三轴试验土样全表面变形测量方法及其应用
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摘要
土力学是一门重视实践的学科,其发展与试验测试技术的发展密切相关。作为最重要及常用的土工试验方式,三轴试验对土力学的发展起了非常重要的作用。计算机辅助测量技术在土工三轴试验中的成功应用,克服了传统变形测量技术存在的缺陷和不足,为土工三轴试验提供了一种更为准确有效的变形测量手段。
论文的第一部分是土工三轴试验土样全表面变形数字图像测量的实现。首先研制了具有完全自主知识产权的新型多功能土工三轴试验仪；进一步地,改进了适用于图像测量的三轴压力室,采用在压力室内安装平面反光镜的方法,实现了用一部数字图像摄像机在线实时测量土样的全表面变形。在此基础上,开发了包括图像畸变修正、物距修正、数据归一化处理以及应变计算等功能在内的测量数据处理程序,并最终输出显示土样全表面变形场及应变场。
在上述工作基础上,从系统误差和随机误差两方面分析了数字图像测量系统各可能的误差来源,并从系统误差修正和试验环境改善两方面着手消除或减小了误差。设计了标准图像测量平台用以检定图像畸变；在确定照明系统照度不稳定是影响测量精度的主要因素后,通过采用稳压电源及采取遮光措施改善了测量环境。实现了应变测量精度检定,以静态应变测试仪所测得的试样应变为“真值”,将图像测量系统所测得的应变值与该应变“真值”作比较,通过大量试验数据统计出了图像测量系统的测量误差,进而确定了图像测量系统的实际测量精度及最小分辨能力。
论文的第二部分是土工三轴试验土样全表面变形测量方法在土工三轴试验中的应用,主要内容包括以下两部分：
(1)三轴试样局部变形数据应用研究：定义了三轴试样局部应变不均匀系数,用以表征试样不同局部区域变形的不均匀程度。通过对比常规三轴试验与端部润滑三轴试验试样不同局部的应变不均匀系数,量化了三轴试样端部约束的影响范围,对尺寸为80mm﹡39.1mm的试样,提出应用试样中部35mm范围土体变形数据整理试验参数可有效地消除端部约束的影响。并通过对比由不同数据整理所得邓肯-张模型参数进一步地验证了这一结论。
(2)三轴试样剪切破坏形态研究：基于粉砂及粉煤灰试样三轴排水剪切试验,通过对试样变形图片、偏差应力-轴向应变曲线、试样全表面轴向应变场、局部应变数据的对比分析,研究了试样剪切变形发展过程及剪切破坏形态。与试样整体应变数据及变形图片相比,局部应变数据对试样的不均匀变形有着更“敏锐”的反映,而从应变场图中可更清晰、直观地判断局部大应变的形成及发展过程。密砂试样剪切带的发展始于试样达到峰值强度前,在试样达到峰值强度后剪切带完全形成并不断扩大；与之相对,松砂试样剪切带开展得较晚,通常在试样达到峰值强度后,且一旦形成便立即迅速发展。当试样存在初始缺陷时,剪切破坏倾向于从初始缺陷处发生并发展,最终贯穿联通各初始缺陷位置。当试样发生整体破坏,即没有明显可见的单一剪切带发生时,亦可从应变场图及局部应变数据观测试样变形趋势及变形形态。
As a subject with great concern to practice, development of soil mechanics is firmly relied on the improvement of soil testing technology. As one of the most important test species, triaxial test has been playing an essential role in the development of soil mechanics. The successful application for computer aided measurement technology in soil triaxial test overcame some defects and insufficiency of traditional deformation measurement technology, thus, provided a more accurate and effective deformation measurement method.
In the first part of the dissertation, an automatic digital image processing method is presented for whole surface measurement of specimen deformation in triaxial tests. This method incorporates digital imaging techniques and computer-aided analysis to assess deformation throughout a triaxial test. A detailed description of hardware including development of multi-function triaxial apparatus for soil, design and manufacture of triaxial pressure cell as well as design of camera bracket and lighting resources is provided. Based on the analysis for imaging characteristics of cylinder sample in triaxial tests, data analysis methodology, including distortion correction, data separation, pixel equivalent normalization, data splicing, and strain field calculation is presented.
Further more, possible sources for both system errors and random errors have been discussed. Calibrations have been made to get ride of system errors such as lens distortion. As for random errors, necessary improvements for experimental environment and data processing have been made. After all these measures taken, other error sources remained are not quantified separately, instead, accuracy of the entire system is examined. The accuracy of method is quantified through comparison of strain results obtained from both image processing technique and a static strain tester.
The second part of this dissertation concentrates on the applications of this digital image processing method in measuring deformation of triaxial specimens. It includes:
(1) Discussion on the application of local deformation data. Based on qualitative analysis of local deformation characteristics, strain non-uniformity coefficient is defined and calculated, thus, quantitative comparisons are then given out for local deformations along specimen height. The effectiveness for using of local deformation data (central35mm height for specimen of size80mm*39.1mm) in eliminating end restraint as well as the reasonability, veracity and superiority for application of local deformation data in calculation of strength and deformation parameters have been verified through the comparison of test results obtained from both traditional and end-lubricated triaxial tests, and also parameters of Duncan and Chang's model.
(2) Study for deformation of specimen and formation of shear bands in triaxial tests of cohesionless soil. The development of shear deformation and failure patterns have been studied based on comparative analysis of specimen images, surface axial strain field maps, deviator stress-axial strain curves and local deformation data for triaxial tests on silt sand and fly ash. It is found that surface axial strain fields and local deformation data are more sensitive in analyzing local non-uniform deformations as compared with specimen images and overall deformation data, and, more clearly and intuitively judgment for the formation and development of shear bands can be obtained using strain field maps. It is found that for dense sand samples, shear zones occur before peak intensity, and, after gradual development, fully form after peak intensity. As for loose sand, shear zones occur after peak intensity and tend to develop rapidly after formation. When initial defects existing, shear failures tend to occur in positions of initial defects and eventually go through the initial defects. And, when entirely failure happens, the tendency of specimenns'deformation and failure mode can also be obtained from the analysis of surface axial strain field maps and local deformation data.
论文的第一部分是土工三轴试验土样全表面变形数字图像测量的实现。首先研制了具有完全自主知识产权的新型多功能土工三轴试验仪；进一步地,改进了适用于图像测量的三轴压力室,采用在压力室内安装平面反光镜的方法,实现了用一部数字图像摄像机在线实时测量土样的全表面变形。在此基础上,开发了包括图像畸变修正、物距修正、数据归一化处理以及应变计算等功能在内的测量数据处理程序,并最终输出显示土样全表面变形场及应变场。
在上述工作基础上,从系统误差和随机误差两方面分析了数字图像测量系统各可能的误差来源,并从系统误差修正和试验环境改善两方面着手消除或减小了误差。设计了标准图像测量平台用以检定图像畸变；在确定照明系统照度不稳定是影响测量精度的主要因素后,通过采用稳压电源及采取遮光措施改善了测量环境。实现了应变测量精度检定,以静态应变测试仪所测得的试样应变为“真值”,将图像测量系统所测得的应变值与该应变“真值”作比较,通过大量试验数据统计出了图像测量系统的测量误差,进而确定了图像测量系统的实际测量精度及最小分辨能力。
论文的第二部分是土工三轴试验土样全表面变形测量方法在土工三轴试验中的应用,主要内容包括以下两部分：
(1)三轴试样局部变形数据应用研究：定义了三轴试样局部应变不均匀系数,用以表征试样不同局部区域变形的不均匀程度。通过对比常规三轴试验与端部润滑三轴试验试样不同局部的应变不均匀系数,量化了三轴试样端部约束的影响范围,对尺寸为80mm﹡39.1mm的试样,提出应用试样中部35mm范围土体变形数据整理试验参数可有效地消除端部约束的影响。并通过对比由不同数据整理所得邓肯-张模型参数进一步地验证了这一结论。
(2)三轴试样剪切破坏形态研究：基于粉砂及粉煤灰试样三轴排水剪切试验,通过对试样变形图片、偏差应力-轴向应变曲线、试样全表面轴向应变场、局部应变数据的对比分析,研究了试样剪切变形发展过程及剪切破坏形态。与试样整体应变数据及变形图片相比,局部应变数据对试样的不均匀变形有着更“敏锐”的反映,而从应变场图中可更清晰、直观地判断局部大应变的形成及发展过程。密砂试样剪切带的发展始于试样达到峰值强度前,在试样达到峰值强度后剪切带完全形成并不断扩大；与之相对,松砂试样剪切带开展得较晚,通常在试样达到峰值强度后,且一旦形成便立即迅速发展。当试样存在初始缺陷时,剪切破坏倾向于从初始缺陷处发生并发展,最终贯穿联通各初始缺陷位置。当试样发生整体破坏,即没有明显可见的单一剪切带发生时,亦可从应变场图及局部应变数据观测试样变形趋势及变形形态。
As a subject with great concern to practice, development of soil mechanics is firmly relied on the improvement of soil testing technology. As one of the most important test species, triaxial test has been playing an essential role in the development of soil mechanics. The successful application for computer aided measurement technology in soil triaxial test overcame some defects and insufficiency of traditional deformation measurement technology, thus, provided a more accurate and effective deformation measurement method.
In the first part of the dissertation, an automatic digital image processing method is presented for whole surface measurement of specimen deformation in triaxial tests. This method incorporates digital imaging techniques and computer-aided analysis to assess deformation throughout a triaxial test. A detailed description of hardware including development of multi-function triaxial apparatus for soil, design and manufacture of triaxial pressure cell as well as design of camera bracket and lighting resources is provided. Based on the analysis for imaging characteristics of cylinder sample in triaxial tests, data analysis methodology, including distortion correction, data separation, pixel equivalent normalization, data splicing, and strain field calculation is presented.
Further more, possible sources for both system errors and random errors have been discussed. Calibrations have been made to get ride of system errors such as lens distortion. As for random errors, necessary improvements for experimental environment and data processing have been made. After all these measures taken, other error sources remained are not quantified separately, instead, accuracy of the entire system is examined. The accuracy of method is quantified through comparison of strain results obtained from both image processing technique and a static strain tester.
The second part of this dissertation concentrates on the applications of this digital image processing method in measuring deformation of triaxial specimens. It includes:
(1) Discussion on the application of local deformation data. Based on qualitative analysis of local deformation characteristics, strain non-uniformity coefficient is defined and calculated, thus, quantitative comparisons are then given out for local deformations along specimen height. The effectiveness for using of local deformation data (central35mm height for specimen of size80mm*39.1mm) in eliminating end restraint as well as the reasonability, veracity and superiority for application of local deformation data in calculation of strength and deformation parameters have been verified through the comparison of test results obtained from both traditional and end-lubricated triaxial tests, and also parameters of Duncan and Chang's model.
(2) Study for deformation of specimen and formation of shear bands in triaxial tests of cohesionless soil. The development of shear deformation and failure patterns have been studied based on comparative analysis of specimen images, surface axial strain field maps, deviator stress-axial strain curves and local deformation data for triaxial tests on silt sand and fly ash. It is found that surface axial strain fields and local deformation data are more sensitive in analyzing local non-uniform deformations as compared with specimen images and overall deformation data, and, more clearly and intuitively judgment for the formation and development of shear bands can be obtained using strain field maps. It is found that for dense sand samples, shear zones occur before peak intensity, and, after gradual development, fully form after peak intensity. As for loose sand, shear zones occur after peak intensity and tend to develop rapidly after formation. When initial defects existing, shear failures tend to occur in positions of initial defects and eventually go through the initial defects. And, when entirely failure happens, the tendency of specimenns'deformation and failure mode can also be obtained from the analysis of surface axial strain field maps and local deformation data.
引文
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