寒地稻作不同灌溉模式的节水及温室气体排放效应试验研究
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摘要
作为世界主要粮食作物之一的水稻,在其生产过程中面临着水资源日趋紧张及温室气体排放日渐增大的问题,成为学术界研究的热点,也是社会各界关注的焦点。
本文以寒地稻作为研究对象,采用理论分析、盆栽试验、大田试验及综合评价等方法对寒地稻区现行的具有代表性的四种灌溉模式的节水及温室气体排放效应进行了较为系统的分析研究。
在大田试验与盆栽试验的基础上,较为全面地分析了控制灌溉、湿润灌溉、间歇灌溉及淹灌对水稻生物量、天然降水利同率、水分利同效率及灌溉水利同率的影响,分析了不同灌溉模式的CH4及N2O的排放规律,并就其中一些影响CH4及N20排放的因素进行了分析,评估了不同灌溉模式的温室效应。采用基于RAGA的PPC模型进行评价,为进一步筛选适合寒地黑土稻作区的环境友好型节水技术提供理论依据。
主要研究结论如下：
1.从单位水量来看,控灌能够获得较高的产量,间灌和湿润灌溉居中,淹灌最低。水分利用效率分析表明,控灌效率最高,灌溉水生产效率为2.59kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.55kg·m-3；间灌次之,灌溉水生产效率为2.22kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.40kg·m-3;湿润灌再次之,灌溉水生产效率为1.93kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.22kg·m-3；淹灌最低,灌溉水生产效率为1.38kg·m-3,水分生产效率为0.97kg·m-3。
2.有效降雨量在水稻耗水量中的比例,控灌水稻有效雨量所占比重最大达到40.05%,淹灌最小为29.55%,湿润灌溉和间歇灌溉居中,分别为36.48%和36.96%；在天然降水利同率方面,淹灌为83.51%,控制灌溉为72.05%,湿润灌溉为89.32%,间歇灌溉为76.93%。
3.在水稻全生育期内,淹灌模式下的CH4排放量最大,间歇灌溉次之,湿润灌溉再次之,控制灌溉最小。淹灌模式下的水稻CH4平均排放通量为2.49mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为6.46g·m-2,温室效应1356.51kgCO2·ha-1；间歇灌溉模式下的水稻CH4平均排放通量为2.11mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为5.47g·m-2,温室效应1149.52kgCO2·ha-1；湿润灌溉模式下水稻CH4平均排放通量为1.36mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为3.52g·m-2,温室效应739.18kgCO2·ha-1；控制灌溉模式下水稻CH4平均排放通量为0.97mg·m-2·h-1,CH4累积排放量为2.51g·m-2,温室效应526.49kgCO2·ha-1
4.在水稻全生育期内,控制灌溉模式下的N2O排放量最大,间歇灌溉次之,湿润灌溉居三,淹灌最小。控制灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为29.71μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为77.01mg·m-2,温室效应为238.72kgCO2·ha-1；间歇灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为26.53μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为68.47mg·m-2,温室效应为213.19kgCO2·ha-1；湿润灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为26.14μg·m-1·h-1,累积排放通量为67.761mg·m-2,温室效应为210.16kgCO2·ha-1:淹灌模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为14.23μg·m-2.h-1,累积排放通量为36.88mg·m-2,温室效应为114.32kgCO2·ha-1。
5.除湿润灌溉外,其他三种灌溉模式CH4排放通量峰值均在分蘖期出现,湿润灌溉则较之滞后,在拔孕期出现;N2O排放呈现明显的双峰特征,四种灌溉模式下的稻田均在分蘖期和黄熟期出现峰值；较淹灌而言,控制灌溉、湿润灌溉及间歇灌溉三种模式均能有效抑制温室气体的排放并降低CH4与N2O总的温室效应。
本文创新点主要有以下两点：
1.通过盆栽试验和SWBM理论计算不同灌溉模式的天然降水利用率,明确给出两种计算方法。
2.在我国高寒地区开展了寒地水稻温室气体排放试验研究,提出了不同灌溉模式的温室气体排放成果,填补了寒地水稻温室气体排放数据的空白。
As one of the major food crops in the world, rice production faces two problems:shortage of water resources and increasing greenhouse gas emission. It is focus for both academic research and social communities concern.
It chose rice crop in cold area to research on the water-saving effect and greenhouse effect of different irrigation modes by using therorical analysises、barrel experiments、field experiments and comprehensive evaluation.
Based on field experiment and barrel experiment, it comprehensively analyzed the rice biomass、utilization of precipitation、WUE and irrigation water use efficiency under control irrigation、wet irrigation、intermittent irrigation and flood irrigation. It studied CH4and N2O emission regularity and discussed some factors affecting CH4and N2O emission, and assessed greenhouse effect of different irrigation modes. It used PPC based on RAGA to evaluate the different irrigation modes to further choose environmental-friendly water-saving technology which fits to rice in cold area.
The main conclusions are following:
1.Using same amount of water, rice with control irrigation mode can get much higher yield, flood irrigation lowest. Under control irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is2.59kg·m-, water use efficiency is1.55kg·m-3; under intermittent irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is2.22kg·m-3, water use efficiency is1.40kg·m-3; under wet irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is1.93kg·m-3, water use efficiency is1.22kg·m-3; under flood irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is1.38kg·m-3, water use efficiency is0.97kg·m-3.
2.As to as the proportion of effective rainfall in the rice consumption water, under control irrigation, it is40.05%, flood irrigation29.55%, wet irrigation36.48%, intermittent irrigation36.96%;as to as utilization of precipitation, flood irrigation mode is83.51%, control irrigation mode is72.05%, wet irrigation mode is89.32%, intermittent irrigation is76.93%.
3.In the whole growth period, under flood irrigation CH4emission amount is highest, control irrigation lowest. Under flood irrigation, CH4emission flux was2.49mg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was6.46g·m-2,greenhouse effect is1356.51kgCO2·ha-1; under intermittent irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was2.11mg·m-2·h-1, accumulated emission was5.47g·m-2,greenhouse effect is1149.52kgCO2·ha-1; under wet irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was1.36mg·m-2·h-1, accumulated emission was3.52g·m-2,greenhouse effect is739.18kgCO2·ha-1under control irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was0.97mg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was2.51g·m-2,greenhouse effect is526.49kgCO2·ha-1.
4.In the whole growth period, under control irrigation N2O emission amount is highest, flood irrigation lowest. Under control irrigation, N2O emission flux was29.71μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was77.01mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is238.72kgCO2·ha-1; under intermittent irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was26.53μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was68.47mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is213.19kgCO2·ha-1; under wet irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was26.14μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was67.76mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is210.16kgCO2·ha-1; under flood irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was14.23μg·m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was36.88mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is114.32kgCO2·ha-1.
5.Except for wet irrigation mode, under the other irrigation modes, CH4emission flux peak appeared in tillering stage, under wet irrigation mode, CH4emission flux peak appeared in jointing-booting stage; N2O emission had obvious two peak characteristic, the peak emission appeared in tillering stage and ripening stage; compared with flood irrigation mode, control irrigation、wet irrigation and intermittent irrigation can suppress greenhouse gas emission and reduce the total greenhouse effect of CH4and N2O.
The innovation points are following:
1.Two methods were used to calculate rainfall use utilization efficiency which refers to experiment and theory calculation;
2.It did greenhouse gases emission experiments for paddy rice in cold area and gave the greenhouse gases emission data which filled in the blanks of greenhouse gases emission data for paddy rice in cold area.
本文以寒地稻作为研究对象,采用理论分析、盆栽试验、大田试验及综合评价等方法对寒地稻区现行的具有代表性的四种灌溉模式的节水及温室气体排放效应进行了较为系统的分析研究。
在大田试验与盆栽试验的基础上,较为全面地分析了控制灌溉、湿润灌溉、间歇灌溉及淹灌对水稻生物量、天然降水利同率、水分利同效率及灌溉水利同率的影响,分析了不同灌溉模式的CH4及N2O的排放规律,并就其中一些影响CH4及N20排放的因素进行了分析,评估了不同灌溉模式的温室效应。采用基于RAGA的PPC模型进行评价,为进一步筛选适合寒地黑土稻作区的环境友好型节水技术提供理论依据。
主要研究结论如下：
1.从单位水量来看,控灌能够获得较高的产量,间灌和湿润灌溉居中,淹灌最低。水分利用效率分析表明,控灌效率最高,灌溉水生产效率为2.59kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.55kg·m-3；间灌次之,灌溉水生产效率为2.22kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.40kg·m-3;湿润灌再次之,灌溉水生产效率为1.93kg·m-3,水分生产效率为1.22kg·m-3；淹灌最低,灌溉水生产效率为1.38kg·m-3,水分生产效率为0.97kg·m-3。
2.有效降雨量在水稻耗水量中的比例,控灌水稻有效雨量所占比重最大达到40.05%,淹灌最小为29.55%,湿润灌溉和间歇灌溉居中,分别为36.48%和36.96%；在天然降水利同率方面,淹灌为83.51%,控制灌溉为72.05%,湿润灌溉为89.32%,间歇灌溉为76.93%。
3.在水稻全生育期内,淹灌模式下的CH4排放量最大,间歇灌溉次之,湿润灌溉再次之,控制灌溉最小。淹灌模式下的水稻CH4平均排放通量为2.49mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为6.46g·m-2,温室效应1356.51kgCO2·ha-1；间歇灌溉模式下的水稻CH4平均排放通量为2.11mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为5.47g·m-2,温室效应1149.52kgCO2·ha-1；湿润灌溉模式下水稻CH4平均排放通量为1.36mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放量为3.52g·m-2,温室效应739.18kgCO2·ha-1；控制灌溉模式下水稻CH4平均排放通量为0.97mg·m-2·h-1,CH4累积排放量为2.51g·m-2,温室效应526.49kgCO2·ha-1
4.在水稻全生育期内,控制灌溉模式下的N2O排放量最大,间歇灌溉次之,湿润灌溉居三,淹灌最小。控制灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为29.71μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为77.01mg·m-2,温室效应为238.72kgCO2·ha-1；间歇灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为26.53μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为68.47mg·m-2,温室效应为213.19kgCO2·ha-1；湿润灌溉模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为26.14μg·m-1·h-1,累积排放通量为67.761mg·m-2,温室效应为210.16kgCO2·ha-1:淹灌模式下的水稻N2O平均排放通量为14.23μg·m-2.h-1,累积排放通量为36.88mg·m-2,温室效应为114.32kgCO2·ha-1。
5.除湿润灌溉外,其他三种灌溉模式CH4排放通量峰值均在分蘖期出现,湿润灌溉则较之滞后,在拔孕期出现;N2O排放呈现明显的双峰特征,四种灌溉模式下的稻田均在分蘖期和黄熟期出现峰值；较淹灌而言,控制灌溉、湿润灌溉及间歇灌溉三种模式均能有效抑制温室气体的排放并降低CH4与N2O总的温室效应。
本文创新点主要有以下两点：
1.通过盆栽试验和SWBM理论计算不同灌溉模式的天然降水利用率,明确给出两种计算方法。
2.在我国高寒地区开展了寒地水稻温室气体排放试验研究,提出了不同灌溉模式的温室气体排放成果,填补了寒地水稻温室气体排放数据的空白。
As one of the major food crops in the world, rice production faces two problems:shortage of water resources and increasing greenhouse gas emission. It is focus for both academic research and social communities concern.
It chose rice crop in cold area to research on the water-saving effect and greenhouse effect of different irrigation modes by using therorical analysises、barrel experiments、field experiments and comprehensive evaluation.
Based on field experiment and barrel experiment, it comprehensively analyzed the rice biomass、utilization of precipitation、WUE and irrigation water use efficiency under control irrigation、wet irrigation、intermittent irrigation and flood irrigation. It studied CH4and N2O emission regularity and discussed some factors affecting CH4and N2O emission, and assessed greenhouse effect of different irrigation modes. It used PPC based on RAGA to evaluate the different irrigation modes to further choose environmental-friendly water-saving technology which fits to rice in cold area.
The main conclusions are following:
1.Using same amount of water, rice with control irrigation mode can get much higher yield, flood irrigation lowest. Under control irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is2.59kg·m-, water use efficiency is1.55kg·m-3; under intermittent irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is2.22kg·m-3, water use efficiency is1.40kg·m-3; under wet irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is1.93kg·m-3, water use efficiency is1.22kg·m-3; under flood irrigation mode, irrigation water use efficiency is1.38kg·m-3, water use efficiency is0.97kg·m-3.
2.As to as the proportion of effective rainfall in the rice consumption water, under control irrigation, it is40.05%, flood irrigation29.55%, wet irrigation36.48%, intermittent irrigation36.96%;as to as utilization of precipitation, flood irrigation mode is83.51%, control irrigation mode is72.05%, wet irrigation mode is89.32%, intermittent irrigation is76.93%.
3.In the whole growth period, under flood irrigation CH4emission amount is highest, control irrigation lowest. Under flood irrigation, CH4emission flux was2.49mg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was6.46g·m-2,greenhouse effect is1356.51kgCO2·ha-1; under intermittent irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was2.11mg·m-2·h-1, accumulated emission was5.47g·m-2,greenhouse effect is1149.52kgCO2·ha-1; under wet irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was1.36mg·m-2·h-1, accumulated emission was3.52g·m-2,greenhouse effect is739.18kgCO2·ha-1under control irrigation mode, CH4emission flux was0.97mg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was2.51g·m-2,greenhouse effect is526.49kgCO2·ha-1.
4.In the whole growth period, under control irrigation N2O emission amount is highest, flood irrigation lowest. Under control irrigation, N2O emission flux was29.71μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was77.01mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is238.72kgCO2·ha-1; under intermittent irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was26.53μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was68.47mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is213.19kgCO2·ha-1; under wet irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was26.14μg· m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was67.76mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is210.16kgCO2·ha-1; under flood irrigation mode, N2O emission flux was14.23μg·m-2· h-1, accumulated emission was36.88mg·m-2,greenhouse effect is114.32kgCO2·ha-1.
5.Except for wet irrigation mode, under the other irrigation modes, CH4emission flux peak appeared in tillering stage, under wet irrigation mode, CH4emission flux peak appeared in jointing-booting stage; N2O emission had obvious two peak characteristic, the peak emission appeared in tillering stage and ripening stage; compared with flood irrigation mode, control irrigation、wet irrigation and intermittent irrigation can suppress greenhouse gas emission and reduce the total greenhouse effect of CH4and N2O.
The innovation points are following:
1.Two methods were used to calculate rainfall use utilization efficiency which refers to experiment and theory calculation;
2.It did greenhouse gases emission experiments for paddy rice in cold area and gave the greenhouse gases emission data which filled in the blanks of greenhouse gases emission data for paddy rice in cold area.
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