福建近岸海域海底地貌研究
摘要
本文以实测地形地貌资料为基础,基于海底地貌学和动力地貌学理论,采用现代数据处理技术、定量化分析方法,结合地质构造、水动力、沉积等历史资料和前人的研究成果等,对福建近岸海域这种强潮动力环境下的海底地貌特征及其成因进行探讨。
文章得出以下主要结论：
(1)福建近岸海域海底地貌自岸向海分为海岸带与陆架两种二级地貌类型,海岸带包括了潮间带和水下岸坡地貌两种类型。潮间带地貌主要分为潮滩、海滩、海蚀平台(岩滩)和红树林滩等四种三级地貌类型；水下岸坡地貌可分为现代河口水下三角洲、水下堆积岸坡、水下侵蚀—堆积岸坡、水下岸坡现代潮流沙脊群、潮流脊系、潮流三角洲六种三级地貌类型。陆架地貌分为以堆积作用为主的陆架堆积平原和侵蚀与堆积作用彼此共存且都较强烈的陆架侵蚀-堆积平原两种三级地貌类型。
(2)晚三叠纪以来的构造运动及晚更新世以来的全球性气候变化引起的海平面波动奠定了研究区内地貌的格局,海面波动影响引起的沉积环境的变更同样对地貌的发育起至关重要的作用。全新世以来,现代河流、潮汐、海流、波浪及风暴潮等水动力条件,控制着研究区内海底物质的起动、运移和沉积,塑造了区内侵蚀和堆积型地貌形态,并控制地貌分布和空间规模。而人类时期开始,特别是近现代工业革命以来,人类活动对地貌的演化也产生了重要的影响。
(3)研究区地貌特征呈现北、中和南三个不同的区域：①北区海岸地区地貌类型复杂,岸外地貌较为简单,整体主要以较强的堆积作用而发育的地貌类型为特色；②中区在倾斜的海底发生沉积形成了现今本区岸外倾斜的堆积岸坡地貌,但其堆积作用明显较弱于北区；③南区地貌过程以侵蚀—堆积的复合作用为主。
(4)对研究区内特殊地貌体(包括闽江口水下三角洲、闽江口外潮流沙脊群、兴化湾潮流脊系、厦门港以南的海底沙丘及洼地等)的形成发育进行了分析和讨论。分析认为：①闽江口水下三角洲是在闽江断陷盆地河湾中,内、外营力的共同塑造下,在海平面波动与泥沙淤积的过程中发育形成的。②马祖列岛至白犬列岛之间海域发育的潮流沙脊并不是现代潮流动力直接作用结果,也不是晚更新世海退时就开始发育的,极大可能是冰后期海平面逐渐上升过程中,在水深大约2-8m的近岸环境中受潮流侵蚀而成。③地质构造奠定了兴化湾潮流脊系复杂的基底,而更新世致密而坚硬的沉积物充填于破碎的岛礁之间,形成了湾内原始地形。全新世后,随着大量河流物质和外海来沙,经现代潮流作用的改造,粗颗粒覆盖在水道边缘原始高地形区形成潮流沙脊。④南区大量海底沙丘地貌的形成应该经历了两个重要时期：一是在早全新世低海平面时期,本区论为滨海浅水区,受当时海洋动力影响形成了最初的海滩、水下沙坝或连岛沙坝；二是海平面上升后,遭受现代海流和风暴浪的作用,也接受者来自近岸和外海两种物源的不断供给,并在原海底沙坝或海滩基础上沉积和运移,伴随着沙波或波纹发育,形成现今海底侵蚀-堆积的地貌形态。⑤区内多处的海底礁石群都位于近岸岛屿与基岩海岸附近,为地质历时期,板块构造运动的碰撞形成基底隆起带。⑥泉州湾与湄洲湾外、镇海角外、白犬列岛与海坛岛之间海域的埋藏古河道正与现今福建沿岸的几大河流所对应,可能是冰期时这些河流向海推进的结果。
In this paper, submarine morphological characteristics and causes of Fujian Offshore with the macro-tidal environment were researched based on the the measured topographic data and theory of submarine morphology and dynamic geomorphology, used modern data processing techniques, quantitative analysis, combined with geological structure, hydrology, sediment, and other historical data or previous results,etc.
Some conclusions were made in this research, as follow:
(1) There are two second-grade geomorphological units, divided into coast geomorphology and continental shelf geomorphology from shore to sea, in the study area. Coastal geomorphology can be divided into the intertidal landscape and subaqueous slope:Intertidal landscape geomorphology are mainly composed of tidal shoal, beach, erosion platform and mangrove; Subaqueous slope can be divided into modern estuarine subaqueous delta, subaqueous accumulation slope, subaqueous erosion-accumulation slope, modern tidal sand ridges developed on the underwater slope, tidal ridge-trough system and tidal delta. Continental shelf geomorphology is mainly composed of shelf accumulation plain and shelf erosion-accumulation plain.
(2) Tectonic movement since Late Trias and sealevel change as a result of climate change since Late Pleistocene shaped the topographic and morphological basic pattern of the study area, besides sedimentary environment changes as a result of sealevel change played a vital role on morphological evolution. Hydrodynamic conditions such as river, tide, current, wave and storm surge etc since Holocene administer transportation and deposition of sediments in this area, shape the erosion and accumulation morphological characteristics, and control the size and spatial distribution of submarine morphology. Since the birth of mankind, especially after the industrial revolution, human activities played an important role on the morphological evolution.
(3) Study area can be divided into three regions:the North, the Middle and the South.①The North is characterized by the heavy accumulation geomorphologic types, with the complex and diverse morphology of the coast while the simple forms of offshore.②The Middle is characterized by the inclined subaqueous accumulation slope, with the accumulated effect was inferior to the North's.③The South is characterized by the erosion-accumulation morphological types.
(4) The typical geomorphologies, such as estuarine subaqueous, tidal sand ridges, tidal ridge-trough system, and submarine dunes etc, were researched. And the results as follow:①Minjiang River estuarine subaqueous is located on the delta fault subsidence basin, as a result of the whole processof the exogenetic and endogenetic, which developed in the process of sea-level fluctuations and sedimentation.②Tidal sand ridges developed on the sea area between Mazhu Islands and Baiquan Islands should not be the direct result of modern tide dynamic, also didn't develop on regression at Late Pleistocene. It was probably that formed due to the tidal erosion during the process of the post-glacial sea-level rise, with the offshore environment at the depth of2～8m.③Tectonic movement shaped the basic pattern of tidal ridge-trough system in Xinghua Bay, and the original terrain formed as a result of filling in the the broken reefs with the dense and hard Pleistocene deposits. With a mass of river and offshore sediments since Holocene, the coarse deposits covered the original slopping topographies by the edge of waterways in the process of modern tidal effect, which was result in the formation of tidal ridges.④The large-scale submarine dunes of the South should be experienced two important evolutive periods: During the period of low sea-level in early Holocene, this region changed into the coastal shoal water, where developed the original beach, submarine sandbank, and tombolo under the ocean dynamics; Under the modern ocean currents and storm waves yet, sediments from coast and broad sea happened deposition and migration at submarine sandbank or beach, with the development of sand ripple or grain, resulted in the erosion-accumulation geomorphological features at present.⑤Numbers of underwater reefs were seen near the inshore islands and rocky coast in the study area, as a result of the collision and basement uplift on tectonic movement in the geological history.⑥Paleochannels at offshores of Quanzhou Bay, Meizhou Bay, and in the sea area between Baiquan Islands and Haitan Island are corresponding to the several main rivers along the coast of Fujian, such as Minjiang River, Jinjiang River and Jiulongjiang River, which were result of developing seaward of these rivers during the ice ages.
文章得出以下主要结论：
(1)福建近岸海域海底地貌自岸向海分为海岸带与陆架两种二级地貌类型,海岸带包括了潮间带和水下岸坡地貌两种类型。潮间带地貌主要分为潮滩、海滩、海蚀平台(岩滩)和红树林滩等四种三级地貌类型；水下岸坡地貌可分为现代河口水下三角洲、水下堆积岸坡、水下侵蚀—堆积岸坡、水下岸坡现代潮流沙脊群、潮流脊系、潮流三角洲六种三级地貌类型。陆架地貌分为以堆积作用为主的陆架堆积平原和侵蚀与堆积作用彼此共存且都较强烈的陆架侵蚀-堆积平原两种三级地貌类型。
(2)晚三叠纪以来的构造运动及晚更新世以来的全球性气候变化引起的海平面波动奠定了研究区内地貌的格局,海面波动影响引起的沉积环境的变更同样对地貌的发育起至关重要的作用。全新世以来,现代河流、潮汐、海流、波浪及风暴潮等水动力条件,控制着研究区内海底物质的起动、运移和沉积,塑造了区内侵蚀和堆积型地貌形态,并控制地貌分布和空间规模。而人类时期开始,特别是近现代工业革命以来,人类活动对地貌的演化也产生了重要的影响。
(3)研究区地貌特征呈现北、中和南三个不同的区域：①北区海岸地区地貌类型复杂,岸外地貌较为简单,整体主要以较强的堆积作用而发育的地貌类型为特色；②中区在倾斜的海底发生沉积形成了现今本区岸外倾斜的堆积岸坡地貌,但其堆积作用明显较弱于北区；③南区地貌过程以侵蚀—堆积的复合作用为主。
(4)对研究区内特殊地貌体(包括闽江口水下三角洲、闽江口外潮流沙脊群、兴化湾潮流脊系、厦门港以南的海底沙丘及洼地等)的形成发育进行了分析和讨论。分析认为：①闽江口水下三角洲是在闽江断陷盆地河湾中,内、外营力的共同塑造下,在海平面波动与泥沙淤积的过程中发育形成的。②马祖列岛至白犬列岛之间海域发育的潮流沙脊并不是现代潮流动力直接作用结果,也不是晚更新世海退时就开始发育的,极大可能是冰后期海平面逐渐上升过程中,在水深大约2-8m的近岸环境中受潮流侵蚀而成。③地质构造奠定了兴化湾潮流脊系复杂的基底,而更新世致密而坚硬的沉积物充填于破碎的岛礁之间,形成了湾内原始地形。全新世后,随着大量河流物质和外海来沙,经现代潮流作用的改造,粗颗粒覆盖在水道边缘原始高地形区形成潮流沙脊。④南区大量海底沙丘地貌的形成应该经历了两个重要时期：一是在早全新世低海平面时期,本区论为滨海浅水区,受当时海洋动力影响形成了最初的海滩、水下沙坝或连岛沙坝；二是海平面上升后,遭受现代海流和风暴浪的作用,也接受者来自近岸和外海两种物源的不断供给,并在原海底沙坝或海滩基础上沉积和运移,伴随着沙波或波纹发育,形成现今海底侵蚀-堆积的地貌形态。⑤区内多处的海底礁石群都位于近岸岛屿与基岩海岸附近,为地质历时期,板块构造运动的碰撞形成基底隆起带。⑥泉州湾与湄洲湾外、镇海角外、白犬列岛与海坛岛之间海域的埋藏古河道正与现今福建沿岸的几大河流所对应,可能是冰期时这些河流向海推进的结果。
In this paper, submarine morphological characteristics and causes of Fujian Offshore with the macro-tidal environment were researched based on the the measured topographic data and theory of submarine morphology and dynamic geomorphology, used modern data processing techniques, quantitative analysis, combined with geological structure, hydrology, sediment, and other historical data or previous results,etc.
Some conclusions were made in this research, as follow:
(1) There are two second-grade geomorphological units, divided into coast geomorphology and continental shelf geomorphology from shore to sea, in the study area. Coastal geomorphology can be divided into the intertidal landscape and subaqueous slope:Intertidal landscape geomorphology are mainly composed of tidal shoal, beach, erosion platform and mangrove; Subaqueous slope can be divided into modern estuarine subaqueous delta, subaqueous accumulation slope, subaqueous erosion-accumulation slope, modern tidal sand ridges developed on the underwater slope, tidal ridge-trough system and tidal delta. Continental shelf geomorphology is mainly composed of shelf accumulation plain and shelf erosion-accumulation plain.
(2) Tectonic movement since Late Trias and sealevel change as a result of climate change since Late Pleistocene shaped the topographic and morphological basic pattern of the study area, besides sedimentary environment changes as a result of sealevel change played a vital role on morphological evolution. Hydrodynamic conditions such as river, tide, current, wave and storm surge etc since Holocene administer transportation and deposition of sediments in this area, shape the erosion and accumulation morphological characteristics, and control the size and spatial distribution of submarine morphology. Since the birth of mankind, especially after the industrial revolution, human activities played an important role on the morphological evolution.
(3) Study area can be divided into three regions:the North, the Middle and the South.①The North is characterized by the heavy accumulation geomorphologic types, with the complex and diverse morphology of the coast while the simple forms of offshore.②The Middle is characterized by the inclined subaqueous accumulation slope, with the accumulated effect was inferior to the North's.③The South is characterized by the erosion-accumulation morphological types.
(4) The typical geomorphologies, such as estuarine subaqueous, tidal sand ridges, tidal ridge-trough system, and submarine dunes etc, were researched. And the results as follow:①Minjiang River estuarine subaqueous is located on the delta fault subsidence basin, as a result of the whole processof the exogenetic and endogenetic, which developed in the process of sea-level fluctuations and sedimentation.②Tidal sand ridges developed on the sea area between Mazhu Islands and Baiquan Islands should not be the direct result of modern tide dynamic, also didn't develop on regression at Late Pleistocene. It was probably that formed due to the tidal erosion during the process of the post-glacial sea-level rise, with the offshore environment at the depth of2～8m.③Tectonic movement shaped the basic pattern of tidal ridge-trough system in Xinghua Bay, and the original terrain formed as a result of filling in the the broken reefs with the dense and hard Pleistocene deposits. With a mass of river and offshore sediments since Holocene, the coarse deposits covered the original slopping topographies by the edge of waterways in the process of modern tidal effect, which was result in the formation of tidal ridges.④The large-scale submarine dunes of the South should be experienced two important evolutive periods: During the period of low sea-level in early Holocene, this region changed into the coastal shoal water, where developed the original beach, submarine sandbank, and tombolo under the ocean dynamics; Under the modern ocean currents and storm waves yet, sediments from coast and broad sea happened deposition and migration at submarine sandbank or beach, with the development of sand ripple or grain, resulted in the erosion-accumulation geomorphological features at present.⑤Numbers of underwater reefs were seen near the inshore islands and rocky coast in the study area, as a result of the collision and basement uplift on tectonic movement in the geological history.⑥Paleochannels at offshores of Quanzhou Bay, Meizhou Bay, and in the sea area between Baiquan Islands and Haitan Island are corresponding to the several main rivers along the coast of Fujian, such as Minjiang River, Jinjiang River and Jiulongjiang River, which were result of developing seaward of these rivers during the ice ages.
引文
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