基于3S技术洪雅县退耕还林区竹林植被碳储量动态研究
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摘要
竹林生态系统是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其碳储存能力超过树木,对减缓气候变暖的作用超过林木,目前中国竹林碳储量占森林总碳储量的比例已超过11%,成为生态系统的重要碳库单元。由于其具有较高的生产力,在退耕还林工程中得到大力栽植,竹林面积呈现不断增加的趋势,这就意味着竹林是一个不断增大的碳汇,研究竹林碳储量对正确评估竹林在全球碳平衡中的作用意义重大。
本研究以洪雅县退耕还林区竹林为研究对象,以1999年为退耕还林分界点,将1999年以后竹林的增加量全部作为由退耕还林所营造的,在3S技术支持下,综合分析遥感影像数据、实测碳储量数据以及其他基础数据,建立遥感碳储量模型。在此基础上对华西雨屏区洪雅县退耕还林前期(1994-1999年)、中期(1999-2004年)、后期(2004-2007年)竹林面积、碳储量、碳密度及其时空动态进行研究。主要研究内容及成果如下：
(1)通过碳储量与地形数据、波段光谱数据及其衍生数据之间相关性、共线性分析,选取elevation、aspect、p1、p2、p7、PC3、SAVI建立了遥感碳储量多元线性模型,并利用地统计学分析模块对模型进行优化。竹林碳储量优化模型为：C=82.869+0.011×elevation+0.013×aspect-1.602×P2-0.925×P7+0.837×PC3+2.942×SAVI模型精度为83.01%。
(2)竹林面积动态研究。1994-2007年洪雅县竹林面积呈现逐渐增加的趋势,共增加了7571.79hm2,竹林面积的大幅增加主要发生在退耕还林工程实施中期。竹林面积空间动态表现为,随海拔以500m-1000m为分布重心呈正态分布,在<1000m区域呈逐年增加,在>1000m区域各年增减不一,总体减少,其中2004-2007年1000-1500m区域减少了1594.71 hm2；竹林面积随坡度呈正态分布,但比重峰值存在差异,1994、1999年以15°-25°为比重峰值,2004、2007年以25°-35°为比重峰值,竹林面积的增加主要发生在>25°区域,其增加量5205.33 hm2,占总增加量的68.75%；竹林面积随坡向分布差异不大,均表现为无坡向最少,其余坡向分布较均匀。竹林面积随坡向变化,除2004～2007年阳坡竹林面积略有减少外,其余坡向逐年增加。竹林面积动态分析结果表明：退耕还林工程的实施是洪雅县竹林面积大幅增加的主导因素,退耕还林工程的持续推进和竹林生长发育导致后期竹林面积的继续增长。竹林面积的空间格局变化则表明,竹林逐渐向低海拔、平缓坡发展,坡向对竹林分布的影响较小。
(3)竹林碳储量动态研究。13年间洪雅县竹林碳储量呈现出持续增长的特征,增长速度表现为中期>后期>前期。竹林碳储量随海拔分布表现为海拔<1000m时,碳储量随海拔增加而逐渐增加,>1000m时,碳储量随海拔的增加而逐渐减少。各年<1000m区域碳储量均表现为增加,>1000m区域总体表现为减少,其中2004-2007年在1000-1500m区域减少最多,为5.22×104t；竹林碳储量随坡度分布表现为1994-1999年坡度<25°时,碳储量随坡度的增加而增加,反之则减小；2004-2007年坡度<35°时,碳储量随坡度的增加而增加,反之减小；竹林碳储量随坡向分布各年规律一致,均为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡>无坡向；碳储量随坡向变化,总体表现为逐年增加趋势(2004～2007年阳坡除外)。竹林碳储量的空间格局变化与竹林面积的空间格局变化一致,呈现向低海拔、平缓坡以及各坡向均匀发展的趋势。
(4)竹林碳密度介于33.25-33.76Mg C·hm-2，1994年和1999年竹林碳密度基本相同,1999-2007年其变化呈现出先降后升,总体略微下降的特点。
(5)竹林碳汇效益研究。根据竹子采伐习惯,可近似认为竹子处于生长动态平衡中,结合竹林碳储量数据推算出竹林年固碳量和年固碳能力,初步估算退耕还林创造碳汇效益为0.77亿元,未来竹林碳汇将每年创造经济效益0.36亿元,每公顷竹林创造碳汇经济效益2053.79元。
Bamboo forest ecosystem is an important component of the ecosystem, in China, it's carbon storage accounted for the proportion of total forest carbon stock has more than 11%, and it become an important carbon unit of ecological system. The carbon storage and mitigation of climate warming capacity of bamboo are more than trees. Because of its high productivity, it was strongly planted in Forest Returned from Farmland, and then, bamboo area showed a rising trend, which means that bamboo is an increasing carbon sinks, study of bamboo carbon storage have a great significance on the correct assessment of the carbon balance in the world.
We use 3S technology as a means, remote sensing image data、measured carbon stock data and other basic data as source data, builded remote sensing carbon storage models to study the carbon storage of bamboo in Forest Returned from Farmland, High Precipitation Area of Western China.Based the analyst data, the bamboo area、bamboo carbon storage、bamboo carbon density during early period (1994-1999), middle period (1999-2004), late period (2004-2007) and they temporal of spatial dynamics were researched. Main contents and results are as follows:
(1) Through analysis the collinearity and correlation of terrain data, band spectrum data and derived data with carbon storage, elevation, aspect, pi, p2, p7, PC3, SAVI was selected to established a multivariate linear model of remote sensing carbon storage, and this model was optimized by Geostatistical analysis module. The Bamboo carbon storage optimization model's accuracy is 83.01%, and the model is C=82.869+0.0111×elevation+0.013×aspect-1.602xp2-0.925×p7+0.837×PC3+2.942×SAVI
(2) Dynamics of bamboo area. The bamboo area of Hongya county during 1994-2007 showed a gradual increase, with a total increase of 7571.79 hm2, the substantial increase was occurred in the middle period of Forest Returned from Farmland. Spatial dynamic of bamboo area showed that:The bamboo area was normal distributed with elevation, the center was 500-1000m. While elevation< 1000m, the bamboo area was increasing year by year,> 1000m bamboo area changes each year varies, the overall decrease, which in 2004a-2007a the bamboo area of 1000-1500m region decrease 1594.71 hm2; Normal distribution with the slope of bamboo area, however, differences in the proportion of the peak, in 1994a and 1999a the proportion of the peak in the 15°-25°, but in 2004a and 2007a the proportion of the peak were in 25°-35°region, the increase of bamboo area mainly occurred in>25°region, the increase amount of 5205.33 hm2, with 68.75% of the total increment; Bamboo area with the slope direction is insignificant, appeared as no aspect at least, uniform distribution of the remaining slope. Bamboo area increased with the aspect year by year, in addition to 2004a-2007a of sunny slope. Bamboo area of dynamic analysis results showed that: The dominant factor of bamboo area substantial increase in Hongya county was Forest Returned from Farmland Project, with the promoting of project and bamboo growth, the bamboo area continued growth of late period. The spatial pattern changes of bamboo area showed that bamboo developed to low altitude, flat slope, and aspect made little effect on bamboo distribution.
(3) Dynamics of bamboo carbon storage. The characteristic of bamboo carbon in Hongya county in the 13 years was continuous growth, the growth rate for middle period> late period> early period. The distribuion charcter of bamboo carbon storage was that:when elevation<1000m, the carbon storage increases with elevation increasing, while elevation> 1000m, the carbon storage decreases with elevation increasing,Changes in carbon storage over time showed,<1000m region are increasing,> 1000m region reduce the overall, which in 2004a-2007a have the largest reduction in 1000-1500m region, to 5.22×104t; Bamboo carbon storage distributed with the slope from 1994a-1999a showed that, when slope<25°, the carbon storage increased with the slope increase, and vice versa decrease.2004a-2007a, when slope<35°, the carbon storage increases with the slope incresed, conversely reduced; Bamboo carbon storage distributed with aspect in the same law for each year, the aspect are shady aspect>semi-shady aspect>semi-sunny aspect>sunny aspect>no aspect. The overall trend of carbon storage changes with the aspect showed increased year by year (except 2004a-2007a, sunny aspect).The spatial pattern of bamboo carbon storage changes same with the bamboo area changes, showing the low elevation, flat slope and the aspect uniform trend.
(4) Bamboo carbon density ranged from 33.25-33.76 Mg C·hm-2, Which showed first decreased and then change up during 1994a-2007a, the characteristics of the overall decline slightly.
(5) Bamboo carbon benefit. According to customary harvesting of bamboo, we can approximately take the growth of bamboo for a dynamic balance. Based on the bamboo carbon storage data, the amount of carbon and yearly carbon sequestration can be calculated. Preliminary estimates the carbon sequestration benefits form Forest Returned from Farmland Project was 0.77 billion, and in the future, the bamboo carbon sinks will create economic benefits for 0.36 million yuan per year. Which means, 2053.79 yuan per hectare.
本研究以洪雅县退耕还林区竹林为研究对象,以1999年为退耕还林分界点,将1999年以后竹林的增加量全部作为由退耕还林所营造的,在3S技术支持下,综合分析遥感影像数据、实测碳储量数据以及其他基础数据,建立遥感碳储量模型。在此基础上对华西雨屏区洪雅县退耕还林前期(1994-1999年)、中期(1999-2004年)、后期(2004-2007年)竹林面积、碳储量、碳密度及其时空动态进行研究。主要研究内容及成果如下：
(1)通过碳储量与地形数据、波段光谱数据及其衍生数据之间相关性、共线性分析,选取elevation、aspect、p1、p2、p7、PC3、SAVI建立了遥感碳储量多元线性模型,并利用地统计学分析模块对模型进行优化。竹林碳储量优化模型为：C=82.869+0.011×elevation+0.013×aspect-1.602×P2-0.925×P7+0.837×PC3+2.942×SAVI模型精度为83.01%。
(2)竹林面积动态研究。1994-2007年洪雅县竹林面积呈现逐渐增加的趋势,共增加了7571.79hm2,竹林面积的大幅增加主要发生在退耕还林工程实施中期。竹林面积空间动态表现为,随海拔以500m-1000m为分布重心呈正态分布,在<1000m区域呈逐年增加,在>1000m区域各年增减不一,总体减少,其中2004-2007年1000-1500m区域减少了1594.71 hm2；竹林面积随坡度呈正态分布,但比重峰值存在差异,1994、1999年以15°-25°为比重峰值,2004、2007年以25°-35°为比重峰值,竹林面积的增加主要发生在>25°区域,其增加量5205.33 hm2,占总增加量的68.75%；竹林面积随坡向分布差异不大,均表现为无坡向最少,其余坡向分布较均匀。竹林面积随坡向变化,除2004～2007年阳坡竹林面积略有减少外,其余坡向逐年增加。竹林面积动态分析结果表明：退耕还林工程的实施是洪雅县竹林面积大幅增加的主导因素,退耕还林工程的持续推进和竹林生长发育导致后期竹林面积的继续增长。竹林面积的空间格局变化则表明,竹林逐渐向低海拔、平缓坡发展,坡向对竹林分布的影响较小。
(3)竹林碳储量动态研究。13年间洪雅县竹林碳储量呈现出持续增长的特征,增长速度表现为中期>后期>前期。竹林碳储量随海拔分布表现为海拔<1000m时,碳储量随海拔增加而逐渐增加,>1000m时,碳储量随海拔的增加而逐渐减少。各年<1000m区域碳储量均表现为增加,>1000m区域总体表现为减少,其中2004-2007年在1000-1500m区域减少最多,为5.22×104t；竹林碳储量随坡度分布表现为1994-1999年坡度<25°时,碳储量随坡度的增加而增加,反之则减小；2004-2007年坡度<35°时,碳储量随坡度的增加而增加,反之减小；竹林碳储量随坡向分布各年规律一致,均为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡>无坡向；碳储量随坡向变化,总体表现为逐年增加趋势(2004～2007年阳坡除外)。竹林碳储量的空间格局变化与竹林面积的空间格局变化一致,呈现向低海拔、平缓坡以及各坡向均匀发展的趋势。
(4)竹林碳密度介于33.25-33.76Mg C·hm-2，1994年和1999年竹林碳密度基本相同,1999-2007年其变化呈现出先降后升,总体略微下降的特点。
(5)竹林碳汇效益研究。根据竹子采伐习惯,可近似认为竹子处于生长动态平衡中,结合竹林碳储量数据推算出竹林年固碳量和年固碳能力,初步估算退耕还林创造碳汇效益为0.77亿元,未来竹林碳汇将每年创造经济效益0.36亿元,每公顷竹林创造碳汇经济效益2053.79元。
Bamboo forest ecosystem is an important component of the ecosystem, in China, it's carbon storage accounted for the proportion of total forest carbon stock has more than 11%, and it become an important carbon unit of ecological system. The carbon storage and mitigation of climate warming capacity of bamboo are more than trees. Because of its high productivity, it was strongly planted in Forest Returned from Farmland, and then, bamboo area showed a rising trend, which means that bamboo is an increasing carbon sinks, study of bamboo carbon storage have a great significance on the correct assessment of the carbon balance in the world.
We use 3S technology as a means, remote sensing image data、measured carbon stock data and other basic data as source data, builded remote sensing carbon storage models to study the carbon storage of bamboo in Forest Returned from Farmland, High Precipitation Area of Western China.Based the analyst data, the bamboo area、bamboo carbon storage、bamboo carbon density during early period (1994-1999), middle period (1999-2004), late period (2004-2007) and they temporal of spatial dynamics were researched. Main contents and results are as follows:
(1) Through analysis the collinearity and correlation of terrain data, band spectrum data and derived data with carbon storage, elevation, aspect, pi, p2, p7, PC3, SAVI was selected to established a multivariate linear model of remote sensing carbon storage, and this model was optimized by Geostatistical analysis module. The Bamboo carbon storage optimization model's accuracy is 83.01%, and the model is C=82.869+0.0111×elevation+0.013×aspect-1.602xp2-0.925×p7+0.837×PC3+2.942×SAVI
(2) Dynamics of bamboo area. The bamboo area of Hongya county during 1994-2007 showed a gradual increase, with a total increase of 7571.79 hm2, the substantial increase was occurred in the middle period of Forest Returned from Farmland. Spatial dynamic of bamboo area showed that:The bamboo area was normal distributed with elevation, the center was 500-1000m. While elevation< 1000m, the bamboo area was increasing year by year,> 1000m bamboo area changes each year varies, the overall decrease, which in 2004a-2007a the bamboo area of 1000-1500m region decrease 1594.71 hm2; Normal distribution with the slope of bamboo area, however, differences in the proportion of the peak, in 1994a and 1999a the proportion of the peak in the 15°-25°, but in 2004a and 2007a the proportion of the peak were in 25°-35°region, the increase of bamboo area mainly occurred in>25°region, the increase amount of 5205.33 hm2, with 68.75% of the total increment; Bamboo area with the slope direction is insignificant, appeared as no aspect at least, uniform distribution of the remaining slope. Bamboo area increased with the aspect year by year, in addition to 2004a-2007a of sunny slope. Bamboo area of dynamic analysis results showed that: The dominant factor of bamboo area substantial increase in Hongya county was Forest Returned from Farmland Project, with the promoting of project and bamboo growth, the bamboo area continued growth of late period. The spatial pattern changes of bamboo area showed that bamboo developed to low altitude, flat slope, and aspect made little effect on bamboo distribution.
(3) Dynamics of bamboo carbon storage. The characteristic of bamboo carbon in Hongya county in the 13 years was continuous growth, the growth rate for middle period> late period> early period. The distribuion charcter of bamboo carbon storage was that:when elevation<1000m, the carbon storage increases with elevation increasing, while elevation> 1000m, the carbon storage decreases with elevation increasing,Changes in carbon storage over time showed,<1000m region are increasing,> 1000m region reduce the overall, which in 2004a-2007a have the largest reduction in 1000-1500m region, to 5.22×104t; Bamboo carbon storage distributed with the slope from 1994a-1999a showed that, when slope<25°, the carbon storage increased with the slope increase, and vice versa decrease.2004a-2007a, when slope<35°, the carbon storage increases with the slope incresed, conversely reduced; Bamboo carbon storage distributed with aspect in the same law for each year, the aspect are shady aspect>semi-shady aspect>semi-sunny aspect>sunny aspect>no aspect. The overall trend of carbon storage changes with the aspect showed increased year by year (except 2004a-2007a, sunny aspect).The spatial pattern of bamboo carbon storage changes same with the bamboo area changes, showing the low elevation, flat slope and the aspect uniform trend.
(4) Bamboo carbon density ranged from 33.25-33.76 Mg C·hm-2, Which showed first decreased and then change up during 1994a-2007a, the characteristics of the overall decline slightly.
(5) Bamboo carbon benefit. According to customary harvesting of bamboo, we can approximately take the growth of bamboo for a dynamic balance. Based on the bamboo carbon storage data, the amount of carbon and yearly carbon sequestration can be calculated. Preliminary estimates the carbon sequestration benefits form Forest Returned from Farmland Project was 0.77 billion, and in the future, the bamboo carbon sinks will create economic benefits for 0.36 million yuan per year. Which means, 2053.79 yuan per hectare.
引文
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