美术馆竞争力研究
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摘要
美术馆作为人类文化资源的收藏与研究场所、文化艺术知识的教育与传播机构和文化产业发展不可或缺的重要组成部分,以及它所创造的巨大的社会效益和经济效益,已经越来越受到世界各国的普遍重视。各个国家的美术馆都在积极利用和开发馆内馆外的艺术资源,扩大自我影响,使美术馆逐渐成为当地的支柱产业。随着一些欧美美术馆全球战略的制定,欧美美术馆的触角已经开始伸向世界各地、抢占艺术资源、人才资源、空间资源并争夺观众,引发了当地文化艺术的嬗变,影响了当地人文社会的发展。因此,若想继续弘扬本土艺术理念与人文精神,必须积极发展我国美术馆,尽快缩短与其他强国美术馆的差距,进一步提升我国美术馆的竞争力。美术馆在社会民主进程、经济文化发展的过程中开始发挥越来越重要的作用,美术馆在自我生存与发展过程中如何实现自我价值,如何与其他美术馆竞争、与其他休闲文化组织与机构之间竞争,这些现实情况都亟待理论指导。
     本文正是基于这样的背景,将竞争力作为研究的切入点,对国内外关于美术馆的研究进行总结梳理,借鉴非营利组织、竞争力和精神经济学等诸多理论,分析了美术馆的构成和特征,探讨了美术馆竞争力的内涵与本质。在深入分析美术馆竞争力特征及其影响因素的基础上,揭示了美术馆竞争力的形成机理;美术馆竞争力的形成机理是美术馆内部因素和外部因素的统一,经过内外因素的相互作用,形成美术馆竞争力的三个层面,即基础竞争力、支持性竞争力、核心竞争力。
     遴选了美术馆界具有典型代表性的国外美术馆—美国的大都会艺术博物馆、英国的泰特美术馆、澳大利亚的维多利亚国立美术馆和新加坡国家美术馆,以及作为特案研究的美国古根海姆美术馆,分别概述了各馆的情况、分析了各馆的特色;通过选择典型美术馆,并分析相关竞争力内容,根据专家对美术馆竞争力体系指标的判断,构建出美术馆竞争力评价指标体系,通过构造层次并根据层次中各要素的重要性计算权重,验证过程中的合理性,再计算出各项要素的具体权重,根据权重计算总得分。结合大量美术馆数据,制定出美术馆竞争力评价体系打分标准,为权重计算提供数据依据;根据该体系与评分标准,研究我国美术馆的发展现状,以文化部《中国文化文物统计年鉴》相关统计内容和自行设计的《美术馆竞争力评价调查问卷》等为补充,对我国美术馆竞争力进行测度和评价。计算结果表明,我国美术馆竞争力属三等水平。最后,遵循美术馆竞争力的三个层面,分别提出提高美术馆基础竞争力、支持性竞争力和核心竞争力的具体方法,同时提出国家层面的建议措施。
     该研究成果为增强我国美术馆竞争力、进一步提高我国美术馆的社会效益和经济效益,实现美术馆充分利用各种资源,保持良好生存状态、实现美术馆自身价值、增强美术馆各项功能提供了科学的方法和建议。
As the human culture resources art museum collection and the research sites, knowledge education andcommunication of the cultural industry development institutions and an important part of, because it creates ahuge social benefits and economic benefits, already more and more get of each country universal attention. Worldmuseum was actively use and development, outside the art of resources, expand the self effects, resulting in artmuseum also has become a local pillar industry. With European and American countries in the global strategy forthe art gallery, European and American art museum's antenna has started to all over the world, preempted artresources, the human resources, spatial resources and the audience, caused the change of local culture and art, theinfluence of the development of the society, local culture local cultural consumption share of earning. Therefore,to adhere to the local art concept and the humanities spirit, must be positive development in the development ofthe art gallery, shorten and other powers as soon as possible the gap between the art gallery, and further improvethe competitiveness of China art museum. The museum in the social democratic process, economic and culturaldevelopment process began to play a more and more important role, the museum in the survival and developmentof self in the process of how to realize self-worth, how to and art gallery, and other leisure culture organizationsand institutions between competition, these phenomena are urgently need theoretical guidance.
     This paper based on this background, as the breakthrough point of the competitiveness of domestic andforeign art gallery, summarized the research comb, from the non-profit organization, competitiveness, andspiritual economics, and many other theories, this paper analyses the structure and characteristics of the art gallery,and probes into the connotation and essence of art gallery competitiveness. she analysis of the characteristics andthe art museum gallery competitive competitiveness based on the influence factors, and reveals thecompetitiveness of the formation mechanism of art museum; Gallery of the formation mechanism ofcompetitiveness is art gallery effect factors of the internal factors and external factors of unity, through theinteraction of internal and external factors, forming the competitiveness of art gallery three aspects, namely,supporting competitiveness, surface competitive core competitiveness.
     Select art museum has a typical representative of the world foreign art gallery: the United States of themetropolitan museum of art, the Tate's British and Australian Victoria national gallery and Singapore nationalgallery, as well as the case study of the United States, guggenheim museum, respectively summarizes each library,analyzes the characteristics of each library; By selecting the typical art museum, and analysis the correlationcompetitive content, according to experts in the judgment of the index system of competitive art gallery, constructgallery competitiveness evaluation index system, through the tectonic level and according to levels of theimportance of each factor calculating weight, the rationality of the validation process, then calculates the elementsof the specific weight, according to the total score of the weight calculation. Data on a gallery, make a gallerycompetition evaluation system scoring standards, to provide data weighting basis; According to the system andevaluation criterion, China's art museum's development present situation, the ministry of culture in the Chinesecultural relics statistics yearbook relevant statistics content and to design of the art gallery competitivenessevaluation questionnaire "for the supplement, competitiveness of China's art museum of measuring and evaluation.The calculation results show that the level of competitiveness in China art gallery, three classes. Finally, followthe competitiveness of art gallery three levels, improve surface were put forward art gallery, supportingcompetitiveness and competitiveness of the core competitiveness of the specific methods, and puts forward thenational level advice measures.
     The study results for strengthening our gallery, further improve the competitiveness of China art gallery,social benefits and economic benefits, and achieve art gallery, make full use of various resources, and maintain agood living status and realize their own value, and enhance the art museum gallery each function providesscientific methods and Suggestions.
引文
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