基于抗生素分离/富集和分析的新方法及应用研究
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摘要
抗生素目前被广泛用于养殖业中,滥用情况日益严重。由于不能完全被机体吸收,抗生素以原形或其代谢物形式经由畜禽粪尿排入环境,经不同途径对土壤和水体造成污染,直接或间接地严重威胁人类健康和生态平衡。食品安全和环境保护越来越受到人们的高度关注,迫切需要发展高效率、高选择性和高灵敏度的抗生素残留分离/富集和分析方法,提供可靠有效的监测数据。
本课题旨在利用双水相气浮溶剂浮选、电荷转移分光光度法和分子印迹等新技术手段分离/富集和检测食品和环境中的多种抗生素,为研究抗生素残留检测奠定理论和实践基础,为这些技术手段拓展新的方向。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1.进行了异丙醇/K2HPO4双水相气浮溶剂浮选体系下分离富集环境水样中残留的罗红霉素的研究,建立了硫酸显色法测定富集后的罗红霉素。最佳的浮选条件为：浮选溶剂为异丙醇5 ml,分相盐K2HPO4的浓度为48% (g/100ml), pH值为9.0,浮选池体积为50 ml,气体流速15 ml/min,浮选时间30 min。在此条件下的浮选率达到93%,富集倍数9.3。通过对环境水样的加标回收实验,浮选率达到90%以上。并与双水相萃取进行对照实验,证明溶剂浮选法更佳。。
2.研究了正丙醇/(NH4)2SO4双水相气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集环境水样中残留替米考星的方法,建立了替米考星的HPLC测定方法,最佳浮选条件为：浮选溶剂为正丙醇5 ml,分相盐(NH4)2SO4浓度为36%(g/100 ml), pH为3,浮选池体积为100 ml,气体流速为20 ml/min,浮选时间30 min。在最佳条件下浮选率为84%,富集倍数16.8。与双水相萃取相比,双水相浮选富集倍数高,处理水样体积大,正丙醇用量少,无乳化现象。适于环境残留抗生素的分析。
3.以紫外分光光度法为手段,研究了电子给体罗红霉素(roxithromycin)与电子受体碘(I2)之间的电荷转移反应,确定了反应的最佳条件。实验结果表明：罗红霉素与碘在乙醇溶液中室温下即可生成稳定的1：1.5型络合物,λmax=290, 360 nm,罗红霉素浓度在2～500 mg/L范围内服从比耳定律,用建立的方法测定胶囊、分散片中的罗红霉素含量,结果与药典方法一致,回收率为96.2%～101.94%。
4.建立了亚甲基蓝电荷转移光度法测定红霉素的新方法。以二次石英蒸馏水为溶剂,红霉素与亚甲基蓝在常温下进行电荷转移反应生成1：1稳定的络合物,最大吸收波长为678 nm。此法灵敏度高(ε=1.59×104L/(mol·cm)),精密度较好(在25ml溶液中测定5.0×10*3 mg/ml红霉素9次,RSD=3.0%)。红霉素的浓度在0.0008～0.0250 mg/ml范围内服从Beer定律,方法的检出限为0.11μg/ml。探讨了反应机理,其中红霉素作为电子给予体、亚甲基蓝作为电子接受体发生了荷移反应。方法可靠,重现性好,可用于红霉素肠溶片和兽用红霉素含量测定。
5.采用沉淀聚合法制备了加替沙星分子印迹聚合物。采用扫描电镜对制备所得的分子印迹聚合物进行了表征。采用紫外分光光度法和红外光谱法对分子印迹聚合物的吸附性能进行了研究；结果表明,通过沉淀聚合法制备得到分子印迹聚合物微球,粒径大约在0.4μm左右。制备工艺比较简单省时,与封管聚合法相比,省却了研磨,筛分等繁琐的后处理工序。
6.利用表面分子印迹技术在硅介孔材料SBA-15上制备替米考星分子印迹聚合物。用拉曼光谱和扫描电镜表征。利用吸附平衡实验研究了聚合物对替米考星的吸附性能,结果表明制备的印迹聚合物吸附速度快,吸附容量大。在最佳实验条件下,聚合物对替米考星的吸附平衡和动力学数据分别符合Freundlich等温线模型和Pseudo-second-order动力学模型。该聚合物可用于环境残留替米考星分离和富集。
7.以硅烷化的SBA-15为载体材料,合成替米考星表面分子印迹聚合物,将该印迹聚合物作为固相萃取填料来吸附水样中的替米考星。对固相萃取过程中的上样溶剂、洗脱溶剂、洗脱次数等条件进行了优化选择,同时,测定环境样品中的替米考星。结果表明：表面印迹和固相萃取技术联用能达到环境样品微量检测的目的。
Antibiotics have been extensively used in disease prevention,control and treatment of livestock and poultry, aquatic animal and plant due to their broad range of activity against bacteria and their economic advantages. The residual substances of antibiotics which enter into the environment via various channels are toxic and difficult to biodegradation. Antibiotics in the soil, plants,food and animal waste would eventually enter the natural water body, and that,the residue of antibiotics would be transfered to flora,fauna and human body from water. This is a serious threat for the natural ecological balance system and human health. To detect these antibiotics, the new integrated.analysis methods which combines separation and collection with analysis are needed.
The aim of the project was to develop fast and reliable methods, consisting of aqueous two phase-solvent sublation, charge transfer SpectroPhotometry and of Molecular Imprinting Technique, for the separation/enrichment of antibiotic in environment samples. The aim of the research is to build a foundation of theory and practice for controlling the pollution of antibiotics residues. The main research contents and conclusion are as follows:
1. The separation/enrichment of roxithromycin was studied based on the system of aqueous two phase-gas solvent subblation, and the method of sulfuric acid color was established to determin roxithromycin enriched. The optimal condition of the solvent sublation was obtained:the sublation solvent was isopropanol, the salting-out agent was K2HPO4 with 48%(g/100ml),the pH was 9, N2 flow rate was 15 ml/min, the sublation time was 30 min.The flotation efficiency under the optimum conditions was 93%, enrichment multiple was 9.3. And compared with the solvent extration, the solvent sublation was better.
2. The separation/enrichment of tilmicosin was studied based on the system of aqueous two phase-gas solvent subblation, the method of HPLC was established to determin tilmicosin enriched. The optimal condition of the solvent sublation was obtained:the sublation solvent was n-propanol, the salting-out agent was (NH4)2SO4 with 36%(g/100ml),the pH was 3, N2 flow rate was 20 ml/min, the sublation time was 30 min.The flotation efficiency under the optimum conditions was 84%, enrichment multiple was 16.8. And compared with the solvent extration, the solvent sublation had many merits, such as high enrichment factor, large volume of water sample, n-propanol with less, no emulsification, etc. The method is suitable for determining the antibiotics residue in environment sample.
3. The charge-transfer (CT) reaction between roxithromycin as the electron donor and iodine as the electron accepter has been studied by spectrophotometric method. The experiments indicated that in alcohol solution can form charge transfer complex with iodine, the composition ratio was 1:1.5,λmax was at 290,360nm, the absorbance was linearly related to the concentration of roxithromycin in the range of 2～500 mg/L. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of roxithromycin in capsules and dispersible tablets, the results are in good agreement with the official method. The recovery of roxithromycin was over 96.2%～101.94%.
4. A spectrophotometry method for the detemination of erythomycin has been developed based on the charge transfer reaction between erythomycin as donor and methylene blue as acceptor in this paper. The rection was achieved with good results in water solution.The apparent molar obsorptivity of complex at 678 nm is 1.59×104L/(mol·cm). The Beer's law was hold in the range of 0.0008～0.0250 mg/ml of erythomycin. Detection limit of this method was found to be 0.11μg/ml. The composition of the charge transfer complex between erythomycin and methylene blue is 1:1. The present method has been applied to the determination of erythomycin in capsules with satisfactory results.
5. Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres of Gatifloxacin were prepared by precipitation polymerization in this experiment. UV spectrophotometry was used to study the adsorption properties of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres. The microscopic appearance and morphology of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were characterized by scanning electron mocroscopy. The results of the research show that the adsorption properties of molecularly imprinted were a little better than that of molecularly imprinted polymers which were prepared by the traditional bulk polymerization. The preparation process of precipitation polymerization was relatively simple and time-saving and obviated the grinding, sieving and other tedious post-processing procedures.
6. A tilmicosin molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) grafted on modified ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via surface molecularly imprinting technique. The prepared polymer was characterized by Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption behavior of adsorbent for tilmicosin was investigated using batch experiments. The MIP exhibited fast kinetics, high adsorption capacity for tilmicosin due to its high surface area providing imprinted sites. Under the optimum experimental condition, tilmicosin adsorption process over tilmicosin -MIP followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption data suggested that the adsorption of tilmicosin onto MIP was an endothermic nature of the process.
7. The novel molecular·imprinted polymers with tilmicosin as the template molecule were prepared based on modified ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 with surface imprinting technique. These imprinted polymers were applied as solid-phase extraction materials for selective extraction of tilmicosin from water matrixes. Different experimental variables (sample solvent, eluent and eluent volume, etc.) associated with the rebinding/elution process were optimized. Moreover, the imprinted polymers were used as materials of solid phase extraction to test residues of tilmicosin in environment. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) with high selectivity have been recognized as useful tools for detection the residues in environment.
本课题旨在利用双水相气浮溶剂浮选、电荷转移分光光度法和分子印迹等新技术手段分离/富集和检测食品和环境中的多种抗生素,为研究抗生素残留检测奠定理论和实践基础,为这些技术手段拓展新的方向。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1.进行了异丙醇/K2HPO4双水相气浮溶剂浮选体系下分离富集环境水样中残留的罗红霉素的研究,建立了硫酸显色法测定富集后的罗红霉素。最佳的浮选条件为：浮选溶剂为异丙醇5 ml,分相盐K2HPO4的浓度为48% (g/100ml), pH值为9.0,浮选池体积为50 ml,气体流速15 ml/min,浮选时间30 min。在此条件下的浮选率达到93%,富集倍数9.3。通过对环境水样的加标回收实验,浮选率达到90%以上。并与双水相萃取进行对照实验,证明溶剂浮选法更佳。。
2.研究了正丙醇/(NH4)2SO4双水相气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集环境水样中残留替米考星的方法,建立了替米考星的HPLC测定方法,最佳浮选条件为：浮选溶剂为正丙醇5 ml,分相盐(NH4)2SO4浓度为36%(g/100 ml), pH为3,浮选池体积为100 ml,气体流速为20 ml/min,浮选时间30 min。在最佳条件下浮选率为84%,富集倍数16.8。与双水相萃取相比,双水相浮选富集倍数高,处理水样体积大,正丙醇用量少,无乳化现象。适于环境残留抗生素的分析。
3.以紫外分光光度法为手段,研究了电子给体罗红霉素(roxithromycin)与电子受体碘(I2)之间的电荷转移反应,确定了反应的最佳条件。实验结果表明：罗红霉素与碘在乙醇溶液中室温下即可生成稳定的1：1.5型络合物,λmax=290, 360 nm,罗红霉素浓度在2～500 mg/L范围内服从比耳定律,用建立的方法测定胶囊、分散片中的罗红霉素含量,结果与药典方法一致,回收率为96.2%～101.94%。
4.建立了亚甲基蓝电荷转移光度法测定红霉素的新方法。以二次石英蒸馏水为溶剂,红霉素与亚甲基蓝在常温下进行电荷转移反应生成1：1稳定的络合物,最大吸收波长为678 nm。此法灵敏度高(ε=1.59×104L/(mol·cm)),精密度较好(在25ml溶液中测定5.0×10*3 mg/ml红霉素9次,RSD=3.0%)。红霉素的浓度在0.0008～0.0250 mg/ml范围内服从Beer定律,方法的检出限为0.11μg/ml。探讨了反应机理,其中红霉素作为电子给予体、亚甲基蓝作为电子接受体发生了荷移反应。方法可靠,重现性好,可用于红霉素肠溶片和兽用红霉素含量测定。
5.采用沉淀聚合法制备了加替沙星分子印迹聚合物。采用扫描电镜对制备所得的分子印迹聚合物进行了表征。采用紫外分光光度法和红外光谱法对分子印迹聚合物的吸附性能进行了研究；结果表明,通过沉淀聚合法制备得到分子印迹聚合物微球,粒径大约在0.4μm左右。制备工艺比较简单省时,与封管聚合法相比,省却了研磨,筛分等繁琐的后处理工序。
6.利用表面分子印迹技术在硅介孔材料SBA-15上制备替米考星分子印迹聚合物。用拉曼光谱和扫描电镜表征。利用吸附平衡实验研究了聚合物对替米考星的吸附性能,结果表明制备的印迹聚合物吸附速度快,吸附容量大。在最佳实验条件下,聚合物对替米考星的吸附平衡和动力学数据分别符合Freundlich等温线模型和Pseudo-second-order动力学模型。该聚合物可用于环境残留替米考星分离和富集。
7.以硅烷化的SBA-15为载体材料,合成替米考星表面分子印迹聚合物,将该印迹聚合物作为固相萃取填料来吸附水样中的替米考星。对固相萃取过程中的上样溶剂、洗脱溶剂、洗脱次数等条件进行了优化选择,同时,测定环境样品中的替米考星。结果表明：表面印迹和固相萃取技术联用能达到环境样品微量检测的目的。
Antibiotics have been extensively used in disease prevention,control and treatment of livestock and poultry, aquatic animal and plant due to their broad range of activity against bacteria and their economic advantages. The residual substances of antibiotics which enter into the environment via various channels are toxic and difficult to biodegradation. Antibiotics in the soil, plants,food and animal waste would eventually enter the natural water body, and that,the residue of antibiotics would be transfered to flora,fauna and human body from water. This is a serious threat for the natural ecological balance system and human health. To detect these antibiotics, the new integrated.analysis methods which combines separation and collection with analysis are needed.
The aim of the project was to develop fast and reliable methods, consisting of aqueous two phase-solvent sublation, charge transfer SpectroPhotometry and of Molecular Imprinting Technique, for the separation/enrichment of antibiotic in environment samples. The aim of the research is to build a foundation of theory and practice for controlling the pollution of antibiotics residues. The main research contents and conclusion are as follows:
1. The separation/enrichment of roxithromycin was studied based on the system of aqueous two phase-gas solvent subblation, and the method of sulfuric acid color was established to determin roxithromycin enriched. The optimal condition of the solvent sublation was obtained:the sublation solvent was isopropanol, the salting-out agent was K2HPO4 with 48%(g/100ml),the pH was 9, N2 flow rate was 15 ml/min, the sublation time was 30 min.The flotation efficiency under the optimum conditions was 93%, enrichment multiple was 9.3. And compared with the solvent extration, the solvent sublation was better.
2. The separation/enrichment of tilmicosin was studied based on the system of aqueous two phase-gas solvent subblation, the method of HPLC was established to determin tilmicosin enriched. The optimal condition of the solvent sublation was obtained:the sublation solvent was n-propanol, the salting-out agent was (NH4)2SO4 with 36%(g/100ml),the pH was 3, N2 flow rate was 20 ml/min, the sublation time was 30 min.The flotation efficiency under the optimum conditions was 84%, enrichment multiple was 16.8. And compared with the solvent extration, the solvent sublation had many merits, such as high enrichment factor, large volume of water sample, n-propanol with less, no emulsification, etc. The method is suitable for determining the antibiotics residue in environment sample.
3. The charge-transfer (CT) reaction between roxithromycin as the electron donor and iodine as the electron accepter has been studied by spectrophotometric method. The experiments indicated that in alcohol solution can form charge transfer complex with iodine, the composition ratio was 1:1.5,λmax was at 290,360nm, the absorbance was linearly related to the concentration of roxithromycin in the range of 2～500 mg/L. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of roxithromycin in capsules and dispersible tablets, the results are in good agreement with the official method. The recovery of roxithromycin was over 96.2%～101.94%.
4. A spectrophotometry method for the detemination of erythomycin has been developed based on the charge transfer reaction between erythomycin as donor and methylene blue as acceptor in this paper. The rection was achieved with good results in water solution.The apparent molar obsorptivity of complex at 678 nm is 1.59×104L/(mol·cm). The Beer's law was hold in the range of 0.0008～0.0250 mg/ml of erythomycin. Detection limit of this method was found to be 0.11μg/ml. The composition of the charge transfer complex between erythomycin and methylene blue is 1:1. The present method has been applied to the determination of erythomycin in capsules with satisfactory results.
5. Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres of Gatifloxacin were prepared by precipitation polymerization in this experiment. UV spectrophotometry was used to study the adsorption properties of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres. The microscopic appearance and morphology of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were characterized by scanning electron mocroscopy. The results of the research show that the adsorption properties of molecularly imprinted were a little better than that of molecularly imprinted polymers which were prepared by the traditional bulk polymerization. The preparation process of precipitation polymerization was relatively simple and time-saving and obviated the grinding, sieving and other tedious post-processing procedures.
6. A tilmicosin molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) grafted on modified ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via surface molecularly imprinting technique. The prepared polymer was characterized by Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption behavior of adsorbent for tilmicosin was investigated using batch experiments. The MIP exhibited fast kinetics, high adsorption capacity for tilmicosin due to its high surface area providing imprinted sites. Under the optimum experimental condition, tilmicosin adsorption process over tilmicosin -MIP followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption data suggested that the adsorption of tilmicosin onto MIP was an endothermic nature of the process.
7. The novel molecular·imprinted polymers with tilmicosin as the template molecule were prepared based on modified ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 with surface imprinting technique. These imprinted polymers were applied as solid-phase extraction materials for selective extraction of tilmicosin from water matrixes. Different experimental variables (sample solvent, eluent and eluent volume, etc.) associated with the rebinding/elution process were optimized. Moreover, the imprinted polymers were used as materials of solid phase extraction to test residues of tilmicosin in environment. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) with high selectivity have been recognized as useful tools for detection the residues in environment.
引文
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