钢桥腹板间隙的面外变形疲劳行为数值分析
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摘要
如何确保钢桥的疲劳使用安全一直是桥梁工程界关注的重要研究课题。早期建造的钢桥,由于当时焊接施工水平不高,设计者对疲劳的认识和考虑亦不充分,导致钢桥疲劳开裂问题十分严重。美国里海大学的最新研究结果表明钢桥中的疲劳裂纹90%为面外变形疲劳裂纹,而面外变形疲劳中有很大一部分是由于腹板间隙面外变形而造成的疲劳开裂。
本文参考国内外钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的文献,利用有限元数值分析方法,针对直桥、弯桥和斜桥三种典型桥梁分别分析了结构中腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的受力行为,并对各个桥型的关键影响因素进行了参数分析,从而确定控制腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的主要结构参数,同时探究了钢桥腹板间隙面外变形的维修策略。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1.总结了国内外有关钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳问题及其维修策略的研究成果和研究方法。
2.针对几种典型桥梁分别建立了三维有限元数值分析模型对钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳进行分析,探讨不同桥型下钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳行为的差异性。
3.根据几种典型桥梁下产生不同的面外变形应力,分别进行了参数分析,研究间隙大小、腹板厚度、横撑刚度、横撑类型、桥梁跨径、弯桥的曲率半径以及斜桥的斜交角等关键结构参数,对腹板间隙面外变形应力值的影响,从而确定控制腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的主要结构参数。
4.结合钢桥面外变形疲劳行为的有限元分析以及参数分析结果,研究了钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳问题的维修加固方法,对进一步的维修加固提出了建议。
How to ensure the fatigue use safe has been an important research topic concerned by bridge engneering. Steel bridge constructed ealier, because of low level of welding at that time, designers didn't understand and consider fatigue sufficiently, thus fatigue cracking in such steel bridges is a serious problem. American researchers estimated that 90% of all fatigue cracking is the result of out-of-plane distortion at fatigue sensitive details of existing steel bridges. And the fatigue cracking caused by web gap out-of-distortion is the large part of out-of-distortion fatigue in steel bridge.
Reviewd the documents about web gap out-of-plane distortional fatigue in steel bridges at home and abroad, this paper analysed the fatigue details of out-of-plane distortional fatigue in straight bridge, curved bridge and skewed bridge, and the parametric analysis aimed at different type bridge is developed to study key parameters which take control of web gap out-of-distortion, at the same time, study the maintenance and strengthening strategy for web gap out-of-distortion. In this thesis, the following aspects are investigated:
1. Research result and method of web gap out-of-distortional fatigue at home and abroad was summarized.
2. Analysis with 3-D finite element models according to some typical bridges was developed to discuss the difference among the web gap out-of-distortional fatigue behavior under different bridge structures.
3. Parametric analysis for different bridge structures were carried out to study key structural parameters, such as web gap size, web thickness, stiffness of cross frame, type of cross frame, bridge span, radius of curvature of curved bridge, skew angle and so on, so as to make sure the key parameters which take control of web gap out-of-distortion.
4. Combine the out of distortional fatigue behavior and parametric analysis results, maintenance method on web gap out-of-distortional fatigue was investigate, and the further maintenance strategy was proposed.
本文参考国内外钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的文献,利用有限元数值分析方法,针对直桥、弯桥和斜桥三种典型桥梁分别分析了结构中腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的受力行为,并对各个桥型的关键影响因素进行了参数分析,从而确定控制腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的主要结构参数,同时探究了钢桥腹板间隙面外变形的维修策略。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1.总结了国内外有关钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳问题及其维修策略的研究成果和研究方法。
2.针对几种典型桥梁分别建立了三维有限元数值分析模型对钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳进行分析,探讨不同桥型下钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳行为的差异性。
3.根据几种典型桥梁下产生不同的面外变形应力,分别进行了参数分析,研究间隙大小、腹板厚度、横撑刚度、横撑类型、桥梁跨径、弯桥的曲率半径以及斜桥的斜交角等关键结构参数,对腹板间隙面外变形应力值的影响,从而确定控制腹板间隙面外变形疲劳的主要结构参数。
4.结合钢桥面外变形疲劳行为的有限元分析以及参数分析结果,研究了钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳问题的维修加固方法,对进一步的维修加固提出了建议。
How to ensure the fatigue use safe has been an important research topic concerned by bridge engneering. Steel bridge constructed ealier, because of low level of welding at that time, designers didn't understand and consider fatigue sufficiently, thus fatigue cracking in such steel bridges is a serious problem. American researchers estimated that 90% of all fatigue cracking is the result of out-of-plane distortion at fatigue sensitive details of existing steel bridges. And the fatigue cracking caused by web gap out-of-distortion is the large part of out-of-distortion fatigue in steel bridge.
Reviewd the documents about web gap out-of-plane distortional fatigue in steel bridges at home and abroad, this paper analysed the fatigue details of out-of-plane distortional fatigue in straight bridge, curved bridge and skewed bridge, and the parametric analysis aimed at different type bridge is developed to study key parameters which take control of web gap out-of-distortion, at the same time, study the maintenance and strengthening strategy for web gap out-of-distortion. In this thesis, the following aspects are investigated:
1. Research result and method of web gap out-of-distortional fatigue at home and abroad was summarized.
2. Analysis with 3-D finite element models according to some typical bridges was developed to discuss the difference among the web gap out-of-distortional fatigue behavior under different bridge structures.
3. Parametric analysis for different bridge structures were carried out to study key structural parameters, such as web gap size, web thickness, stiffness of cross frame, type of cross frame, bridge span, radius of curvature of curved bridge, skew angle and so on, so as to make sure the key parameters which take control of web gap out-of-distortion.
4. Combine the out of distortional fatigue behavior and parametric analysis results, maintenance method on web gap out-of-distortional fatigue was investigate, and the further maintenance strategy was proposed.
引文
[1]吴冲.现代钢桥(上册)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[2]Barsom, J.M., and Rolfe, S.T.Fracture and fatigue control of structure: Applications and Fracture Mechanics (Third Edition) [M]. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.,1999
[3]Fisher, J.W.Fatigue and Fracture in Steel Bridges [J], John wiley & Sons, Ins., New York, N.Y.,1984
[4]Fisher, J.W., Kulak, G. L. and Smith I. F. A Fatigue Primer for Structural Engineers[J]. National Steel Brigde Alliance, American Institute of Steel Construction,1998
[5]ASCE.Committee on Fatigue and Fracture reliability 1-4[M]. J.Struct.Engrg, ASCE,1982,108 (1):3-88
[6]严国敏编译.韩国圣水大桥的倒塌[J].国外桥梁,1996,4：47-50
[7]AASHTO. Manual for Bridge Evaluation[S]. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.,2008
[8]Connor, R.J. and Fisher, J.W. Identifying effective and ineffective retrofits for distortion fatigue cracking in steel bridges using field instrumentation[J], Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE,2006
[9]Fisher, J.W. and Yuceoglu, U. A survey of localized cracking in steel bridge[R], Interim Report, Federal Highway Administration, DOT-FH-11-9506, December1981
[10]Fisher, J.W. Fatigue cracking in bridges from out-of-plane displacements[J], The Canadian Joumal of Civil Engineering,1978,5(4):542-556
[11]Fisher, J.W., Fisher, T.A. and Kostem, C.N. Displacement induced fatigue cracks[J]. Engineering Structures,1979,1:252-257
[12]Fisher, T.A., Fisher, J.W., Kostem, C.N. and Mertz, D.R. Design and retrofit for fatigue damage in web gap. Fatigue of steel and Concrete Structures[J], IABSE Colloquium, Lausanne,1982:535-543
[13]Fisher, J.W., Mertz, D.R. and Wu, K.C. Displacement-induced fatigue cracking of a box girder bridge. Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation of bridges[J], IABSE Symposium, Washington, D.C., 1982:71-75
[14]Fisher, J.W. and Mertz, D. R. Hundreds of bridges thousands of cracks[J], Civil Engineering, ASCE, 1985,5(4):64-67
[15]Fisher, J.W, Yen, B.T. and Wagner, D.C. Review of field measurements for distortion induced fatigue cracking in steel bridges[R], Transportation Research Record 1118, Transportation Research Board, 1987
[16]Castiglioni, C.A., Fisher, J.W. and Yen, B.T. Evaluation offatigue cracking at cross diaphragms of amultigirder steel[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1988,10:95-110
[17]Fisher, J.W. and Keating, P.B. Distortion-induced fatigue cracking of bridge details with web gaps[J] Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1989,12:215-228
[18]Fisher. J. W.,Yen. B. T. Fatigue strength of riveted bridge members[J]. Journal of Structural Engneering,1989,V12(2):215-228
[19]Fisher, J.W., Jian Jin, Wagner, D.C. and Yen, B.T. Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracking in Steel Bridges(NCHRP ReP.336)[R]. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.1990
[20]Dexter, R.J., Wright-W. J. and Fisher, J.W. Fatigue and fracture of steel girders[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2004,9(3):278-286
[21]Zhou Y. Assessment of bridge remaining fatigue life through field strain measurement[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2006,13(6):737-744
[22]Zhou, Y. and Roddis, W.M. Fatigue behavior and retrofit investigation of distortion-induced web gap cracking. Proceedings[C], Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D.C.,2007
[23]Bowman, M.D., Fu, G.K., Zhou, Y. and Connor, R.J. Evaluation of Fatigue on the Serviceability of Highway Bridges[R]. Interim Report for NCHRP Project 12-81, Purdue University,2008
[24]Andrea, M.D., Grondin, G.Y. and Kulak, G.L. Behavior and Rehabilitation of Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Bridge Girder[R]. Structural Engineering Report 240. Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,2001
[25]Zhao, Z. W., Haldar, A. et al. Fatigue-reliability evaluation of steel bridges[J]. J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 1994,120(5):1608-1623
[26]Zhang Ruoxue and Mahadevan, S. Fatigue reliability analysis using nondestructive inspection[J]. J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE,2001,127(8):957-965
[27]Chotickai, P. and Bowman, M.D. Fatigue of older Bridges in Northern Indiana Due To Overweight and Oversized Loads[R]; Volume 2:Analysis and Methods of Fatigue Evaluation, Final Report, FHWA/JTRP-2005/16-2,2006
[28]Moses, F., Schilling, C.G, and Raju, K.S. Fatigue Evaluation Procedures for Steel Bridges[R], NCHRP Report 299, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C.,1987
[29]Fraser, R.E.K., Grodin, G.Y. and Kulak, G.L. Behavior of distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Bridge Girders[R]. Structural Engineering Report 235. Department of Civil and Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,2000
[30]Amy S. (Grider) Barth, Mark D. Bowman. Fatigue behavior of welded diaphragm-to-beam connections [J]. Journal of Structural Engineer,2001,10:1145-1152
[31]Robert. E. K., Gilbert. Y., Geoffrey. L. K. Behavior of distortion-induced fatigue cracks in bridge girders. Structural Engineering Report 235[R]. Alberta:Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Alberta,2000
[32]Jajich, D. and Schultz, A.E. Measurement and analysis of distortion-induced fatigue in multi-girder steel bridges[J]. Joumal of Bridge Engineering,2003,8(2):84-91
[33]Berglund E.M. and Schultz A.E. Girder differential deflection and distortion-induced fatigue in skewed steel bridges[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2004,11 (2):169-177
[34]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(1)<上>[J].铁道建筑,1994,5：37-40
[35]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(1)<下>[J].铁道建筑,1994,6：38-40
[36]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(2)<上>[J].铁道建筑,1994,9：33-37
[37]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(2)<下>[J].铁道建筑,1994,10：25-29
[38]Miki, C. and Ichikawa, A. Fatigue Assessment of steel bridges of bullet train system. Evaluation of Existing Steel and Composite Bridges[J]. IABSE workshop,1997:221-230
[39]Miki C. Maintaining and extending the lifespan of steel bridges in Japan. Extending the Lifespan of Structures[C], IABSE Symposium, San Francisco,1995:53-68
[40]Chitoshi. M., Atsushi.I. Fatigue Assessment of steel bridges of bullet train system-Evaluation of existing steel and composite bridges[J]. IABSE workshop,1997
[41]潘际炎.铁路钢桥疲劳[C].中国土木工程学会第八界年会论文集,1998
[42]唐继舜,钱冬生.关于钢结构疲劳问题当代水平的简述[J].桥梁建设,1999,No.2,11-14
[43]黄侨,李莹,高秀云.焊接钢桥疲劳成因及对策研究[J],北京交通大学学报增刊,2006,vol.30：50-54
[44]王春生.铆接钢桥剩余寿命与使用安全评估[D].上海：同济大学出版社,2007
[45]Chunsheng Wang, Hui Qian, Ang Zhan, Xin Yu. Fatigue evaluation of a railway steel bridge based on in-site test data[C]. IABSE Conference, Stuttgart,2007:476-477
[46]Chunsheng Wang, Ang Zhan, Hui Qian, Long Hao. Fatigue and corrosion fatigue safety evaluation of existing railway steel bridges[C]. Fatigue and Fracture in the Infrastructure 2009 , Philadelphia,USA
[47]王春生,钱慧.钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳研究综述[J].钢结构,2008年增刊
[48]钱慧.既有钢桥面外变形疲劳寿命评估[D].长安大学硕士学位论文,2008
[49]王春生,成锋.钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳应力分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2010,27(1)：65-72.
[50]Y. Edward Zhou. Fatigue Problems in Steel Bridge Structures. Structure 2004
[51]Yuan Zhao and W. M. Kim Roddis. Finite Element Study of Distortion-Induced Fatigue in Welded Steel Bridges [J]. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2003,1845:57-65.
[2]Barsom, J.M., and Rolfe, S.T.Fracture and fatigue control of structure: Applications and Fracture Mechanics (Third Edition) [M]. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.,1999
[3]Fisher, J.W.Fatigue and Fracture in Steel Bridges [J], John wiley & Sons, Ins., New York, N.Y.,1984
[4]Fisher, J.W., Kulak, G. L. and Smith I. F. A Fatigue Primer for Structural Engineers[J]. National Steel Brigde Alliance, American Institute of Steel Construction,1998
[5]ASCE.Committee on Fatigue and Fracture reliability 1-4[M]. J.Struct.Engrg, ASCE,1982,108 (1):3-88
[6]严国敏编译.韩国圣水大桥的倒塌[J].国外桥梁,1996,4：47-50
[7]AASHTO. Manual for Bridge Evaluation[S]. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.,2008
[8]Connor, R.J. and Fisher, J.W. Identifying effective and ineffective retrofits for distortion fatigue cracking in steel bridges using field instrumentation[J], Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE,2006
[9]Fisher, J.W. and Yuceoglu, U. A survey of localized cracking in steel bridge[R], Interim Report, Federal Highway Administration, DOT-FH-11-9506, December1981
[10]Fisher, J.W. Fatigue cracking in bridges from out-of-plane displacements[J], The Canadian Joumal of Civil Engineering,1978,5(4):542-556
[11]Fisher, J.W., Fisher, T.A. and Kostem, C.N. Displacement induced fatigue cracks[J]. Engineering Structures,1979,1:252-257
[12]Fisher, T.A., Fisher, J.W., Kostem, C.N. and Mertz, D.R. Design and retrofit for fatigue damage in web gap. Fatigue of steel and Concrete Structures[J], IABSE Colloquium, Lausanne,1982:535-543
[13]Fisher, J.W., Mertz, D.R. and Wu, K.C. Displacement-induced fatigue cracking of a box girder bridge. Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation of bridges[J], IABSE Symposium, Washington, D.C., 1982:71-75
[14]Fisher, J.W. and Mertz, D. R. Hundreds of bridges thousands of cracks[J], Civil Engineering, ASCE, 1985,5(4):64-67
[15]Fisher, J.W, Yen, B.T. and Wagner, D.C. Review of field measurements for distortion induced fatigue cracking in steel bridges[R], Transportation Research Record 1118, Transportation Research Board, 1987
[16]Castiglioni, C.A., Fisher, J.W. and Yen, B.T. Evaluation offatigue cracking at cross diaphragms of amultigirder steel[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1988,10:95-110
[17]Fisher, J.W. and Keating, P.B. Distortion-induced fatigue cracking of bridge details with web gaps[J] Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1989,12:215-228
[18]Fisher. J. W.,Yen. B. T. Fatigue strength of riveted bridge members[J]. Journal of Structural Engneering,1989,V12(2):215-228
[19]Fisher, J.W., Jian Jin, Wagner, D.C. and Yen, B.T. Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracking in Steel Bridges(NCHRP ReP.336)[R]. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.1990
[20]Dexter, R.J., Wright-W. J. and Fisher, J.W. Fatigue and fracture of steel girders[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2004,9(3):278-286
[21]Zhou Y. Assessment of bridge remaining fatigue life through field strain measurement[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2006,13(6):737-744
[22]Zhou, Y. and Roddis, W.M. Fatigue behavior and retrofit investigation of distortion-induced web gap cracking. Proceedings[C], Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington D.C.,2007
[23]Bowman, M.D., Fu, G.K., Zhou, Y. and Connor, R.J. Evaluation of Fatigue on the Serviceability of Highway Bridges[R]. Interim Report for NCHRP Project 12-81, Purdue University,2008
[24]Andrea, M.D., Grondin, G.Y. and Kulak, G.L. Behavior and Rehabilitation of Distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Bridge Girder[R]. Structural Engineering Report 240. Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,2001
[25]Zhao, Z. W., Haldar, A. et al. Fatigue-reliability evaluation of steel bridges[J]. J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 1994,120(5):1608-1623
[26]Zhang Ruoxue and Mahadevan, S. Fatigue reliability analysis using nondestructive inspection[J]. J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE,2001,127(8):957-965
[27]Chotickai, P. and Bowman, M.D. Fatigue of older Bridges in Northern Indiana Due To Overweight and Oversized Loads[R]; Volume 2:Analysis and Methods of Fatigue Evaluation, Final Report, FHWA/JTRP-2005/16-2,2006
[28]Moses, F., Schilling, C.G, and Raju, K.S. Fatigue Evaluation Procedures for Steel Bridges[R], NCHRP Report 299, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C.,1987
[29]Fraser, R.E.K., Grodin, G.Y. and Kulak, G.L. Behavior of distortion-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Bridge Girders[R]. Structural Engineering Report 235. Department of Civil and Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,2000
[30]Amy S. (Grider) Barth, Mark D. Bowman. Fatigue behavior of welded diaphragm-to-beam connections [J]. Journal of Structural Engineer,2001,10:1145-1152
[31]Robert. E. K., Gilbert. Y., Geoffrey. L. K. Behavior of distortion-induced fatigue cracks in bridge girders. Structural Engineering Report 235[R]. Alberta:Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Alberta,2000
[32]Jajich, D. and Schultz, A.E. Measurement and analysis of distortion-induced fatigue in multi-girder steel bridges[J]. Joumal of Bridge Engineering,2003,8(2):84-91
[33]Berglund E.M. and Schultz A.E. Girder differential deflection and distortion-induced fatigue in skewed steel bridges[J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering,2004,11 (2):169-177
[34]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(1)<上>[J].铁道建筑,1994,5：37-40
[35]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(1)<下>[J].铁道建筑,1994,6：38-40
[36]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(2)<上>[J].铁道建筑,1994,9：33-37
[37]大仓一郎.白敏华译.钢桥的疲劳(2)<下>[J].铁道建筑,1994,10：25-29
[38]Miki, C. and Ichikawa, A. Fatigue Assessment of steel bridges of bullet train system. Evaluation of Existing Steel and Composite Bridges[J]. IABSE workshop,1997:221-230
[39]Miki C. Maintaining and extending the lifespan of steel bridges in Japan. Extending the Lifespan of Structures[C], IABSE Symposium, San Francisco,1995:53-68
[40]Chitoshi. M., Atsushi.I. Fatigue Assessment of steel bridges of bullet train system-Evaluation of existing steel and composite bridges[J]. IABSE workshop,1997
[41]潘际炎.铁路钢桥疲劳[C].中国土木工程学会第八界年会论文集,1998
[42]唐继舜,钱冬生.关于钢结构疲劳问题当代水平的简述[J].桥梁建设,1999,No.2,11-14
[43]黄侨,李莹,高秀云.焊接钢桥疲劳成因及对策研究[J],北京交通大学学报增刊,2006,vol.30：50-54
[44]王春生.铆接钢桥剩余寿命与使用安全评估[D].上海：同济大学出版社,2007
[45]Chunsheng Wang, Hui Qian, Ang Zhan, Xin Yu. Fatigue evaluation of a railway steel bridge based on in-site test data[C]. IABSE Conference, Stuttgart,2007:476-477
[46]Chunsheng Wang, Ang Zhan, Hui Qian, Long Hao. Fatigue and corrosion fatigue safety evaluation of existing railway steel bridges[C]. Fatigue and Fracture in the Infrastructure 2009 , Philadelphia,USA
[47]王春生,钱慧.钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳研究综述[J].钢结构,2008年增刊
[48]钱慧.既有钢桥面外变形疲劳寿命评估[D].长安大学硕士学位论文,2008
[49]王春生,成锋.钢桥腹板间隙面外变形疲劳应力分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2010,27(1)：65-72.
[50]Y. Edward Zhou. Fatigue Problems in Steel Bridge Structures. Structure 2004
[51]Yuan Zhao and W. M. Kim Roddis. Finite Element Study of Distortion-Induced Fatigue in Welded Steel Bridges [J]. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2003,1845:57-65.