青海省木里煤田江仓矿区地质生态环境风险评价
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摘要
木里煤田江仓矿区是青海省祁连山大型煤炭基地之一,该地区蕴藏着丰富的煤炭资源,开采潜力巨大。同时,它也处于青藏高原典型的生态脆弱区,区内多分布着大片冻土和高寒草甸等湿地植被,自然生态环境原始,区域生态有其敏感和脆弱的特点,易遭破坏,难于恢复。江仓矿区目前由于存在煤炭开采无序、缺乏统一管理和规划、不注重环境保护等缺点,对当地脆弱的地质生态环境己造成了一些破坏。因此,开展矿区地质生态环境研究及评价就显得尤为迫切和重要。
本文在资料搜集和对江仓矿区实地调查的基础上,分析了矿区的区域地质环境状况以及环境的脆弱性,通过采集水土样进行化学分析、开展冻土浅层地温测试、采用遥感技术研究植被覆盖度变化等科学手段综合分析了煤炭开采对矿区环境的影响。基于对以上内容的分析,本文从煤炭开采影响力和敏感脆弱的地质生态环境相互作用的角度出发,提出了矿区地质生态环境风险评价的定义及模型方法,该理论方法具有创新性。根据该理论选取了采矿活动、环境影响、区域地质环境、地质生态环境4个要素指标以及开采方式、开采强度等10个单指标,由此就构建了矿区地质生态风险评价指标体系。通过咨询专家并借鉴相关矿区评价标准所得的结果,将每个评价指标按三个等级进行了评价划分和分级量化,采用层次分析法计算确定了各评价指标的权重。最后利用Map GIS技术对评价单元做了划分并借助空间分析功能以及属性库运算功能完成了矿区地质生态环境风险评价和分区。
评价结果显示：江仓矿区地质生态环境高风险区共有7个,面积约415.35hm2,占研究区总面积的18.26%。该区主要分布于采坑、侵蚀融区含水层与断层的复合部位以及排土场与断裂的复合部位；中风险区共有2个,面积约673.33hmz,占研究区总面积的29.60%。该区主要分布于排土场、侵蚀融区含水层分布区以及生活建筑区；低风险区共有4个,面积约1186.26hm2,占研究区总面积的52.14%。该区主要分布于未开采的三井田以及井工开采区。评价结果总体符合客观实际情况,对矿区以后的建设和规划具有一定的指导意义。限于矿区地质生态环境问题的复杂性,本文所构建的评级指标体系可能还有不完善的地方,以后随着研究的深入会引入更多的评价指标来构建更全面的风险评级指标体系,从而使评价结果能更准确。
Jiangcang diggings of Muli coalfield is one of the big coal bases in Qilian Mountain, Qinghai province. There are abundant coal resource and massive exploitation potentiality. It is located in typical ecologically vulnerable area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where distributes a large area of permafrosts and wetland vegetation. The natural ecological environment is susceptible and fragile, easy to be damaged and hard to be recovered. There are so shortcomings of disorderly coal mining and planning that the local geo-ecological environment has been destroyed. In this scenario, doing research and evaluation on geo-ecological environment in diggings is quite urgent and significant.
The paper has analysed the areal environmental conditions and environmental vulnerability by data collected and field survey in Jiangcang diggings. Through chemical analysing of water and soil, testing ground temperature of superficial permafrost, researching change of vegetation coverage by remote sensing technology, the influence of coal mining has been analysed comprehensively. Based on these contents, the paper uses the interaction of coal mining influence and fragile of geo-ecological environment to present the definition and model methods of geo-ecological environmental risk assessment in diggings, which have the innovation in theoretical method. Mining activity, environmental implication and other indexes have been chosen to establish the risk evaluation index system. The single evaluation index has been divided into three grades and been quantized. The analytic hierarchy process has been used to calculate the weight of every evaluation index. The evaluation unit has been divided by Map GIS technology The risk assessment of geo-ecological environment and zoning in diggings has been accomplished by functions of the spatial analysis and attribute base operation.
The results of assessment are displayed as below:There are seven high risk areas in Jiangcang diggings, the area is about415.35hm2, which takes up18.26percent of total area. The areas mainly distribute in the mining pits, the compound part of tabetisol aquifer and faults, and the compound part of refuse dump and faults; There are two secondary risk areas with the area is about673.33hm2, which takes up29.60percent of the total area. They mainly distribute in the refuse dumps, tabetisol aquifer, and building zones; There are four low risk areas with the area is about1186.26hm2, which takes up52.14percent of the total area. They mainly distribute in the third well field which has not been exploited and the underground mining areas. The results overall correspond with the study area's practical conditions, and owe guiding significance for diggings'construction and planning. The index system may has defects because of complexity of geo-ecological environment in diggings. In order to make evaluation results more accurately, more and more evaluation indexs would be introduced to establish the more comprehensive risk evaluation index system in the future.
本文在资料搜集和对江仓矿区实地调查的基础上,分析了矿区的区域地质环境状况以及环境的脆弱性,通过采集水土样进行化学分析、开展冻土浅层地温测试、采用遥感技术研究植被覆盖度变化等科学手段综合分析了煤炭开采对矿区环境的影响。基于对以上内容的分析,本文从煤炭开采影响力和敏感脆弱的地质生态环境相互作用的角度出发,提出了矿区地质生态环境风险评价的定义及模型方法,该理论方法具有创新性。根据该理论选取了采矿活动、环境影响、区域地质环境、地质生态环境4个要素指标以及开采方式、开采强度等10个单指标,由此就构建了矿区地质生态风险评价指标体系。通过咨询专家并借鉴相关矿区评价标准所得的结果,将每个评价指标按三个等级进行了评价划分和分级量化,采用层次分析法计算确定了各评价指标的权重。最后利用Map GIS技术对评价单元做了划分并借助空间分析功能以及属性库运算功能完成了矿区地质生态环境风险评价和分区。
评价结果显示：江仓矿区地质生态环境高风险区共有7个,面积约415.35hm2,占研究区总面积的18.26%。该区主要分布于采坑、侵蚀融区含水层与断层的复合部位以及排土场与断裂的复合部位；中风险区共有2个,面积约673.33hmz,占研究区总面积的29.60%。该区主要分布于排土场、侵蚀融区含水层分布区以及生活建筑区；低风险区共有4个,面积约1186.26hm2,占研究区总面积的52.14%。该区主要分布于未开采的三井田以及井工开采区。评价结果总体符合客观实际情况,对矿区以后的建设和规划具有一定的指导意义。限于矿区地质生态环境问题的复杂性,本文所构建的评级指标体系可能还有不完善的地方,以后随着研究的深入会引入更多的评价指标来构建更全面的风险评级指标体系,从而使评价结果能更准确。
Jiangcang diggings of Muli coalfield is one of the big coal bases in Qilian Mountain, Qinghai province. There are abundant coal resource and massive exploitation potentiality. It is located in typical ecologically vulnerable area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where distributes a large area of permafrosts and wetland vegetation. The natural ecological environment is susceptible and fragile, easy to be damaged and hard to be recovered. There are so shortcomings of disorderly coal mining and planning that the local geo-ecological environment has been destroyed. In this scenario, doing research and evaluation on geo-ecological environment in diggings is quite urgent and significant.
The paper has analysed the areal environmental conditions and environmental vulnerability by data collected and field survey in Jiangcang diggings. Through chemical analysing of water and soil, testing ground temperature of superficial permafrost, researching change of vegetation coverage by remote sensing technology, the influence of coal mining has been analysed comprehensively. Based on these contents, the paper uses the interaction of coal mining influence and fragile of geo-ecological environment to present the definition and model methods of geo-ecological environmental risk assessment in diggings, which have the innovation in theoretical method. Mining activity, environmental implication and other indexes have been chosen to establish the risk evaluation index system. The single evaluation index has been divided into three grades and been quantized. The analytic hierarchy process has been used to calculate the weight of every evaluation index. The evaluation unit has been divided by Map GIS technology The risk assessment of geo-ecological environment and zoning in diggings has been accomplished by functions of the spatial analysis and attribute base operation.
The results of assessment are displayed as below:There are seven high risk areas in Jiangcang diggings, the area is about415.35hm2, which takes up18.26percent of total area. The areas mainly distribute in the mining pits, the compound part of tabetisol aquifer and faults, and the compound part of refuse dump and faults; There are two secondary risk areas with the area is about673.33hm2, which takes up29.60percent of the total area. They mainly distribute in the refuse dumps, tabetisol aquifer, and building zones; There are four low risk areas with the area is about1186.26hm2, which takes up52.14percent of the total area. They mainly distribute in the third well field which has not been exploited and the underground mining areas. The results overall correspond with the study area's practical conditions, and owe guiding significance for diggings'construction and planning. The index system may has defects because of complexity of geo-ecological environment in diggings. In order to make evaluation results more accurately, more and more evaluation indexs would be introduced to establish the more comprehensive risk evaluation index system in the future.
引文
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[3]Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, et al. Risk:Natural Hazards, Peopleps Vulnerability And Disasters [M]. London:Routledge,1994:18-27.
[4]Shook G. An assessment of disaster risk and its management in Thailand [J]. Disaster,1997,21(l):77-88.
[5]Devin L B, Hobba L J. Considerations for establishing flood mitigation priorities and appropriate level of adjust-ment(Australia) [C]//Proceedings of the Floodplain Management Conference Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service,1997:261-266.
[6]Fell R, Hartford D. Landslide Risk Management [C]//In:Cruden D. and Fell R.(eds.),Landslide Risk Assessment. Rotterdam:Balkema,1997:51-109.
[7]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992：74-85.
[8]汪敏,刘东燕.滑坡灾害风险分析研究[J].工程勘察,2001,169(2)：1-6.
[9]向喜琼,黄润秋.地质灾害风险评价与风险管理[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2000,11(1)：38-41.
[10]罗奇峰.都市灾害风险评估中的几个问题[A].全国首届灾害风险评估研讨会论文摘要集[C].1996.9.
[11]唐少卿,全美芳.略论自然灾害的风险评估[A].全国首届灾害风险评估研讨会论文摘要集[C].1996.9.
[12]Brabb E E, Panpeyan E H, Bonilla M G. Map of Landslide Susceptibility in San Mateo Country, California[M]. US Geological Survey,1972.:4-9.
[13]Finlay P J, RobinFell. Landslides:Risk perception and acceptance[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1997,34(2):169-188.
[14]Michael-Leiba M, Baynes F, Scott G, et al. Regional landslide risk to the Cairns community[J]. Natural Hazards,2003,30(2):233-249.
[15]Gupta R P, Joshi B C. Lands lided hazard zoning using the GIS approach-a case study from the Ramganga Catchment, Himalayas[J]. Engineering Geology,1990,28(2):125-135.
[16]Aleotti P, Chowdhury R. Landslide hazard assessment summary review and new perspectives[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2000,58(1):21-24.
[17]马寅生,张业成,张春山,等.地质灾害风险评价的理论与方法[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(1)：7-18.
[18]罗元华,张梁,张业成.地质灾害风险评估方法[M].北京：地质出版社,1998：32-58.
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