基于精明增长的城市空间扩展研究
摘要
当前,随着我国城市化与城市经济的快速发展,国内各地城市正经历着空间规模迅速扩展与空间结构形态巨变的历史性过程,争做“国际化大都市”、向“巨型城市”迈进的“做大做强”成为各地发展的基本诉求,随之而来的是珍贵的耕地资源不断锐减、自然生态超负荷载运行、开发建设粗放低效益以及基础设施滞后等一系列困境问题。因此,如何在当前的快速城市化进程中,选择合理的城市空间扩展策略既不影响城市社会经济发展与环境发展,又达到土地集约利用的目的显得尤为紧迫,也是当前政府与学术界极为关注的问题。
城市空间扩展是城市化的重要表现与特征之一。在宏观上就是城市用地规模的扩展过程,在微观上就是不同类型、不同性质的农业用地(耕地、草地、荒山、荒地、滩地)转化为城市建设用地的过程。城市空间扩展的实质上是城市在内外动力作用下非建设用地转化为各类建设用地的城市空间推进过程,包括空间要素的增殖和城市空间结构的形成与转化,以及城市外在形态在平面和垂直方向上的伸展等内容。城市空间扩展总是面临扩展方向问题、扩展的经济性问题、生态环境问题以及应该选择何种扩展模式、策略方法等具体问题,而目前的单学科研究又难以整合成统一的判断依据。
在西方城市,面对战后的郊区化蔓延,基于紧凑、节约和集工具策略为一体的城市精明增长思潮正方兴未艾。精明增长是一项涵盖了多个层面的城市发展综合策略.为了解决城市蔓延,建立了基于市场特点的控制类、引导类与配套类综合策略方法,具有较强的可操作性。因此,精明增长为城市空间扩展提供了新的研究视角。
本文在国内外城市空间扩展与精明增长研究综述的基础上,通过精明增长视角,对城市空间扩展进行机制促动作用与目标促动作用的分析,揭示精明增长与城市空间扩展具有内在的同一性。在此基础上,建立了基于精明增长的城市空间扩展理论框架,并以西部河谷型城市为案例,进行实证研究,提出了精明增长的城市空间扩展策略。论文的主要研究结论如下:
(1)基于精明增长的城市空间扩展是我国城市发展的必然选择
在我国土地资源有限,特别是耕地资源紧张、城市化进程加速、城市经济急速增长条件下,选择集约紧凑的城市空间扩展模式是现实要求,也是时代发展的要求。尽管我国的城市空间扩展现状与产生精明增长土壤的美国城市蔓延又有很大不同,但是在土地集约利用(精明增长的混合式开发、棕(灰)地开发),改变城市土地资源粗放低效益利用方面,在保护农田、开敞空间、生态景观等方面,在强化公交导向开发方面,在保护和改造传统邻里社区等方面不仅有共同的发展要求,而且在实践中显著成效得到了一致肯定。
(2)精明增长的本质是调控城市扩展的综合性策略
精明增长是一项涵盖了多个层面的城市发展综合策略,其综合性首先是区域、城市、街区或社区不同层次方案的综合,即广泛进行区域问题辨识,形成多个远景方案;将区域开放空间,填空区、重新发展区和新增长区,社区中心和走廊综合起来,作为基本目标;以多样性、步行平等、混合利用等原则将区域战略与社区建设统一起来,进行方案的比较分析。其次是多种策略工具与法律法规的综合,其策略性不仅是社区改造、道路改造、棕地开发、土地混合式使用等基础性策略,更是区域视角的交通规划、开敞空间保护策略,并合理选择法律、经济、行政等政策工具,并与这些策略结合起来综合地发挥作用。再次是管理者-规划者-民众的决策综合,通过建立主导作用的区域协调的政府管理组织与广泛性协调的民间组织与规划者一起进行综合决策。
(3)精明增长是城市空间可持续扩展的向导
精明增长对影响城市空间扩展的各因素具有积极的优化调整与合理组织作用,促进自然环境的合理改造、改善,有助于产业结构高级化、生态化、知识化的优化升级,有助于集聚效应的促发,有助于综合交通技术的发展创新,更有利于规划调控措施的合理选择与综合运用,从而使得精明增长有助于促进城市空间的合理有序扩展。同时,精明增长更能促进城市空间扩展向着四大目标发展——繁荣城市经济、提高城乡居民生活质量、保护环境(包括自然生态环境和社会人文环境)与节约资源(耕地、能源、水资源等),体现了集约紧凑思想、和谐综合思想、资源节约思想、多样性思想与承载有限的思想内涵。因此,精明增长具有判断城市空间扩展合理性作用,具有判断标尺的功能,具有促进城市空间扩展的可持续向导作用。
(4)兰州市建设用地空间扩展模式亟需革新
不论是市域建设用地空间扩展,还是市区建设用地空间扩展,都具有鲜明的河谷、交通引导的轴线带状模式。其中市区空间扩展模式更为具体而典型,经历了起初的轴线跳跃式扩展,形成带状组团模式,但发展到现在,却面临组团间具有隔离作用的开敞空间被蚕食开发的命运,从而使得组团间不断靠拢、融合,必将使几十年形成的适合河谷地域环境特点的城市组团结构模式被破坏,严重影响着兰州市区的可持续发展,特快随着人口规模的增长,跳出河谷建立新区是必然的选择。因此,从市域建设用地扩展层面入手,基于精明增长策略,选择重点县城与城镇作为市域社会经济的发展重点区,建立城镇增长边界,保护河谷地带的农田、河流生态用地,从根本上改变市域河谷轴线蔓延模式。在市区建设用地扩展层面,按照河谷型环境条件,选择跳跃式近域组团扩展模式(北拓战略)不仅开发了荒地与未利用地,增加了土地供给,并相对地保护或者解救了具有生态安全意义的脆弱的狭长河谷生态系统,避免了河谷型扩展的路径依赖,而且避免城市空间跨度过大而带来老城区可能的衰退。
(5)兰州市实践精明增长的重点是河谷区
不论是兰州市域建设用地还是市区建设用地,其空间扩展结果都普遍对河谷区产生显著影响。兰州市域建设用地主要集中在河谷区,1996年的河谷区建设用地占50.8%,2005年达到56.6%。这种以河谷为主的轴线式建设用地扩展直接占用河谷区耕地、生态水域用地,影响城镇体系空间结构的合理化,同时带来市域环境污染、灾害安全、交通等方面的压力过大、发展成本过高的问题。而市区建设用地空间扩展结果同样对河谷水域生态用地产生显著影响,不仅在河谷空间限制下,致使适宜河谷环境条件的组团结构受到重大胁迫,面临各组团的融合趋势,而且呈现沿河谷向外蔓延趋势,对城市边缘区开敞空间产生胁迫。因此,综合实施精明增长策略,推动兰州市河谷区的精明增长是解决未来兰州市建设用地空间扩展的关键。
本论文研究的创新主要体现在以下几个方面:
(1)探求了精明增长对城市空间扩展的作用机理与内在的同一性
通过精明增长策略对城市空间扩展机制的作用机理分析,表明精明增长策略不仅对城市空间的合理扩展有积极的优化调整作用——促进自然环境的合理改造、改善,有助于产业结构高级化、生态化、知识化的优化升级,有助于集聚效应的促发,有助于综合交通技术的发展创新,更有利于规划调控措施的合理选择与综合运用,而且对城市扩展目标有积极的推进作用——繁荣城市经济、提高城乡居民生活质量、保护环境(包括自然生态环境和社会人文环境)与节约资源(耕地、能源、水资源等)。因此,基于精明增长的城市空间扩展不仅体现了集约紧凑思想、和谐综合思想、资源节约思想、多样性思想与承载有限的共同的思想内涵,而且为城市空间扩展提供了新视角的研究思路,丰富了城市空间扩展的基本方法与策略工具,二者具有内在的同一性。
(2)基于精明增长视角的国外城市空间扩展调控实践解析
对于已经经历城市化快速阶段的城市空间扩展的调控实践考察,不仅有助于了解城市化快速阶段的空间扩展特征,而且有助于认识其调控的思想策略变化。因此,不论是美国精明增长的实践剖析,还是基于精明增长视角的英国、法国、日本等国家的城市调控实践解析,对科学理解基于精明增长的城市空间扩展策略提供了实践基础,为以GDP为导向的、背离于我国基本国情、资源环境基础与城市化进程要求的我国城市空间扩展提供了借鉴契机,在比较分析的基础上,提出了借鉴的前提与借鉴的重点。
(3)基于精明增长视角的兰州市建设用地空间扩展分析与评价
兰州市位于生态环境较为脆弱的西部欠发达地区,与东部地区相比较,其限制性因素多而发展差距大。因此,选择精明增长的城市空间扩展更有其紧迫性。论文基于市域与市区两个层面,通过GIS、SPSS等方法定量分析了其扩展过程特点与扩展机制,揭示了河谷型城市的空间扩展基本规律。并基于精明增长视角分析其扩展效应,形成河谷型城市空间扩展的基本趋势判断,在此基础上,提出了基于精明增长的河谷型城市空间扩展的策略性措施与政策性建议。
Nowadays,with the development of urbanization and economic of China, All cities in our country are going through a historical process of spatial expanding and great changing of structure form, so that all the cities want to be a“globe city”or“super city”. However, a series of crises are coming, such as decreasing of cultivable plough, overloading of the environment, low efficient of development and lagging behind of basic facilities. So it is important to choose a reliable way to control the spatial expansion,which not only enhance the goal of using the land efficiently, but also improve the development of urban economic and environment. Therefore, it has aroused a wide spread attention for different levels of governments and institutes.
Urban spatial expansion is one of the most important features of the urbanization, its outside appearance is the scale expansion in macroscopic view and different kinds of aggriculture land change into the urban land in microscopic view. The essence of urban spatial expansion is the course of non-constructive land transforming into the urban land by the different impetuses from inside and outside, at same time it also includes the change of spatial elements, the spatial form and structure from the plane and vertical. Urban spatial expansion always faces much problems such as growth direction, non-economic, ecological environment problem, and policy problem that how to choose the best model and way for spatial expansion.
In western countries, confronting with the rural sprawl, a comprehensive new theory named“smart growth”is springing up, whose basic idea is the compact landuse, resource savinge and much tools use ness together. Therefore,“Smart growth”can be viewed as a way of analyzing the reasonable of urban spatial expansion.
Based on the analysis of theory and practice of the urban spatial expansion and“Smart growth”, the paper analyze the mechanism function and aim function that the smart growth improve the urban spatial expansion, and reveal the identity in essence each other,and then the paper put forward the theory framework based on the smart growth theory. Subsequently, the paper take the LanZhou city as a case, analyzed the construction land in lanzhou city and urban area from the smart growth angle, then put forward the measures of smart growth. The main research results as follows:
(1) It is a necessary choice for urban spatial expansion based on the Smart growth
Under the conditions such as lacking of farmland, exceeding creep of urban ,rapid development of city economic, It is the requirement of the fact and the developing of times that we should choose the way of impact expansion. Although there is great difference of the urban expansion between China and American, we still have sameness in saving the land, improve the low efficient landuse, enhance the public traffic, reform the traditional neighbor community.
(2) The essence of Smart growth is the comprehensive strategy that solves the problem of urban spatial expansion by regulation and control.
Smart growth is a comprehensive tactics which contains different levels of city's development. At first, it is a synthetically scheme that comes from a lot of distant view schemes of regional area, urban area, and community area's by regional question’s distinguish extensively, and a synthetically aim that contain all kinds of development of the open space, filling vacancy, redevelopment area, new growth area, community centre and corridor, and a synthetically compared process of different scheme by the principle of variety, walk equal, mixed land use and constriction of regional area and community area. Secondly, it is a synthesis of many kinds of tactics tool and laws and regulations, its tactic including the basic tactics of community's transformation, road transformation, brown field redevelopment, mixed land use, and regional tactics of traffic planning and open space protection, and rationally choose policy tools such as the law, economy, administration, etc. Thirdly, it is also a comprehensive decisions with extensive coordination among the government organization and non-government organization and the masses.
(3) Smart growth is the guide of the urban spatial sustainable expansion.
Smart growth have a positive and reasonable adjust function and optimize function on the factors of urban spatial expansion, not only promoting the reasonable transform- tion of the natural environment, contributing to upgrade industrial structure, ecology and more educated, but also help to develop agglomeration effect, traffic technique and the reasonable alternative to the control measures of programming. At same time, smart growth can facilitate rational development of the four great goals on urban spatial expansion, whose development can prosper urban economy, improve the life quality of urban and rural residents, protect the environment and save resources, and whose ideas reflected intensive compact thought, harmonious comprehensive thought, resource saved thought, diversified thought and bear the weight of limited though. Therefore, smart growth also acts as a gauge and rule for rationality of the urban spatial expansion.
(4) The model of spatial expansion of Lanzhou need reform
Neither the spatial expansion of construction land in Lanzhou city or Lanzhou urban area, it all has the distinctive sprawl along the valley and regional traffic. especially, the spatial expansion of Lanzhou urban area is more typical and going through the original axis leap-over expansion toward the banding form mode, but now, it is confronted with the fate that the reasonable group structure is being destroyed by the group’s drawing close, mergering constantly and growing together, and with the result that sustainable development of Lanzhou urban area is being influenced seriously. Therefore, with the population growth and unreasonable expansion, it is an inevitable choice to set up the newly developed area by jumping out the river valley, and to protect the farmland in the valley and river ecological system by setting up the boundary of cities and towns, and to choose key county and town as the core of regional development based on the smart growth strategy. Especially, according to river valley environmental condition, the northern expansion strategy has important meaning of ecological security and regional development, which not only can increase the land supply by developing the wasteland or unutilized land, avoid route reliance along the river valley, and protect the fragile river valley ecosystem relatively, but also can prevent possible decline of old urban area far from the new development zone.
(5) The river valley is the key practicing area of lanzhou smart growth.
Neither the spatial expansion of construction land in Lanzhou city or Urban district, the results are all have obviouse influence on river valley. At first, the construction land of Lanzhou city mainly concentrated in the river valley. Research result show that the construction land in river valley area accounts for 50.8 % of total construction land in 1996, and be up to 56.6% in 2005, and show that construction land relying mainly on river valley has taken up much cultivated land and ecological water areas directly, has had influencing on the spatial structure of urban system greatly, and has brunt many problem with high pressure and cost, such as environmental pollution, calamity security, traffic, etc. Secondly, the expansion of construction land of Lanzhou urban area produced prominent influence on cultivated land, ecological water areas, open space, and spatial structure of urban area too. Therefore, It is the key region for construction land expansion of Lanzhou urban to implement smart growth tactics in river valley in the future.
Compared with the research findings, the innovation and development of this study is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) Study of function mechanism and inherent identity of smart growth on urban spatial expansion.
The thesis analyze the function mechanism of smart growth on the factors of urban spatial expansion, indicate that smart growth not only generate much positive impacts on urban spatial expansion, such as the rational transformation of natural environment, upgrading industry, ecological industry, industry knowledgeable, and enhancement of agglomeration effect, innovation of traffic technique, rational choice of planning control measures, but also facilitate the rational development on urban spatial expansion, such as the prosperity of urban economy, improvement of the life quality of urban and rural residents, environment protection including natural ecological environment and social humane environment, and resource thrift including cultivated land, water resource, etc. Therefore, non only urban spatial expansion based on the smart growth embody ideological connotation of intensive compact thought, harmonious comprehensive thought, resource saved thought, diversified thought and bear the weight of limited though, but also offer the research thinking from new perspective for urban spatial expansion, and enriches basic method and tools of urban spatial expansion. In all, smart growth and urban spatial expansion have inherent identity.
(2) Practice analysis of regulation and control of foreign urban spatial expansion from smart growth angle.
It is important to investigate practice of regulation and control about urban spatial expansion, and it is more about those cities that have already gone through fast urbanization stage. Not only can practice investigation facilitate understanding spatial characteristics of urban expansion during fast urbanization stage, but also can facilitate knowing the laws of thought and tactics change of adjusts and controls. So, no matter the analysis of smart growth practiced in U.S.A, or the analysis of expanding regulation and control based on smart growth practiced in Britain, France, Japan, etc. all these lay solid practice foundations for scientific understand expand tactics on the basis of smart growth, and offer the opportunity of using for urban expansion lessons under the back of GDP guide, deviating from our country fundamental realities, resource environmental foundation and urbanization needs, at same time, put forward prerequisite and key of drawing lessons from comparison analysis.
(3) Analysis and evaluation of construction land expansion based on the smart growth of Lanzhou.
Lanzhou lies in the western low-developed area where ecological environment is more fragile, so that she has a wide gap comparing with the eastern area under the great restrictions. Therefore, it is more urgent to choose the smart growth strategy for Lanzhou spatial expansion. The thesis quantitatively analyze the spatial expansion process, and its characteristics and mechanism through GIS, SPSS methods from the two levels of Lanzhou city and Lanzhou urban area, and reveal the basic laws of river valley city’s construction land expansion. And on the basis of smart growth, the thesis quantitatively analyze the spatial expansion effect, form the basic trend, and then put forward the strategy-based measures and policies suggestion for river valley city’s expansion.
城市空间扩展是城市化的重要表现与特征之一。在宏观上就是城市用地规模的扩展过程,在微观上就是不同类型、不同性质的农业用地(耕地、草地、荒山、荒地、滩地)转化为城市建设用地的过程。城市空间扩展的实质上是城市在内外动力作用下非建设用地转化为各类建设用地的城市空间推进过程,包括空间要素的增殖和城市空间结构的形成与转化,以及城市外在形态在平面和垂直方向上的伸展等内容。城市空间扩展总是面临扩展方向问题、扩展的经济性问题、生态环境问题以及应该选择何种扩展模式、策略方法等具体问题,而目前的单学科研究又难以整合成统一的判断依据。
在西方城市,面对战后的郊区化蔓延,基于紧凑、节约和集工具策略为一体的城市精明增长思潮正方兴未艾。精明增长是一项涵盖了多个层面的城市发展综合策略.为了解决城市蔓延,建立了基于市场特点的控制类、引导类与配套类综合策略方法,具有较强的可操作性。因此,精明增长为城市空间扩展提供了新的研究视角。
本文在国内外城市空间扩展与精明增长研究综述的基础上,通过精明增长视角,对城市空间扩展进行机制促动作用与目标促动作用的分析,揭示精明增长与城市空间扩展具有内在的同一性。在此基础上,建立了基于精明增长的城市空间扩展理论框架,并以西部河谷型城市为案例,进行实证研究,提出了精明增长的城市空间扩展策略。论文的主要研究结论如下:
(1)基于精明增长的城市空间扩展是我国城市发展的必然选择
在我国土地资源有限,特别是耕地资源紧张、城市化进程加速、城市经济急速增长条件下,选择集约紧凑的城市空间扩展模式是现实要求,也是时代发展的要求。尽管我国的城市空间扩展现状与产生精明增长土壤的美国城市蔓延又有很大不同,但是在土地集约利用(精明增长的混合式开发、棕(灰)地开发),改变城市土地资源粗放低效益利用方面,在保护农田、开敞空间、生态景观等方面,在强化公交导向开发方面,在保护和改造传统邻里社区等方面不仅有共同的发展要求,而且在实践中显著成效得到了一致肯定。
(2)精明增长的本质是调控城市扩展的综合性策略
精明增长是一项涵盖了多个层面的城市发展综合策略,其综合性首先是区域、城市、街区或社区不同层次方案的综合,即广泛进行区域问题辨识,形成多个远景方案;将区域开放空间,填空区、重新发展区和新增长区,社区中心和走廊综合起来,作为基本目标;以多样性、步行平等、混合利用等原则将区域战略与社区建设统一起来,进行方案的比较分析。其次是多种策略工具与法律法规的综合,其策略性不仅是社区改造、道路改造、棕地开发、土地混合式使用等基础性策略,更是区域视角的交通规划、开敞空间保护策略,并合理选择法律、经济、行政等政策工具,并与这些策略结合起来综合地发挥作用。再次是管理者-规划者-民众的决策综合,通过建立主导作用的区域协调的政府管理组织与广泛性协调的民间组织与规划者一起进行综合决策。
(3)精明增长是城市空间可持续扩展的向导
精明增长对影响城市空间扩展的各因素具有积极的优化调整与合理组织作用,促进自然环境的合理改造、改善,有助于产业结构高级化、生态化、知识化的优化升级,有助于集聚效应的促发,有助于综合交通技术的发展创新,更有利于规划调控措施的合理选择与综合运用,从而使得精明增长有助于促进城市空间的合理有序扩展。同时,精明增长更能促进城市空间扩展向着四大目标发展——繁荣城市经济、提高城乡居民生活质量、保护环境(包括自然生态环境和社会人文环境)与节约资源(耕地、能源、水资源等),体现了集约紧凑思想、和谐综合思想、资源节约思想、多样性思想与承载有限的思想内涵。因此,精明增长具有判断城市空间扩展合理性作用,具有判断标尺的功能,具有促进城市空间扩展的可持续向导作用。
(4)兰州市建设用地空间扩展模式亟需革新
不论是市域建设用地空间扩展,还是市区建设用地空间扩展,都具有鲜明的河谷、交通引导的轴线带状模式。其中市区空间扩展模式更为具体而典型,经历了起初的轴线跳跃式扩展,形成带状组团模式,但发展到现在,却面临组团间具有隔离作用的开敞空间被蚕食开发的命运,从而使得组团间不断靠拢、融合,必将使几十年形成的适合河谷地域环境特点的城市组团结构模式被破坏,严重影响着兰州市区的可持续发展,特快随着人口规模的增长,跳出河谷建立新区是必然的选择。因此,从市域建设用地扩展层面入手,基于精明增长策略,选择重点县城与城镇作为市域社会经济的发展重点区,建立城镇增长边界,保护河谷地带的农田、河流生态用地,从根本上改变市域河谷轴线蔓延模式。在市区建设用地扩展层面,按照河谷型环境条件,选择跳跃式近域组团扩展模式(北拓战略)不仅开发了荒地与未利用地,增加了土地供给,并相对地保护或者解救了具有生态安全意义的脆弱的狭长河谷生态系统,避免了河谷型扩展的路径依赖,而且避免城市空间跨度过大而带来老城区可能的衰退。
(5)兰州市实践精明增长的重点是河谷区
不论是兰州市域建设用地还是市区建设用地,其空间扩展结果都普遍对河谷区产生显著影响。兰州市域建设用地主要集中在河谷区,1996年的河谷区建设用地占50.8%,2005年达到56.6%。这种以河谷为主的轴线式建设用地扩展直接占用河谷区耕地、生态水域用地,影响城镇体系空间结构的合理化,同时带来市域环境污染、灾害安全、交通等方面的压力过大、发展成本过高的问题。而市区建设用地空间扩展结果同样对河谷水域生态用地产生显著影响,不仅在河谷空间限制下,致使适宜河谷环境条件的组团结构受到重大胁迫,面临各组团的融合趋势,而且呈现沿河谷向外蔓延趋势,对城市边缘区开敞空间产生胁迫。因此,综合实施精明增长策略,推动兰州市河谷区的精明增长是解决未来兰州市建设用地空间扩展的关键。
本论文研究的创新主要体现在以下几个方面:
(1)探求了精明增长对城市空间扩展的作用机理与内在的同一性
通过精明增长策略对城市空间扩展机制的作用机理分析,表明精明增长策略不仅对城市空间的合理扩展有积极的优化调整作用——促进自然环境的合理改造、改善,有助于产业结构高级化、生态化、知识化的优化升级,有助于集聚效应的促发,有助于综合交通技术的发展创新,更有利于规划调控措施的合理选择与综合运用,而且对城市扩展目标有积极的推进作用——繁荣城市经济、提高城乡居民生活质量、保护环境(包括自然生态环境和社会人文环境)与节约资源(耕地、能源、水资源等)。因此,基于精明增长的城市空间扩展不仅体现了集约紧凑思想、和谐综合思想、资源节约思想、多样性思想与承载有限的共同的思想内涵,而且为城市空间扩展提供了新视角的研究思路,丰富了城市空间扩展的基本方法与策略工具,二者具有内在的同一性。
(2)基于精明增长视角的国外城市空间扩展调控实践解析
对于已经经历城市化快速阶段的城市空间扩展的调控实践考察,不仅有助于了解城市化快速阶段的空间扩展特征,而且有助于认识其调控的思想策略变化。因此,不论是美国精明增长的实践剖析,还是基于精明增长视角的英国、法国、日本等国家的城市调控实践解析,对科学理解基于精明增长的城市空间扩展策略提供了实践基础,为以GDP为导向的、背离于我国基本国情、资源环境基础与城市化进程要求的我国城市空间扩展提供了借鉴契机,在比较分析的基础上,提出了借鉴的前提与借鉴的重点。
(3)基于精明增长视角的兰州市建设用地空间扩展分析与评价
兰州市位于生态环境较为脆弱的西部欠发达地区,与东部地区相比较,其限制性因素多而发展差距大。因此,选择精明增长的城市空间扩展更有其紧迫性。论文基于市域与市区两个层面,通过GIS、SPSS等方法定量分析了其扩展过程特点与扩展机制,揭示了河谷型城市的空间扩展基本规律。并基于精明增长视角分析其扩展效应,形成河谷型城市空间扩展的基本趋势判断,在此基础上,提出了基于精明增长的河谷型城市空间扩展的策略性措施与政策性建议。
Nowadays,with the development of urbanization and economic of China, All cities in our country are going through a historical process of spatial expanding and great changing of structure form, so that all the cities want to be a“globe city”or“super city”. However, a series of crises are coming, such as decreasing of cultivable plough, overloading of the environment, low efficient of development and lagging behind of basic facilities. So it is important to choose a reliable way to control the spatial expansion,which not only enhance the goal of using the land efficiently, but also improve the development of urban economic and environment. Therefore, it has aroused a wide spread attention for different levels of governments and institutes.
Urban spatial expansion is one of the most important features of the urbanization, its outside appearance is the scale expansion in macroscopic view and different kinds of aggriculture land change into the urban land in microscopic view. The essence of urban spatial expansion is the course of non-constructive land transforming into the urban land by the different impetuses from inside and outside, at same time it also includes the change of spatial elements, the spatial form and structure from the plane and vertical. Urban spatial expansion always faces much problems such as growth direction, non-economic, ecological environment problem, and policy problem that how to choose the best model and way for spatial expansion.
In western countries, confronting with the rural sprawl, a comprehensive new theory named“smart growth”is springing up, whose basic idea is the compact landuse, resource savinge and much tools use ness together. Therefore,“Smart growth”can be viewed as a way of analyzing the reasonable of urban spatial expansion.
Based on the analysis of theory and practice of the urban spatial expansion and“Smart growth”, the paper analyze the mechanism function and aim function that the smart growth improve the urban spatial expansion, and reveal the identity in essence each other,and then the paper put forward the theory framework based on the smart growth theory. Subsequently, the paper take the LanZhou city as a case, analyzed the construction land in lanzhou city and urban area from the smart growth angle, then put forward the measures of smart growth. The main research results as follows:
(1) It is a necessary choice for urban spatial expansion based on the Smart growth
Under the conditions such as lacking of farmland, exceeding creep of urban ,rapid development of city economic, It is the requirement of the fact and the developing of times that we should choose the way of impact expansion. Although there is great difference of the urban expansion between China and American, we still have sameness in saving the land, improve the low efficient landuse, enhance the public traffic, reform the traditional neighbor community.
(2) The essence of Smart growth is the comprehensive strategy that solves the problem of urban spatial expansion by regulation and control.
Smart growth is a comprehensive tactics which contains different levels of city's development. At first, it is a synthetically scheme that comes from a lot of distant view schemes of regional area, urban area, and community area's by regional question’s distinguish extensively, and a synthetically aim that contain all kinds of development of the open space, filling vacancy, redevelopment area, new growth area, community centre and corridor, and a synthetically compared process of different scheme by the principle of variety, walk equal, mixed land use and constriction of regional area and community area. Secondly, it is a synthesis of many kinds of tactics tool and laws and regulations, its tactic including the basic tactics of community's transformation, road transformation, brown field redevelopment, mixed land use, and regional tactics of traffic planning and open space protection, and rationally choose policy tools such as the law, economy, administration, etc. Thirdly, it is also a comprehensive decisions with extensive coordination among the government organization and non-government organization and the masses.
(3) Smart growth is the guide of the urban spatial sustainable expansion.
Smart growth have a positive and reasonable adjust function and optimize function on the factors of urban spatial expansion, not only promoting the reasonable transform- tion of the natural environment, contributing to upgrade industrial structure, ecology and more educated, but also help to develop agglomeration effect, traffic technique and the reasonable alternative to the control measures of programming. At same time, smart growth can facilitate rational development of the four great goals on urban spatial expansion, whose development can prosper urban economy, improve the life quality of urban and rural residents, protect the environment and save resources, and whose ideas reflected intensive compact thought, harmonious comprehensive thought, resource saved thought, diversified thought and bear the weight of limited though. Therefore, smart growth also acts as a gauge and rule for rationality of the urban spatial expansion.
(4) The model of spatial expansion of Lanzhou need reform
Neither the spatial expansion of construction land in Lanzhou city or Lanzhou urban area, it all has the distinctive sprawl along the valley and regional traffic. especially, the spatial expansion of Lanzhou urban area is more typical and going through the original axis leap-over expansion toward the banding form mode, but now, it is confronted with the fate that the reasonable group structure is being destroyed by the group’s drawing close, mergering constantly and growing together, and with the result that sustainable development of Lanzhou urban area is being influenced seriously. Therefore, with the population growth and unreasonable expansion, it is an inevitable choice to set up the newly developed area by jumping out the river valley, and to protect the farmland in the valley and river ecological system by setting up the boundary of cities and towns, and to choose key county and town as the core of regional development based on the smart growth strategy. Especially, according to river valley environmental condition, the northern expansion strategy has important meaning of ecological security and regional development, which not only can increase the land supply by developing the wasteland or unutilized land, avoid route reliance along the river valley, and protect the fragile river valley ecosystem relatively, but also can prevent possible decline of old urban area far from the new development zone.
(5) The river valley is the key practicing area of lanzhou smart growth.
Neither the spatial expansion of construction land in Lanzhou city or Urban district, the results are all have obviouse influence on river valley. At first, the construction land of Lanzhou city mainly concentrated in the river valley. Research result show that the construction land in river valley area accounts for 50.8 % of total construction land in 1996, and be up to 56.6% in 2005, and show that construction land relying mainly on river valley has taken up much cultivated land and ecological water areas directly, has had influencing on the spatial structure of urban system greatly, and has brunt many problem with high pressure and cost, such as environmental pollution, calamity security, traffic, etc. Secondly, the expansion of construction land of Lanzhou urban area produced prominent influence on cultivated land, ecological water areas, open space, and spatial structure of urban area too. Therefore, It is the key region for construction land expansion of Lanzhou urban to implement smart growth tactics in river valley in the future.
Compared with the research findings, the innovation and development of this study is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) Study of function mechanism and inherent identity of smart growth on urban spatial expansion.
The thesis analyze the function mechanism of smart growth on the factors of urban spatial expansion, indicate that smart growth not only generate much positive impacts on urban spatial expansion, such as the rational transformation of natural environment, upgrading industry, ecological industry, industry knowledgeable, and enhancement of agglomeration effect, innovation of traffic technique, rational choice of planning control measures, but also facilitate the rational development on urban spatial expansion, such as the prosperity of urban economy, improvement of the life quality of urban and rural residents, environment protection including natural ecological environment and social humane environment, and resource thrift including cultivated land, water resource, etc. Therefore, non only urban spatial expansion based on the smart growth embody ideological connotation of intensive compact thought, harmonious comprehensive thought, resource saved thought, diversified thought and bear the weight of limited though, but also offer the research thinking from new perspective for urban spatial expansion, and enriches basic method and tools of urban spatial expansion. In all, smart growth and urban spatial expansion have inherent identity.
(2) Practice analysis of regulation and control of foreign urban spatial expansion from smart growth angle.
It is important to investigate practice of regulation and control about urban spatial expansion, and it is more about those cities that have already gone through fast urbanization stage. Not only can practice investigation facilitate understanding spatial characteristics of urban expansion during fast urbanization stage, but also can facilitate knowing the laws of thought and tactics change of adjusts and controls. So, no matter the analysis of smart growth practiced in U.S.A, or the analysis of expanding regulation and control based on smart growth practiced in Britain, France, Japan, etc. all these lay solid practice foundations for scientific understand expand tactics on the basis of smart growth, and offer the opportunity of using for urban expansion lessons under the back of GDP guide, deviating from our country fundamental realities, resource environmental foundation and urbanization needs, at same time, put forward prerequisite and key of drawing lessons from comparison analysis.
(3) Analysis and evaluation of construction land expansion based on the smart growth of Lanzhou.
Lanzhou lies in the western low-developed area where ecological environment is more fragile, so that she has a wide gap comparing with the eastern area under the great restrictions. Therefore, it is more urgent to choose the smart growth strategy for Lanzhou spatial expansion. The thesis quantitatively analyze the spatial expansion process, and its characteristics and mechanism through GIS, SPSS methods from the two levels of Lanzhou city and Lanzhou urban area, and reveal the basic laws of river valley city’s construction land expansion. And on the basis of smart growth, the thesis quantitatively analyze the spatial expansion effect, form the basic trend, and then put forward the strategy-based measures and policies suggestion for river valley city’s expansion.
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