小麦对条锈病、白粉病和衰老抗性的分子细胞生物学研究
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摘要
小麦是世界最早被驯化的作物之一，也是世界上最重要的粮食作物。在中国它仅次于水稻，因此小麦生产对国民经济发展有十分重要的战略意义。为了增加产量、改善品质，育种工作者努力培育耐生物和非生物胁迫的品种。条锈病和白粉病是世界上影响小麦生产的最重要的病害。防治小麦条锈病和白粉病的最有效的方法是培育抗病新品种。但是，由于我国的小麦抗条锈病和白粉病育种的遗传基础较为狭窄和抗源匮乏，导致近年来我国的小麦品种抗条锈病和白粉病特性丧失速度加快，小麦条锈病和白粉病的危害日益严重。许多研究证明小麦地方品种和它的近缘种属是小麦条锈病和白粉病的重要抗性基因资源，在小麦抗条锈病和白粉病育种中有着巨大的潜能。在籽粒灌浆期叶片老化将缩短有效率光合时间，所以也是严重影响小麦产量的另一个重要的生物因子。本研究的目的在于探索小麦抗外部生物逆境(条锈病和白粉病)和内部生物逆境(叶片老化)的分子细胞生物学基础。其结果如下：
1、小麦条锈病抗性材料的遗传组成分析
本研究用当前我国流行的条锈菌生理小种条中30、条中31、条中32、杂3、杂4、水源4和水源14对27个亲本及其51个衍生的F_1和42个F_2以及3个回交F_2代群体进行接种鉴定。结果表明，R25、R57、R59、新抗5号、4285、爱民5号、爱民6号、温麦1号和R88对病原物表现为免疫或近免疫。而安农91168、陕253、苏3110、鲁955159、北Z76、烟辐188、温麦6号、淮阴9628、豫麦47、豫麦62、藁城8901和对照中国春则表现为高感。遗传分析和分子标记鉴定表明本研究使用的亲本材料的抗性有四种不同的组成模式：即主效基因加微效多基因控制的数量抗性；受YrCN19控制的垂直抗性；受有别于YrCN19的一对显性基因控制的垂直抗性；受寡基因控制的高抗材料。并将不同抗性基因进行聚合杂交从中选出抗性强于双亲的抗性材料，特别是R57中很可能存在促进条锈病抗性超亲分离的基因。同时对这些抗性在小麦抗病育种中的利用进行了讨论。
2、小麦抗条锈病新基因YrCN19的鉴定、染色体定位及其诊断标记
用当前流行的条锈菌生理小种CYR30、CYR31、CYR32和目前新出现的生理小种H46-4，SY11-4 and SY11-14进行接种鉴定，结果发现中国西南的几个小麦品系(品种)对其具有高度的抗性。将抗病品系爱民6号和感病的BeiZ76杂交并做了遗传分析，结果显示该抗病性状受一对显性单基因控制。用218对小麦微卫星标记对112
Wheat is one of the earliest crops to be domesticated and it also is the most important food crop worldwide. In China, wheat is also a very important crop in agriculture, which is the second only following rice. Thus, wheat plays a key role on developing economy and sustaining society stability and prosperity. In order to increase wheat yield and improve quality, breeders are trying their best to breed varieties tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis, and powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici. , are the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivam L em Thell) worldwide. The best method to control stripe rust is to develop new cultivars carried resistance genes. However, it is a common view that genetic basis of wheat resistance to current prevailing physiological races of these pathogens is very narrow and it has limited the wheat production in our country. So it is very important to find new resistant genes to stipe rust and powdery mildew. Many studies have been proved that the local wheat varieties and foreign chromosome are rich and valuable resistance gene pool to stripe rust and powdery mildew and have large exploited potential for wheat resistance breeding. Leaf senescence, encompassing a period from maturation to attrition, severely decrease grain development and wheat yields, which shorten the efficient photosynthesis period of wheat (Triticum aestvum L.) and coincides with the onset of initiation of grain filling. The purpose of this study is to determine molecular and celluar basis for the resistance to the outer-biological factor adversity (stripe rust and powdery milew) and the inter-biological factor adversity (senescence). The results are given as follows:
1 Analysis of genetic composition of several wheat materials resistant to puccinia striiformis
27 parents, 51 F_1 populations, 42 F_2 populations and 3 backcross F_2 populations were screened with seven current prevailing stripe rust strains (CY30,CY31 ,CY32, HIII,HIV,S4 and S14). Resistance response of parents show that cultivars (R25, R57, R59 and R88) and lines (Xingkang5, 4285, AIM5, AIM6 and Wen-1) were immune or iso-immune to stripe rust while lines (Neixiangl88, Annong91168, Shan253, Lu955159, BeiZ76, Yanful88, Wenmai6, Shu3110, Huaiying9628, Yumai47, Yumai62, Gaochen8901 and Chinese Spring) were highly susceptible or fully susceptible to stripe rust. The results of inheritance analysis, companying the different infection type (IT) of them and their derivatives, displayed that there were four different resistances to stripe rust in parents: ①
1、小麦条锈病抗性材料的遗传组成分析
本研究用当前我国流行的条锈菌生理小种条中30、条中31、条中32、杂3、杂4、水源4和水源14对27个亲本及其51个衍生的F_1和42个F_2以及3个回交F_2代群体进行接种鉴定。结果表明，R25、R57、R59、新抗5号、4285、爱民5号、爱民6号、温麦1号和R88对病原物表现为免疫或近免疫。而安农91168、陕253、苏3110、鲁955159、北Z76、烟辐188、温麦6号、淮阴9628、豫麦47、豫麦62、藁城8901和对照中国春则表现为高感。遗传分析和分子标记鉴定表明本研究使用的亲本材料的抗性有四种不同的组成模式：即主效基因加微效多基因控制的数量抗性；受YrCN19控制的垂直抗性；受有别于YrCN19的一对显性基因控制的垂直抗性；受寡基因控制的高抗材料。并将不同抗性基因进行聚合杂交从中选出抗性强于双亲的抗性材料，特别是R57中很可能存在促进条锈病抗性超亲分离的基因。同时对这些抗性在小麦抗病育种中的利用进行了讨论。
2、小麦抗条锈病新基因YrCN19的鉴定、染色体定位及其诊断标记
用当前流行的条锈菌生理小种CYR30、CYR31、CYR32和目前新出现的生理小种H46-4，SY11-4 and SY11-14进行接种鉴定，结果发现中国西南的几个小麦品系(品种)对其具有高度的抗性。将抗病品系爱民6号和感病的BeiZ76杂交并做了遗传分析，结果显示该抗病性状受一对显性单基因控制。用218对小麦微卫星标记对112
Wheat is one of the earliest crops to be domesticated and it also is the most important food crop worldwide. In China, wheat is also a very important crop in agriculture, which is the second only following rice. Thus, wheat plays a key role on developing economy and sustaining society stability and prosperity. In order to increase wheat yield and improve quality, breeders are trying their best to breed varieties tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis, and powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. Tritici. , are the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivam L em Thell) worldwide. The best method to control stripe rust is to develop new cultivars carried resistance genes. However, it is a common view that genetic basis of wheat resistance to current prevailing physiological races of these pathogens is very narrow and it has limited the wheat production in our country. So it is very important to find new resistant genes to stipe rust and powdery mildew. Many studies have been proved that the local wheat varieties and foreign chromosome are rich and valuable resistance gene pool to stripe rust and powdery mildew and have large exploited potential for wheat resistance breeding. Leaf senescence, encompassing a period from maturation to attrition, severely decrease grain development and wheat yields, which shorten the efficient photosynthesis period of wheat (Triticum aestvum L.) and coincides with the onset of initiation of grain filling. The purpose of this study is to determine molecular and celluar basis for the resistance to the outer-biological factor adversity (stripe rust and powdery milew) and the inter-biological factor adversity (senescence). The results are given as follows:
1 Analysis of genetic composition of several wheat materials resistant to puccinia striiformis
27 parents, 51 F_1 populations, 42 F_2 populations and 3 backcross F_2 populations were screened with seven current prevailing stripe rust strains (CY30,CY31 ,CY32, HIII,HIV,S4 and S14). Resistance response of parents show that cultivars (R25, R57, R59 and R88) and lines (Xingkang5, 4285, AIM5, AIM6 and Wen-1) were immune or iso-immune to stripe rust while lines (Neixiangl88, Annong91168, Shan253, Lu955159, BeiZ76, Yanful88, Wenmai6, Shu3110, Huaiying9628, Yumai47, Yumai62, Gaochen8901 and Chinese Spring) were highly susceptible or fully susceptible to stripe rust. The results of inheritance analysis, companying the different infection type (IT) of them and their derivatives, displayed that there were four different resistances to stripe rust in parents: ①
引文
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