固体氧化物燃料电池发电系统动态建模与控制
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摘要
固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC)发电技术以其环保高效的特性而具有广阔的应用前景和重大的研究意义。SOFC发电系统的热电特性的有效管理与控制是系统安全、长寿命、高效率运行的重要保障。为此，本文以千瓦级纯氢平板式SOFC独立发电系统为研究对象，从热电两方面深入地进行了动态建模与控制研究。
在热方面：首先，本文提出了一种结构新颖、易于电堆空间温度管理的SOFC系统结构，并采用模块化的建模方法搭建了面向热管理的系统动态模型。其次，基于系统模型对系统进行了面向控制的稳态分析与优化，探索出了系统效率最优点与最优操作参数之间的内在规律，并优化出了在整个输出功率范围内系统效率最优值和对应的最优操作参数值。优化结果与同行的结果相比，无论是系统效率还是电堆工作温度的安全性均有明显的提高。然后，本文通过开环动态响应分析发现热管理系统具有多变量、强耦合、非线性和大惯性等特性。为了应对这些复杂特性，本文通过相对增益阵选定了最优的控制变量对，并设计了单神经元自适应PID反馈控制器以有效地克服系统的强耦合、非线性和大惯性的特性。同时还针对电堆电流的高频干扰作用基于最优操作参数设置了前馈补偿器，从而设计出具有强鲁棒性且易于工程实现的多变量解耦控制策略。最后，本文以稳态优化结果为最优控制目标，通过仿真研究验证了多变量解耦控制策略的有效性和高效性。在任意输出功率点，热管理控制系统都能使系统温度安全且效率最优，从而为SOFC电特性的控制奠定了坚实的基础。
在电方面：本文在电化学阻抗谱实验过程中发现了SOFC三相界面处双电层的分数阶特性，由此大胆地跳出整数阶领域在分数阶领域搭建了SOFC电特性的分数阶动态模型。该分数阶模型较传统的整数阶模型有更高的建模精度，从而为SOFC输出功率的控制设计提供了精确性高的数学模型。但将分数阶模型用于相关控制设计时，其存在数据存储量大、运算时间长、难以工程实现的缺陷。为此，本文提出了一种面向控制的分数阶微分的快速数值计算方法——恒权重记忆法。与经典的短记忆法和变步长记忆法相比，恒权重记忆法数据存储量小、运算时间短且计算精度更高，很好地满足了分数阶控制系统设计与实现的要求。在此基础上，本文针对SOFC输出功率的非线性以及电堆电流变化幅度不能过大的限制，设计了一种很有创意的带约束的自适应广义预测控制策略。与传统PID和单神经元自适应PID控制策略相比，无论是功率跟踪的快速性还是电堆的温度安全性，本文所设计的广义预测控制策略均要更优。
总之，本文通过动态建模、稳态优化分析与控制设计实现了SOFC独立发电系统热电特性的有效管控，提高了系统的使用寿命和运行效率。
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have many advantages given their lowemissions and high efficiency, so they are an attractive alternative for a great many ofpower applications. For the improvement of the safety, lifetime, and efficiency of SOFCsystems, the management and control about the thermal and electrical characteristics ofthe system are greatly important issues. Therefore, this research focuses on the dynamicmodeling and control for a kW scale pure hydrogen planar SOFC stand-alone system inthe perspective of thermal and electrical characteristics.
On the one hand, the research is addressed in the perspective of thermalcharacteristics. Firstly, a novel SOFC system is proposed which is helpful for the controlof the stack spatial temperature, and an oriented thermal management dynamic model ofthe system is developed. Secondly, On the basis of the dynamic model, the steady stateanalysis and optimization of the system are explored in detail. The optimal systemefficiencies and operating parameters are obtained for all output power points. The systemefficiencies and stack operating temperatures optimized in the study are better than thosereported in literatures. Thirdly, the open-loop dynamics of the system is also conducted,and it is revealed that the system is a multi-variable, coupling, nonlinear, and delay system.In the context, a multi-variable decoupling control system with feedforward-feedbackcontrol structure is designed based on single neuron adaptive PID control algorithms. Inthe control system, the optimal input-output pairings are selected by using the relative gainarray (RGA) of the system, and three feedforward compensators are developed to rejectthe strong disturbance of stack current. Additionally, the single neuron adaptive PIDcontrollers have perfect robustness for the coupling, nonlinear, and delay behaviors of thesystem. Finally, through simulation, it is demonstrated that the control system canmaximize the system efficiency and ensure temperature safety at any output power point,which is a solid foundation for the control of SOFC electrical characteristics.
On the other hand, the research is conducted in the perspective of electricalcharacteristics. During electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments, a surprising fact was discovered that the electrical double layer in SOFC triple phaseboundary (TPB) has fractional order dynamic behavior. Therefore, a fractional orderdynamic model of SOFC electrical characteristics is proposed based on fractionalderivatives theory. The fractional order model has greater accuracy than conventionalinteger order models, so the fractional order model is an attractive model for the controlsynthesis of SOFC electrical characteristics. However, when factional order model is usedfor control design, the numerical solution of fractional derivatives is a bottleneck as itslarge computation burden. To overcome the bottleneck, an equal weight memory principleis proposed in the research. Compared to short memory and variable memory principles,the equal weight memory principle has higher accuracy and less computation burden,which is satisfying for control design. And then, On the basis of the fractional orderdynamic model, an adaptive generalized predictive control (AGPC) algorithm is designedpaying special attention to the nonlinear behavior of SOFC output power and theconstraints on stack current. The simulation results demonstrate that the dynamicresponses of the AGPC system are quick and smooth, and the stack is temperature safetyfor the change of the current is slow and smooth. By comparison, conventional PID andsingle neuron adaptive PID algorithms can not reach those goals.
To sum up, in this research the management and control of the thermal and electricalbehaviors of SOFC systems are well explored, and the efficiency and lifetime of thesystem are greatly improved.
在热方面：首先，本文提出了一种结构新颖、易于电堆空间温度管理的SOFC系统结构，并采用模块化的建模方法搭建了面向热管理的系统动态模型。其次，基于系统模型对系统进行了面向控制的稳态分析与优化，探索出了系统效率最优点与最优操作参数之间的内在规律，并优化出了在整个输出功率范围内系统效率最优值和对应的最优操作参数值。优化结果与同行的结果相比，无论是系统效率还是电堆工作温度的安全性均有明显的提高。然后，本文通过开环动态响应分析发现热管理系统具有多变量、强耦合、非线性和大惯性等特性。为了应对这些复杂特性，本文通过相对增益阵选定了最优的控制变量对，并设计了单神经元自适应PID反馈控制器以有效地克服系统的强耦合、非线性和大惯性的特性。同时还针对电堆电流的高频干扰作用基于最优操作参数设置了前馈补偿器，从而设计出具有强鲁棒性且易于工程实现的多变量解耦控制策略。最后，本文以稳态优化结果为最优控制目标，通过仿真研究验证了多变量解耦控制策略的有效性和高效性。在任意输出功率点，热管理控制系统都能使系统温度安全且效率最优，从而为SOFC电特性的控制奠定了坚实的基础。
在电方面：本文在电化学阻抗谱实验过程中发现了SOFC三相界面处双电层的分数阶特性，由此大胆地跳出整数阶领域在分数阶领域搭建了SOFC电特性的分数阶动态模型。该分数阶模型较传统的整数阶模型有更高的建模精度，从而为SOFC输出功率的控制设计提供了精确性高的数学模型。但将分数阶模型用于相关控制设计时，其存在数据存储量大、运算时间长、难以工程实现的缺陷。为此，本文提出了一种面向控制的分数阶微分的快速数值计算方法——恒权重记忆法。与经典的短记忆法和变步长记忆法相比，恒权重记忆法数据存储量小、运算时间短且计算精度更高，很好地满足了分数阶控制系统设计与实现的要求。在此基础上，本文针对SOFC输出功率的非线性以及电堆电流变化幅度不能过大的限制，设计了一种很有创意的带约束的自适应广义预测控制策略。与传统PID和单神经元自适应PID控制策略相比，无论是功率跟踪的快速性还是电堆的温度安全性，本文所设计的广义预测控制策略均要更优。
总之，本文通过动态建模、稳态优化分析与控制设计实现了SOFC独立发电系统热电特性的有效管控，提高了系统的使用寿命和运行效率。
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have many advantages given their lowemissions and high efficiency, so they are an attractive alternative for a great many ofpower applications. For the improvement of the safety, lifetime, and efficiency of SOFCsystems, the management and control about the thermal and electrical characteristics ofthe system are greatly important issues. Therefore, this research focuses on the dynamicmodeling and control for a kW scale pure hydrogen planar SOFC stand-alone system inthe perspective of thermal and electrical characteristics.
On the one hand, the research is addressed in the perspective of thermalcharacteristics. Firstly, a novel SOFC system is proposed which is helpful for the controlof the stack spatial temperature, and an oriented thermal management dynamic model ofthe system is developed. Secondly, On the basis of the dynamic model, the steady stateanalysis and optimization of the system are explored in detail. The optimal systemefficiencies and operating parameters are obtained for all output power points. The systemefficiencies and stack operating temperatures optimized in the study are better than thosereported in literatures. Thirdly, the open-loop dynamics of the system is also conducted,and it is revealed that the system is a multi-variable, coupling, nonlinear, and delay system.In the context, a multi-variable decoupling control system with feedforward-feedbackcontrol structure is designed based on single neuron adaptive PID control algorithms. Inthe control system, the optimal input-output pairings are selected by using the relative gainarray (RGA) of the system, and three feedforward compensators are developed to rejectthe strong disturbance of stack current. Additionally, the single neuron adaptive PIDcontrollers have perfect robustness for the coupling, nonlinear, and delay behaviors of thesystem. Finally, through simulation, it is demonstrated that the control system canmaximize the system efficiency and ensure temperature safety at any output power point,which is a solid foundation for the control of SOFC electrical characteristics.
On the other hand, the research is conducted in the perspective of electricalcharacteristics. During electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments, a surprising fact was discovered that the electrical double layer in SOFC triple phaseboundary (TPB) has fractional order dynamic behavior. Therefore, a fractional orderdynamic model of SOFC electrical characteristics is proposed based on fractionalderivatives theory. The fractional order model has greater accuracy than conventionalinteger order models, so the fractional order model is an attractive model for the controlsynthesis of SOFC electrical characteristics. However, when factional order model is usedfor control design, the numerical solution of fractional derivatives is a bottleneck as itslarge computation burden. To overcome the bottleneck, an equal weight memory principleis proposed in the research. Compared to short memory and variable memory principles,the equal weight memory principle has higher accuracy and less computation burden,which is satisfying for control design. And then, On the basis of the fractional orderdynamic model, an adaptive generalized predictive control (AGPC) algorithm is designedpaying special attention to the nonlinear behavior of SOFC output power and theconstraints on stack current. The simulation results demonstrate that the dynamicresponses of the AGPC system are quick and smooth, and the stack is temperature safetyfor the change of the current is slow and smooth. By comparison, conventional PID andsingle neuron adaptive PID algorithms can not reach those goals.
To sum up, in this research the management and control of the thermal and electricalbehaviors of SOFC systems are well explored, and the efficiency and lifetime of thesystem are greatly improved.
引文
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