中国高技术产业集聚与技术创新互动研究
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摘要
产业集聚技术创新网络是在国家技术创新网络和区域技术创新网络基础上形成的。高技术产业集聚技术创新网络包括三个层次,它从内到外依次是核心网络层、中间网络层和外围网络层,它们通过各种正式和非正式的交流形成一个整体。核心网络层主要以企业为中心,连接供应商和客户、竞争性企业和互补性企业。中间网络层主要包括硬件基础设施、区域代理机构和公共服务机构三个方面。外围层要素包括地方政府、制度规制和外部资源。
高技术产业集聚与技术创新之间存在互动机制,产业集聚是技术创新的载体,技术创新推动产业集聚的形成与发展。产业集聚组织特性便于知识的交流,集聚了大量的创新资源,为技术创新提供了一个很好的发展平台,有利于规避创新风险。集聚区域内特有的创新文化和创新精神对技术创新起到巨大的推动作用,增强了集聚区域整体技术创新能力。
高技术产业和技术创新存在空间集聚特性,集聚水平较高;影响高技术产业空间集聚因素包括经济地理因素、新经济地理因素和政府政策三个方面。高技术产业集聚水平与技术创新投入、产出集聚水平呈现高度正相关性,并且存在一种自增强机制,有很强的社会根植性。应当从政府、产业集聚和企业三个层面促进高技术产业集聚与技术创新互动发展。
The technological innovation of industry agglomeration network is based on the technological innovation network of country and region. The technological innovation of high-tech industry agglomeration network includes three aspects which are the core network layer, the middle network layer and the outer-ring network layer from inner to the outside. They form a whole by formal and informal intercommunions. Focusing primarily on the enterprises, the core network layer links suppliers and customers as well as competitive and complementary enterprises. The middle network layer includes three mainly aspects: the hardware infrastructural facilities, regional agencies and public service organizations. The outer-ring network includes the local government, institutional regulations and external resources.
There're interactive mechanisms between the high-tech industrial agglomeration and technological innovation, in which the industrial agglomeration serves as the carrier of the technological innovation, whereas the technological innovation promotes the formation and development of industrial agglomeration. The organizational characteristic of industrial agglomeration facilitates knowledge exchange, and agglomerates large amount of the resource of innovation, which provides a good developing platform for the technological innovation, and helps avoiding innovative risks. The unique culture and enterprising within the agglomeration areas play an important role for prompting technological innovation, and strengthen the ability of overall technological innovation as well.
The high-tech industries and technological innovation are endowed with the comparatively high spatial agglomerating characteristic. There are three factors which affect the high-tech industries agglomeration, including the economic geographical factor, new economy geographical factor and government policy. Since the level of high-tech industrial agglomeration has a highly positive correlation with the technological innovation level of input and output, we should promote the development between the high-tech industrial agglomeration and the technological innovation from three aspects of the government, industrial agglomeration and the enterprise.
高技术产业集聚与技术创新之间存在互动机制,产业集聚是技术创新的载体,技术创新推动产业集聚的形成与发展。产业集聚组织特性便于知识的交流,集聚了大量的创新资源,为技术创新提供了一个很好的发展平台,有利于规避创新风险。集聚区域内特有的创新文化和创新精神对技术创新起到巨大的推动作用,增强了集聚区域整体技术创新能力。
高技术产业和技术创新存在空间集聚特性,集聚水平较高;影响高技术产业空间集聚因素包括经济地理因素、新经济地理因素和政府政策三个方面。高技术产业集聚水平与技术创新投入、产出集聚水平呈现高度正相关性,并且存在一种自增强机制,有很强的社会根植性。应当从政府、产业集聚和企业三个层面促进高技术产业集聚与技术创新互动发展。
The technological innovation of industry agglomeration network is based on the technological innovation network of country and region. The technological innovation of high-tech industry agglomeration network includes three aspects which are the core network layer, the middle network layer and the outer-ring network layer from inner to the outside. They form a whole by formal and informal intercommunions. Focusing primarily on the enterprises, the core network layer links suppliers and customers as well as competitive and complementary enterprises. The middle network layer includes three mainly aspects: the hardware infrastructural facilities, regional agencies and public service organizations. The outer-ring network includes the local government, institutional regulations and external resources.
There're interactive mechanisms between the high-tech industrial agglomeration and technological innovation, in which the industrial agglomeration serves as the carrier of the technological innovation, whereas the technological innovation promotes the formation and development of industrial agglomeration. The organizational characteristic of industrial agglomeration facilitates knowledge exchange, and agglomerates large amount of the resource of innovation, which provides a good developing platform for the technological innovation, and helps avoiding innovative risks. The unique culture and enterprising within the agglomeration areas play an important role for prompting technological innovation, and strengthen the ability of overall technological innovation as well.
The high-tech industries and technological innovation are endowed with the comparatively high spatial agglomerating characteristic. There are three factors which affect the high-tech industries agglomeration, including the economic geographical factor, new economy geographical factor and government policy. Since the level of high-tech industrial agglomeration has a highly positive correlation with the technological innovation level of input and output, we should promote the development between the high-tech industrial agglomeration and the technological innovation from three aspects of the government, industrial agglomeration and the enterprise.
引文
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[50][62]张同升,梁进社,宋金平.中国制造业省区间分布的集中与分散研究[J].经济地理,2005,25(3):315-320.
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[52]吴学花,杨蕙馨.中国制造业产业集聚的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2004(10):36-43.
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[55]尹希果,陈刚,潘杨.中国省际国有与非国有工业集聚比较研究--基于省际面板数据的实证分析[J].当代财经,2006(11):90-96.
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[2]胡珑瑛,叶元煦.高技术产业集群的动因分析[J].技术经济,2002(8):50-52.
[3]傅家骥.技术创新学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.87-91.
[4][19]孙沛东,徐建牛.国外产业集群技术创新研究综述[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2004,3(7):71-78.
[5]Von Hippel E.Sticky information and the locus of problem solving[J].Management Science,1994(4):429-439.
[6]Effie Kesidou,Henny Romijn.Do Local Knowledge Spillovers Matter for Development?-An Empirical Study of Uruguay's Software Cluster[C].Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies,The Netherlands Working Paper,2006(11 ):1-28.
[7]Carrincazeaux C,Lung Y,Rallet A.Proximity and Localization of corporate R&D activities[J].Research Policy,2001(30):777-789.
[8]Rui Baptista,Peter Swann.Do firms in clusters innovate more?[J].Research Policy,1998(27):525- 540.
[9]Bjorn T,Asheim,Arne Isaksen.Regional innovation systems:the integration of local 'sticky' and global 'ubiquitous' knowledge[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002(27):77-86.
[10]Camagni R.Innovation Networks:Spatial Perspectives[M].London:Beelhaven-Pinter,1991.221-242.
[11]Bramanti A,Maggioni M.A.The Dynamics of Milieux:The Network Analysis Approach[M].Edited by Patti R,Bramanti A,Gordon R."The Dynamics of Innovative Regions:The GREMI approach".Ashgate Publishing Ltd.31,1997:121-127.
[12]王缉慈.创新的空间--企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.75-86.
[13]王大洲.企业创新网络的进化与治理:一个文献综述[J].科研管理,2001(5):96-103.
[14]李勇刚.产业集群的技术创新机理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].大连:大连理工大学经济学院,2005.
[15]丘海雄,徐建牛.产业集群技术创新中的地方政府行为[J].管理世界,2004(10):36-46.
[16]Padmore T,Gibson H.Modelling systems of innovation:II.A framework of industrial cluster analysis in regions[J].Research Policy,1998(26):625-641.
[17]Cooke P.Regional Innovation Systems:General Finding and Some New Evidence form Biotechnology Clusters[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002(27):133-145.
[18]Radosevic.Regional Innovation Systems in Central and Eastern Europe:Determinants,Organizers and Alignments[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002(27):87-96.
[20]Sterberg R,Tamasy C.Munich as Germany' s No.l high technology region:empirical evidence,theoretical explanations and the role of small firm/ large firm relationships[C].1999,33(4):367-377.
[21]Cooke P,Urange MG,Etxebarria G.Regional innovation systems:Institutional and organizational dimension[J].Research Policy,1997(26):475-491.
[22]Hubert Schmitz,Bernard Musyck.Industrial Districts in Europe:Policy Lessons for Developing Countries?[J].World Development,1994,22(6):88-910.
[23]Rui Baptista,Peter Swann.Do firms in clusters innovate more?[J].Research Policy,1998(27):525- 540.
[24]Gregersen B,Johnson B.Learning Economies,innovation systems and European integration[J].Regional Studies,2001(31):479-490.
[25]Audretsch D B,Feldman M P.R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production[J].American Economic Review,1996(86):630-640.
[26]Jaffe A,Trajtenberg M,Henderson R.Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1993,108(3):577-598.
[27]Eaton J.and S.Kortum.Trade in Ideas:Patenting and Productivity in the OECD[J].Journal of International Economics,1996(40):251-278.
[28]Feldman M P.The Geography of innovation[M].London:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1994.156-178.
[29]梁琦,詹亦军.制造业集聚与技术进步和产业升级:来自长三角的证据[J].经济理论与经济管理,2006(1):56-62.
[30]Mccormick D.African enterprise clusters and industrialization:theory and reality[J].World Development,1999,27(9):1531-1551.
[31]Athreye S.Agglomeration and growth:a study of the Cambridge high-teeh cluster-Building High-Tech Cluster Silicon Valley and Beyond[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004.96-102.
[32]姚凯.论高技术产业的区位因素[J].外国经济与管理,1996(1):23-26.
[33]王缉慈.创新的空间--企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:75-86.
[34]盖文启.创新网络--区域经济发展新思维[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:133-145.
[35]蔡秀玲.“硅谷”与“新竹”区域创新环境形成机制比较与启示[J].亚太经济,2004(6):61-64.
[36]王铮,毛可晶,刘筱,等.高技术产业聚集区形成的区位因子分析[J].地理学报,2005,60(4):567-576.
[37]Krugman P.Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3):483-499.
[38]王子龙,谭清美,许箫迪.产业集聚水平测度的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2006(3):109-116.
[39]Glenn Ellison,Edward L.Glaeser.Geographic concentration in U.S manufacturing industries:a dartboard approach[J].NBER working paper series NO.4840.
[40]徐康宁,冯春虎.中国制造业地区性集中程度的实证研究[J].东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,5(1):37-42.
[41]梁琦.中国工业的区位吉尼系数--兼论外商直接投资对制造业集聚的影响[J].统计研究,2003(9):21-25.
[42]罗勇,曹丽莉.中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究[J].统计研究,2005(8):22-29.
[43]王兴元,孙平.高新技术产业集群创新体系“双钻石”框架模型[J].科技管理研究,2005(12):103-107.
[44]魏江.创新系统演进和集群创新系统构建[J].自然辩证法通讯,2004,26(1):48-55.
[45]刘琼芳.产业集群区域技术创新网络研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学商学院,2003.
[46]曾万平,唐冬.高新技术产业集群创新体系的构建研究[J].沿海企业与科技,2006(10):17-19
[47]Saxenian L.Regional advantage:Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128[M].Harvard Univerity Press,Cambridge,1994.28-36
[48]王兴元,孙平.高新技术产业集群创新体系“双钻石”框架模型[J].科技管理研究,2005(12):103-107.
[49]C Cindy Fan,Allen J Scott.Industrial Agglomeration and Development:A Survey of Spatial Economic Issues in East Asia and a Statistical Analysis of Chinese Regions[J].Economic Geography,2003,79(3):295 - 319.
[50][62]张同升,梁进社,宋金平.中国制造业省区间分布的集中与分散研究[J].经济地理,2005,25(3):315-320.
[51][54]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.34-45、81-86.
[52]吴学花,杨蕙馨.中国制造业产业集聚的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2004(10):36-43.
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