物品种资源,1996,(4):40-41
    61.孙跃先,许若清,卢美榕等.云南板栗实象甲种类分布及危害研究[J].云南农业大学学报,1998,13(4):380-382
    62.孙益知,王沛政,王永宏等.板栗对栗雪片象抗虫性研究初报[J].陕西农业科学,1996,(2):31-32
    63.孙永春,范民生.板栗瘿蜂初步观察[J].昆虫知识,1965(5):286-289
    64.孙儒冰.动物生态学原理[M].1992,北京师范大学出版社
    65.潭济才.不同类型茶园昆虫蜘蛛群落结构分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):289-299
    66.田村正人.关于栗瘿蜂的研究[J].植物防疫.1961,16(2):78
    67.万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫—天敌群落组成及多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170
    68.王福全.稻田蜘蛛保护利用[M].1981,湖南科学技术出版社
    69.王高平,William M. Ciesla,阎庆等.板栗果实生命表的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2001,35(3):254-258
    70.王开洪等.柑桔叶螨及其天敌的生态位研究[J].西南农学院学报,1985,23(3):70-84
    71.王顺建,朱克响,王向阳等 淮北棉田节肢动物的群落结构[J].昆虫知识,2000,37(5):268-274
    72.吴沧松,唐伟强,陈贵新等.板栗害虫种类发生的新特点[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(2):223-224
    73.吴浙东,王政懂,邓玉英等.不同农药防治板栗栗绛蚧试验[J].中南林学院学报,2001,21(1):95-96
    74.吴浙东.板栗用药技术[J]农药,2000,39(8):40-41
    75.吴立民,陆化森 玉米田桃蛀螟发生规律的研究[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(4):207-210
    76.吴亚,金翠霞.草甸昆虫群落及其空间与时间结构[J].昆虫学报,1980,23(2):156-165
    77.吴亚,金翠霞.高寒草甸土壤生态系统结构及昆虫群落的某些特征[J].生态学报,1982,2(2):151-159
    78.席客,徐福元,戴雨生.板栗球果生命表的研究[J].江苏林业科技,1996,23(4):6-10
    79.萧刚柔主编.中国森林昆虫第2版(修订版)[M].1992,北京:中国林业出版社
    80.许若清,孙跃先,卢美榕等.滇西板栗象甲种类生物学特性及防治研究[J].云南林业科技,
    
    1995,(3):60-64
    81.轩静渊,白毅,胡小雄.栗瘿蜂的生活习性及防治[J].昆虫知识,1989,2:91-93
    82.燕宜章,刘永生,江德安等.鄂北地区栗瘿蜂综合防治技术研究[J].植物保护,1995,1:5-8
    83.叶玉珠,许元科,袁媛等.危害板栗的金龟子种类调查[J].中国森林病虫,2001,20(3):36-38
    84.杨霁虹,陈玉栋,曾伏虎等.豫南栗实象甲的栽培防治法研究[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),1998,11(1):95-97
    85.杨剑,吴益友,谢晋清等.不同板栗品种对栗实象鼻虫抗性实验初报[J].经济林研究,1999,17(3):32-33
    86.杨牡丹,任德唐,毛超旭等.板栗害虫综合防治技术研究[J].浙江林业科技,1993,13(2):35-39
    87.尹淑艳,孙绪艮.针叶小爪螨-寄主植物-芬兰钝绥螨相互关系的研究.Ⅲ.寄主植物化学组成与针叶小爪螨生长发育的关系[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):105-110
    88.殷坤.利用小卷蛾线虫防治栗雪片象[J].中国生物防治,1998,14(3):141
    89.尤民生,吴中孚.福州郊区稻田节肢动物群落的结构和动态[J].福建农学院学报,1992,1(1):56-62
    90.袁荣兰,汤才,余其龙.等.黄山松球果生命表的研究[J].浙江林学院学报,1996,13(4):427-434
    91.袁忠林,罗兰,沈长朋等.胶东半岛十字花科菜田春季昆虫群落结构的研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,2000,17(4):243-246
    92.袁忠林,沈长朋,傅建祥.萝卜田节肢动物群落生态位研究[J].山东农业大学学报,2000,31(3):294-296
    93.云南农大栗瘿蜂研究组.栗瘿蜂发生规律及其防治研究[J].云南农业大学学报,1989,4(1):38-42
    94.臧继武,张健阁.栗瘤蜂生物学及防治的初步研究[J],昆虫知识,1966(2):91-92
    95.张安玲.国内板栗生产的回顾与展望[J].山东果树,1984(3)
    96.张古忍等.稻田主要节肢类捕食性天敌群落的结构和动态[J].中山大学学报论丛,1995,2:27-31
    97.张俊华.板栗优质高效栽培新技术[M].1996,中原农民出版社
    98.张永毅,朱文炳,邓新平.板栗贮藏期害虫调查[J].植物医生,2001,14(1):20-21
    99.张永强等.香蕉园害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):639-645
    100.张执中主编.森林昆虫学[M].1997,北京:中国林业出版社
    101.邹钟琳.中国果树害虫[M].1958.北京:科学卫生出版社
    102.赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法[M].1989,科学技术文献出版社重庆分社
    103.赵志模,刘映红等.重庆市郊不同种植制度菜地昆虫群落结构研究[J].植物保护学报,1994,21(1):39-45
    
    
    104.赵志模,朱文炳,郭依泉.桔园昆虫群落演替的初步研究[J].西南农学院学报,1985(3):135-141
    105.[日]志村 勋.抗栗瘤蜂的栗树育种[J].果树科技通讯,1979(4):55-59
    106.中国农业年鉴编委会编.中国农业年鉴[M].1996
    107.中国农业昆虫(中科院动物研究所主编)[M].1987,农业出版社
    108.中国蝽类鉴定手册(萧采瑜主编)[M].1981,科学出版社
    109.中国经济昆虫志 半翅目(一).1985,科学出版社
    110.中国经济昆虫志 膜翅目 小蜂总科(一).1987,科学出版社
    111.中国经济昆虫志 同翅目 蜡蝉总科.1985,科学出版社
    112.中国经济昆虫志 半翅目 蝽科.1964,科学出版社
    113.中国经济昆虫志 螨目 叶螨总科.1981,科学出版社
    114.中国经济昆虫志 鞘翅目 象虫科(一).1980,科学出版社
    115.中国经济昆虫志 鞘翅目 小蠹科.1984,科学出版社
    116.周强等.不同抗性品系稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的结构与动态[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):728-731
    117.周洪旭,丁立孝,傅建祥等.春季3种十字花科蔬菜昆虫群落的时间生态位[J].莱阳农学院学报,2000,17(3):218-221
    118.朱传经.棉田捕食性群落结构研究[J].昆虫天敌,1994,16(1):28-35
    119. Abe-Y. The karyotype in the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1994,29:2,299-300
    120. Adans J. The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities. J. Animal Ecol. 1985,54:43-59
    121. Alteri M.A.,Martin, P.B. & Lewis, W.J. A quest for ecologically based pest management systems. Environmental Management, 1983, 7(1): 91-100
    122. Bach, C. E. Effects of plant density and diversity on the population dynamics of specialist herbivore, the striped cucumber bettle Acalymmia vittata (Fab.). Ecology, 1980, 61:1515-1530
    123. Banerjee B. Arthropod accumulation on tea in young and old habitats. Ecological Entomogical, 1983, 8: 117-123
    124. Brown M. W. Applying principles of community ecology to pest management in orchards. Agri. Ecosys. & Environ., 1999, (73): 103-106
    125. Goodman. D. The theory of diversity-stability relationship in ecology. Review. Biology. 1975(50):237-266
    126. Hendrix M.P. Arthropod guild structure durying early field succession in a new and old world site. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:1053-1065
    127. Heong K. L. et al. Arthropod community structure of rice ecosystem in the Philippines. Bull Entomology Res. 1991. 81:407-416
    128. Heyer W. R. et al. Species of Herpetofaunal samples from similar microhabitats at two tropical sites. Ecology. 1973.54(3):642-645
    129. Hill M. O. Diversity and eveness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology,
    
    1973, 54: 427-432
    130. Huang-HW, Norton-JD, Smith-DA, Slayden-PW. Characteristics of Chestnut Gall Wasp resistant Chinese chestnut. Annual report Northern Nut Growers' Association. 1990, No. 81,29-32
    131. Hurlbert S.H. The non-concept of species diversity:a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology. 1971(52):577-586
    132. Hurtubia J. Trophic diversity measurement in sympatric predatory species. Ecology. 1973.54(5):885-890
    133. Kajiura, M. The breeding of new varieties of Japanese chestnut resistant of chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Y.) [J]. 14th Int. Hort. Congr. Report. 1955, 5(2): 1243-1249
    134. Kato M, Inoue T. Hamid A.A., Nagamitsu T, Ben Merdek M, Nona A R, Itino T, Yamane S, Yumoto T, Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. Res. Popu. Ecol.,1995, 37(1): 59-79
    135. Ko-JH, Lee So, Studies on the control of the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu. Research reports of the forest Research Institute-Korea. 1971, No. 18,77-83
    136. Lawton, J. H. Host-plant influence on insect diversity: The effect of space and the time, In diversity of insect faunas. 9th Sympossium of the royal entomological society. Blackwell. Oxford. 1978, 105-125
    137. Liss W.J., Gut L.J., Westigard P.H., Warren C.E. Perspectives on arthropod community structure, organization and development in agricultural crops. Annual Review of Entomology, 1986, 31: 455-478
    138. MacArthur R.H. Notes on Mrs. Pielou' s comments. Ecology. 1966(47):1074
    139. MacArthur R.H. Fluctuation of animal population and measure of community stability. Ecology, 1955, 36:533-536
    140. MacArthur R.H. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. Amer. Nature. 1964, 98:387-389
    141. May R.M. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton N. J.
    142. Miller J C. Niche relationship among parasitic insect occurring in a temporary habitat. Ecology, 1980, 61(2):270-275
    143. Moran V.C. & Southwood. The guild composition of arthropod community in trees. Journal of animal Ecology. 1982,51:289-306
    144. Murakam-Y, Ao-HB, Chang-CH. Natural enemies of the chestnut gall wasp in Hopei Province, China(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1980,15:2,184-186
    145. Murakami-Y, Hiramatsu-Y, Maeda-M. Parasitoid complexes of the chestnut gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in two localities before introduction of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) with special reference to prediction of results after release of the parasitoid. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology,
    
    1994, 38:1, 29-41
    145. Nakamura, et al. Population dynamics of the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Y. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).Description of the survey stations and the life histories of the gall wasp and its parasites[J]. Japanese Jour. Appl. Ent. Zool. 1964,8(2):149-158
    146. Odum, E. P. Basic Ecology. Sauders College Publishing. 1983. Philadelphia
    147. Ohkubo-N. Distribution of parasitoids of chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, in Nagasaki Prefecture. Proceedings of the Association for plant protection of Kyushu. 1992, 38:190-192
    148. Otake-A, Chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae): A Preliminary study on trend of adult emergence and some other ecological aspects related to the final stage of its life cycle. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1980,15:1, 96-105
    149. Otake-A, Weighing of galls as a means of studying the ecology of chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae) and its parasitoids. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1982,17:1,148-150
    150. Pielou E. C. Ecological diversity. 1975. John wiley & sons New York
    151. Price P. W. et al. Ecological approach of pest management, Introduction to insect pest management Ed by Metcaff R. L. et al Newyork, 1978: 37-73
    152. Root. Board of agricultural research council[A]. In: Ecologically based pest management[C]. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996.42-46
    153. Rutter P. A., Miller G., Payne J. A. et al, Genetic resourches of temperate fruit and nut crops. Wageningea. The Neatherlands. The international society for Hprticultural science. 1990, 761-788
    154. Shelford, V. E. Laboratory and field ecology. Williams & Wilkins. Co. Baltimore
    155. Shimura-I, Breeding of chestnut varieties resistant to chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu. JARQ. 1972, 6:4, 224-234
    156. Simpson E. H. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 1949(167):688
    157. Southwood, T. R. E. The relationships of plant and insect diversity in succession. Biol. Jour. of the Linn. Soci. 12:327-348
    158. Tokuhisa-E. Number of eggs deposited by the Chestnut Gall Wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae). Proceedings of the association for plant protection of Kyushu. 1981,27:154-156
    159. Whittaker R. H. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science. 1965, 147:250-260
    160. William, W. Murdoch. Diversity, complexity, stability and pest control. J. Appl. Ecol., 12: 795-807

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700