论我国老年人权益的法律保护
|
摘要
目前,中国六十岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例已达百分之十一,按照国际通行标准,中国已然跨入了老龄化社会的门槛。2006年2月12日发布的《中国老龄事业的发展》白皮书,表明中国已经意识到人口老龄化问题的紧迫性。人口老龄化问题,即便是欧美发达国家,也是一个令政府头痛不已的严峻问题,美国学者将此称为“历史上未曾出现的社会现象”。相比之下,中国的压力显然更大,中国人口基数大,老龄化发展速度快,老年人口的绝对数量多。显然,人口老龄化会带来许多社会问题,如养老、医疗、保障等。如何解决这些问题,人们尤为关注。在二十一世纪的今天,法律的作用已渗透到社会生活的每个角落,法律已成为人们解决各种社会问题的有效手段。随着我国老龄化的发展,从法律方面如何应付老龄化社会,切实保障老年人的合法权益,对中国对全世界各个国家也都将是个具有深远意义的课题。为了保护老年人的权益,我国早在1996年就颁布了《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》,继后纷纷出台了相关的法律法规;然而,时至今日,面对汹涌的人口老龄化趋势,它们明显显示出难以招架之势,老年人权益的法律保护面临着新的挑战。如果我们想要使老年人权益得到真正切实的保护而不影响我国经济社会的正常发展,就必须未雨绸缪,对我国目前有关于老年人权益的法律保护进行认真研究。
本文主要采用了理论联系实际、比较分析、文献分析等研究方法,对老年人权益的法律保护展开了深入的研究,分为四个部分,具体内容如下:
第一部分是基础理论部分,阐述了对老年人权益法律保护的意义、思想渊源、理论依据,重点阐述了我国老年人法律保护的意义从而论证了老年人权益法律保护的重要性。
第二部阐述了我国老年人所享有的权益。这一部分主要从分析我国的法律规定出发,得出我国老年人主要享有五方面的权利。
第三部分首先探讨了我国老年人的保护方式,然后对侵犯老年人的权益的形式进行分析,最后从立法、法的实效、社会保障、老年人自身的角度阐述了我国老年人权益法律保护存在的问题,其中从法的实效角度的分析是本文的创新之处。
第四部从六个方面提出了我国老年人权益法律保护的思路和对策:(一)加强有关老年人的立法,完善老年法律体系;(二)加强执法,建立健全法律保障网络;(三)建立“居家型”社会一个人养老保险式;(四)发挥家庭作用,维护老年人权益;(五)大力发展老年产业;(六)改进老年法律援助工作,维护老年人的合法权益。
At present, old people aged over sixty in China have taken up eleven percent of the whole population. According to the international standard, China has already stepped into the society of aging population. The white paper entitled The development of Chinese aging cause issued on February 12~(th), 2006 indicates that China has realized the seriousness of the problem of aging population. This sticky problem even faces the developed countries in Europe and America and becomes a headache for the governments related. The American scholars call it an unprecedented social phenomenon. The pressure put on China is higher than on developed countries since the rapid development of aging population makes the number of Chinese old people larger. Obviously, the society of aging population causes many social problems, such as the provision for the aged, the medical care and the guarantee. People particularly focus on how to solve these problems. In the 21~(st) century, the effect of law has penetrated into every corner of the society and people make good use of it to solve all kinds of social problems. With the development of Chinese aging population, how to solve the sticky problem and how to protect the legal rights of the old from the perspective of law will be a meaningful research topic for China and for other countries all over the world. In order to protect the rights of the old, China has already promulgated the law of protecting the rights of the old people in people's republic of China in 1996 and later certain rules related to it are gradually published. Faced with the sticky problem of aging population, however, they are no longer fully effective. The law protecting the old people's rights faces a new challenge. If we want to fully and effectively protect the legal rights of the old and at the same time do not interfere with the development of Chinese economy, we should make a serious study of the law concerning the legal rights of the old in advance.
This paper mainly applies the methods of connecting theories to practice, comparative analysis and research analysis to make a deep study of the law of protecting the rights of the old. It consists of the following four parts.
The first part is about the theoretical foundation. It elaborates on the meaning, the sources of thoughts, the theoretical basis of the law of protecting the rights of the old and particularly explains its meaning to prove the importance of this law.
The second part expounds the rights that the old share. It starts from analyzing the rules to conclude that the old have shared rights in the five aspects.
This third part first probes into the methods of protecting the old and then makes a detailed analysis of various forms infringing on the old people's rights. Finally, it points out the potential problems lying in the present law of protecting the ole people's rights from the perspective of the enactment of law, the effect of law, social security and the old themselves. The paper puts forth new ideas on analyzing the law from the point of view of the effect of the law.
The fourth part puts forward the measures of the law of protecting the old people's rights in the following six aspects: (1) strengthening the enactment of the law and perfecting the system; (2) strengthening the enforcement of the law and building perfect law security network; (3) building a household society—individual old-age insurance; (4) continuously giving full play to the family effect to safeguard the old people's rights; (5) devoting major efforts to developing the old industry; (6) improving the effect of the law of assisting the old to safeguard their legal rights.
本文主要采用了理论联系实际、比较分析、文献分析等研究方法,对老年人权益的法律保护展开了深入的研究,分为四个部分,具体内容如下:
第一部分是基础理论部分,阐述了对老年人权益法律保护的意义、思想渊源、理论依据,重点阐述了我国老年人法律保护的意义从而论证了老年人权益法律保护的重要性。
第二部阐述了我国老年人所享有的权益。这一部分主要从分析我国的法律规定出发,得出我国老年人主要享有五方面的权利。
第三部分首先探讨了我国老年人的保护方式,然后对侵犯老年人的权益的形式进行分析,最后从立法、法的实效、社会保障、老年人自身的角度阐述了我国老年人权益法律保护存在的问题,其中从法的实效角度的分析是本文的创新之处。
第四部从六个方面提出了我国老年人权益法律保护的思路和对策:(一)加强有关老年人的立法,完善老年法律体系;(二)加强执法,建立健全法律保障网络;(三)建立“居家型”社会一个人养老保险式;(四)发挥家庭作用,维护老年人权益;(五)大力发展老年产业;(六)改进老年法律援助工作,维护老年人的合法权益。
At present, old people aged over sixty in China have taken up eleven percent of the whole population. According to the international standard, China has already stepped into the society of aging population. The white paper entitled The development of Chinese aging cause issued on February 12~(th), 2006 indicates that China has realized the seriousness of the problem of aging population. This sticky problem even faces the developed countries in Europe and America and becomes a headache for the governments related. The American scholars call it an unprecedented social phenomenon. The pressure put on China is higher than on developed countries since the rapid development of aging population makes the number of Chinese old people larger. Obviously, the society of aging population causes many social problems, such as the provision for the aged, the medical care and the guarantee. People particularly focus on how to solve these problems. In the 21~(st) century, the effect of law has penetrated into every corner of the society and people make good use of it to solve all kinds of social problems. With the development of Chinese aging population, how to solve the sticky problem and how to protect the legal rights of the old from the perspective of law will be a meaningful research topic for China and for other countries all over the world. In order to protect the rights of the old, China has already promulgated the law of protecting the rights of the old people in people's republic of China in 1996 and later certain rules related to it are gradually published. Faced with the sticky problem of aging population, however, they are no longer fully effective. The law protecting the old people's rights faces a new challenge. If we want to fully and effectively protect the legal rights of the old and at the same time do not interfere with the development of Chinese economy, we should make a serious study of the law concerning the legal rights of the old in advance.
This paper mainly applies the methods of connecting theories to practice, comparative analysis and research analysis to make a deep study of the law of protecting the rights of the old. It consists of the following four parts.
The first part is about the theoretical foundation. It elaborates on the meaning, the sources of thoughts, the theoretical basis of the law of protecting the rights of the old and particularly explains its meaning to prove the importance of this law.
The second part expounds the rights that the old share. It starts from analyzing the rules to conclude that the old have shared rights in the five aspects.
This third part first probes into the methods of protecting the old and then makes a detailed analysis of various forms infringing on the old people's rights. Finally, it points out the potential problems lying in the present law of protecting the ole people's rights from the perspective of the enactment of law, the effect of law, social security and the old themselves. The paper puts forth new ideas on analyzing the law from the point of view of the effect of the law.
The fourth part puts forward the measures of the law of protecting the old people's rights in the following six aspects: (1) strengthening the enactment of the law and perfecting the system; (2) strengthening the enforcement of the law and building perfect law security network; (3) building a household society—individual old-age insurance; (4) continuously giving full play to the family effect to safeguard the old people's rights; (5) devoting major efforts to developing the old industry; (6) improving the effect of the law of assisting the old to safeguard their legal rights.
引文
[1]中央党校社会学教授吴忠民答:“和谐社会释义”.读者点滴[J],2005(1):28-29
[2]吴来苏.推进代际公正建设和谐社会[J].伦理学研究.2006(9):1
[3]吴厚福.维护老年人权益构建和谐社会[N].大连:大连日报,2005.6.20
[1]徐小玲.我国老年人权益法律保障的若干问题探讨[J].福建政法管理干部学院学报.2001(4):32
[1]张文显..二十世纪西方哲学思潮研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2006:353
[2]钱宁..从人道主义到公民权利[J].社会科学研究,2004(1):42
[3]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].社会.1998(2):40
[1]钱大军,王哲.法学意义上的社会弱势群体概念[J].当代法学,2004(3):49
[2]杨团.弱势群体及其保护性社会政策[J].前线,2001(5):21
[3]李峰.加强对弱势民众群体的特别法律保护[J].法制建设,2004(3):38
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[2]董保华.社会法原理[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:109
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[1]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].社会.1998(2):40
[1]朱力宇、张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:20
[2]朱力宇、张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:62-63
[3]周旺生、立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994:24
[1]阿奎那.阿奎那政治著作选[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982:105
[1]王爱珠.正确理解家庭养老和社会养老的科学涵义[J].复旦学报,1998(2)47
[1]陈文亮.完善老年人权益法律保障制度[J].法学杂志,2004(4):19
[1]邓伟杰.和谐社会笔记[M].上海:上海三联书店,2005
[2]郑功成.构建和谐社会[M].北京:人民出版社,2005
[3]田敬利,张同春.中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法释义[M].北京:华龄出版社,1997
[4]张同春.老年人权益自我保护手册[M].北京:华龄出版社,1997.
[5]徐建.中国的人权状况(白皮书)问题解答[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1992
[6]杨立新.人身权论[M].北京:中国检察出版社,1996
[7]彭万林.民法学[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998
[8]朱力宇,张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001
[9]周旺生,立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994
[10]阿奎那.阿奎那政治著作选[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982
[11]王星云,张春煦.略论“精神赡养”[J].胜利油田党校学报,2001(2)
[12]钱宁.从人道主义到公民权利[J].社会科学研究,2004(1)
[13]梁慧星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,1996
[14]肖磊.妇女、儿童和老年人权益保障[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2005
[15]张文显.二十世纪西方哲学思潮研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2006
[16]曾庆敏.《老年人权益保障法》应予修正[J].法学杂志,2004(25)
[17]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].老年天地,1998(2)
[18]官玉琴.家庭中老年人精神性权益的法律保护[J].中华女子学院学报,2007(19)
[19]工笑红.浅析“精神赡养”的法律保护[J].人民法院报,2003.1.24
[20]郑平安,刘海茄.关于老年人权益保障的立法思考[J].医学与社会,1998(11)
[21]董保华.社会法原理[M].中国政法大学出版社.2004
[22]焦绪富.老年人权益保障法贯彻落实中的几个问题[J].宁夏社会科学,2000(2)
[23]杨文忠.实施老年人权益保障法应注意的几个问题[J].河北法学,1997(2)
[24]陈文亮.完善老年人权益法律保障制度[J].法学杂志,2004(4)
[25]王爱珠.正确理解家庭养老和社会养老的科学涵义[J].复旦学报,1998(2)
[26]禹规娥,禹芳琴.提供精神赡养与构建和谐社会[J].文史阵览,2005(8)
[27]汤啸天.老年人权益保护法律的深化与细化[J].城市管理,2004(6)
[28]徐小玲.我国老年人权益法律保障的若干问题探讨[J].福建政法管理干部学院学报,2001(4)
[29]刘月.弱势群体保护-从宪法到婚姻法[J].社会科学家,2006(6)
[30]杨馨卉.论老年人权益法律保护[D].吉林大学,2006
[31]于鸿,程颖,张志刚.关于侵害老年人合法权益案件的分析[J].当代法学,2002(8)
[32]曲玉萍,赵晓琴.关于保障老年人合法权益的建议[J].长白学刊,2006(2)
[33]封润华.北京老年人亲情权权益法律保障研究[D].吉林大学,2005
[34]苗仕修,程道斌.老年工作与社会主义精神文明建设[J].工会论坛,2005(11)
[35]刘恩峰,薛亚娟,王慧等泽.试论对弱势群体的法律保护[J].河北科技师范学院学报,2006(9)
[36]周子凡,刘继勇,王长芬.农村养老的法经济学分析[J].兰州学刊,2006(5)
[37]唐建兵,许庆荣,贫困地区农村养老问题现状调查[J].成都大学学报,2006(4)
[38]何玉桃.社会主义新农村建设中的家庭养老问题思考[J].中南民族人学学报,2006(26)
[39]杨赣太,罗盈.论家庭精神赡养[J].上饶师范学院学报,2001(5)
[40]穆光宗.全而理解和把握精神赡养[N].中国人日报,2005.10.17
[41]董金凤.社区为老服务的法律保障[J].河北法学,2005(8)
[42]修改“老年人权益保障法”[N].中国社会报,2005,3.16
[43]温毅斌.老年人权益保障义务由政府承担[N].检察日报,2003.1.23
[44]马全祥.太平桥有了老年人权益保护工作站[N].北京社会报,2006.4.12
[45]吴厚福.维护老年人权益构建和谐社会[N].大连日报,2005.6.20
[46]张春艳.居家养老研究综述[J].武汉科技大学学报,2007(1)
[47]肖必恒,孟悦.我国农村老年人维权问题思考[J].西昌学院学报,2005(1)
[48]吴来苏.推进代际公正建设和谐社会[J].伦理学研究,2006(5)
[49]葛卫民.完善我国法律援助制度的思考[J].武汉科技大学学报.2000(4)
[50]王宏伟,邓维青,魏红.中国人口老龄化问题及其法律对策的研究[J].科苑论坛,2007(7)
[51]李玉莲.构建和谐社会关注“成果共享”[J].特别关注,2007(1)
[52]工宏翼.当前老年人维权问题初探[J].大理学院学报,2005(4)
[53]徐国栋.试论完善我国监护制度问题[J].西北政法学院学报,1987(2)
[54]梁平,李燕.“421”家庭模式下的养老体系发展路径选择[J].经济论坛,2007(4)
[56]曾庆敏.关于修订老年人权益保障法的建议[N].法制日报,2002.8.25.
[57]唐建兵,许庆荣.贫困地区农村养老问题现状调查[J].成都大学学报.2006(4)
[58]http://learning.sohu.com/2004/04/12/89/article219808949.shtm,中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法
[59]http://www.wypaper.com/lunwen/sfzd/AD.html,《老年人权益保障法》浅析
[60]http://www.niwota.com/submsg/1156828.html,中国将就修改老年人权益保障法广泛征求意见
[61]http://www.sinoshu.com/cx/search.asp,中国书网
[2]吴来苏.推进代际公正建设和谐社会[J].伦理学研究.2006(9):1
[3]吴厚福.维护老年人权益构建和谐社会[N].大连:大连日报,2005.6.20
[1]徐小玲.我国老年人权益法律保障的若干问题探讨[J].福建政法管理干部学院学报.2001(4):32
[1]张文显..二十世纪西方哲学思潮研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2006:353
[2]钱宁..从人道主义到公民权利[J].社会科学研究,2004(1):42
[3]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].社会.1998(2):40
[1]钱大军,王哲.法学意义上的社会弱势群体概念[J].当代法学,2004(3):49
[2]杨团.弱势群体及其保护性社会政策[J].前线,2001(5):21
[3]李峰.加强对弱势民众群体的特别法律保护[J].法制建设,2004(3):38
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[2]董保华.社会法原理[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:109
[1]王希仁.老年人权益论[J].宁夏社会科学,2002(2):23-24
[1]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].社会.1998(2):40
[1]朱力宇、张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:20
[2]朱力宇、张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:62-63
[3]周旺生、立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994:24
[1]阿奎那.阿奎那政治著作选[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982:105
[1]王爱珠.正确理解家庭养老和社会养老的科学涵义[J].复旦学报,1998(2)47
[1]陈文亮.完善老年人权益法律保障制度[J].法学杂志,2004(4):19
[1]邓伟杰.和谐社会笔记[M].上海:上海三联书店,2005
[2]郑功成.构建和谐社会[M].北京:人民出版社,2005
[3]田敬利,张同春.中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法释义[M].北京:华龄出版社,1997
[4]张同春.老年人权益自我保护手册[M].北京:华龄出版社,1997.
[5]徐建.中国的人权状况(白皮书)问题解答[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1992
[6]杨立新.人身权论[M].北京:中国检察出版社,1996
[7]彭万林.民法学[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998
[8]朱力宇,张署光.立法学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001
[9]周旺生,立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994
[10]阿奎那.阿奎那政治著作选[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982
[11]王星云,张春煦.略论“精神赡养”[J].胜利油田党校学报,2001(2)
[12]钱宁.从人道主义到公民权利[J].社会科学研究,2004(1)
[13]梁慧星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,1996
[14]肖磊.妇女、儿童和老年人权益保障[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2005
[15]张文显.二十世纪西方哲学思潮研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2006
[16]曾庆敏.《老年人权益保障法》应予修正[J].法学杂志,2004(25)
[17]范明林.老年人权益保障的基础[J].老年天地,1998(2)
[18]官玉琴.家庭中老年人精神性权益的法律保护[J].中华女子学院学报,2007(19)
[19]工笑红.浅析“精神赡养”的法律保护[J].人民法院报,2003.1.24
[20]郑平安,刘海茄.关于老年人权益保障的立法思考[J].医学与社会,1998(11)
[21]董保华.社会法原理[M].中国政法大学出版社.2004
[22]焦绪富.老年人权益保障法贯彻落实中的几个问题[J].宁夏社会科学,2000(2)
[23]杨文忠.实施老年人权益保障法应注意的几个问题[J].河北法学,1997(2)
[24]陈文亮.完善老年人权益法律保障制度[J].法学杂志,2004(4)
[25]王爱珠.正确理解家庭养老和社会养老的科学涵义[J].复旦学报,1998(2)
[26]禹规娥,禹芳琴.提供精神赡养与构建和谐社会[J].文史阵览,2005(8)
[27]汤啸天.老年人权益保护法律的深化与细化[J].城市管理,2004(6)
[28]徐小玲.我国老年人权益法律保障的若干问题探讨[J].福建政法管理干部学院学报,2001(4)
[29]刘月.弱势群体保护-从宪法到婚姻法[J].社会科学家,2006(6)
[30]杨馨卉.论老年人权益法律保护[D].吉林大学,2006
[31]于鸿,程颖,张志刚.关于侵害老年人合法权益案件的分析[J].当代法学,2002(8)
[32]曲玉萍,赵晓琴.关于保障老年人合法权益的建议[J].长白学刊,2006(2)
[33]封润华.北京老年人亲情权权益法律保障研究[D].吉林大学,2005
[34]苗仕修,程道斌.老年工作与社会主义精神文明建设[J].工会论坛,2005(11)
[35]刘恩峰,薛亚娟,王慧等泽.试论对弱势群体的法律保护[J].河北科技师范学院学报,2006(9)
[36]周子凡,刘继勇,王长芬.农村养老的法经济学分析[J].兰州学刊,2006(5)
[37]唐建兵,许庆荣,贫困地区农村养老问题现状调查[J].成都大学学报,2006(4)
[38]何玉桃.社会主义新农村建设中的家庭养老问题思考[J].中南民族人学学报,2006(26)
[39]杨赣太,罗盈.论家庭精神赡养[J].上饶师范学院学报,2001(5)
[40]穆光宗.全而理解和把握精神赡养[N].中国人日报,2005.10.17
[41]董金凤.社区为老服务的法律保障[J].河北法学,2005(8)
[42]修改“老年人权益保障法”[N].中国社会报,2005,3.16
[43]温毅斌.老年人权益保障义务由政府承担[N].检察日报,2003.1.23
[44]马全祥.太平桥有了老年人权益保护工作站[N].北京社会报,2006.4.12
[45]吴厚福.维护老年人权益构建和谐社会[N].大连日报,2005.6.20
[46]张春艳.居家养老研究综述[J].武汉科技大学学报,2007(1)
[47]肖必恒,孟悦.我国农村老年人维权问题思考[J].西昌学院学报,2005(1)
[48]吴来苏.推进代际公正建设和谐社会[J].伦理学研究,2006(5)
[49]葛卫民.完善我国法律援助制度的思考[J].武汉科技大学学报.2000(4)
[50]王宏伟,邓维青,魏红.中国人口老龄化问题及其法律对策的研究[J].科苑论坛,2007(7)
[51]李玉莲.构建和谐社会关注“成果共享”[J].特别关注,2007(1)
[52]工宏翼.当前老年人维权问题初探[J].大理学院学报,2005(4)
[53]徐国栋.试论完善我国监护制度问题[J].西北政法学院学报,1987(2)
[54]梁平,李燕.“421”家庭模式下的养老体系发展路径选择[J].经济论坛,2007(4)
[56]曾庆敏.关于修订老年人权益保障法的建议[N].法制日报,2002.8.25.
[57]唐建兵,许庆荣.贫困地区农村养老问题现状调查[J].成都大学学报.2006(4)
[58]http://learning.sohu.com/2004/04/12/89/article219808949.shtm,中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法
[59]http://www.wypaper.com/lunwen/sfzd/AD.html,《老年人权益保障法》浅析
[60]http://www.niwota.com/submsg/1156828.html,中国将就修改老年人权益保障法广泛征求意见
[61]http://www.sinoshu.com/cx/search.asp,中国书网