岩体稳定性的声发射监测研究
|
摘要
对大红山铜矿岩样进行了单轴压缩和劈裂实验,研究岩样在加载过程中的声发射特征。同时,对该矿2个盘区进行了采场顶板的声发射监测,探索岩体的破坏机理和预测破坏的方法。
从室内单轴压缩和劈裂实验中得知,多数岩样于加载初期的声发射相当活跃,随着荷载的增加,声发射率有所下降；当加载达到极限应力的80%-90%时,声发射活动剧烈,事件率和能率等参数数值猛烈增大,并在岩样破坏时声发射参数值达到最大。
现场声发射监测数据发现,在监测开始后的4个多月中,660中段50Ⅱ盘区声发射活动一直相对平静；3月6日至4月上旬声发射活动表现得极为活跃。现场观察发现,该盘区顶板西侧岩体已发生冒落,并于3月底垮通至上中段巷道。由此推断岩体稳定性状态与声发射参数密切相关。声发射率和能率等参数值前后变化不太明显的盘区顶板相对稳定；声发射能率突然增大,是前期的数十倍甚至上百倍,且持续时间长,具有这种声发射参数值变化特征的盘区顶板稳定性相对较差。
现场声发射监测信号的波谱分析发现,随着监测时间的推进,声发射信号主频有增大-降低-增大-降低(岩体局部冒落破坏)的变化过程。主频第二次降低后岩体有冒落的现象发生,且在岩体发生冒落期间接收到较多幅值较大以致削顶失真的声发射信号。
通过声发射监测可以推测岩体冒落发生的情况。声发射活动从平静到剧增且维持较长时间的变化,大量大幅值削顶失真声发射信号的长期出现,和声发射信号主频的第二次降低可视为岩体失稳的前兆信息。
In this paper, both compressive and Brazilian tests were performed with rock samples from Dahongshan copper mine, and investigation was conducted on the characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) during the loading process. In situ AE monitoring was also performed at some panels of the mine to explore both the failure mechanism of rock mass and the way of failure prediction.
The results showed from the uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tests that AE activities occur at the beginning of loading in most samples. As the load increases, the rate of AE events of the rock samples declined. Later AE activities appear frequently when the loading stress reaches 80% to 90% of the failure stress. At the moment of failure, the AE parameters reach maximum values.
AE activities from in situ monitoring data were relatively quiet at the first four months at panel 5011, level 660, while AE activities turned abrupt starts from 6th March and continued until beginning of April. Meanwhile, roof falling happened at the end of March at west part of the panel. It could be concluded from both the in situ monitoring data and the observation results that the rock mass stability is closely related with the AE activities. The stope roof without obvious changes of AE rate and energy rate is relatively stable. The increase of AE energy rate which reaches decade times even hundreds times sudently to that in before and holds a long time is less stable.
The spectrum analysis of AE signals obtained from in situ monitoring results was also investigated. With the conducting of the in situ monitoring, there is a rule that the main frequency of the AE signals increases at first, then decreases, increases again and decreases eventually. The second decrease of the main frequency shows that rock mass was damaged possibly and plenty of overflowing signals were received during failing of rock mass.
AE monitoring is a feasible way to predict failure of rock mass. The changes of AE activity from quiet state to long-term abrupt one, appearance of overflowing signals over a long period of time, and the second reduction of the main frequency of AE signals could be regarded as the forewarning for the failure of rock mass.
从室内单轴压缩和劈裂实验中得知,多数岩样于加载初期的声发射相当活跃,随着荷载的增加,声发射率有所下降；当加载达到极限应力的80%-90%时,声发射活动剧烈,事件率和能率等参数数值猛烈增大,并在岩样破坏时声发射参数值达到最大。
现场声发射监测数据发现,在监测开始后的4个多月中,660中段50Ⅱ盘区声发射活动一直相对平静；3月6日至4月上旬声发射活动表现得极为活跃。现场观察发现,该盘区顶板西侧岩体已发生冒落,并于3月底垮通至上中段巷道。由此推断岩体稳定性状态与声发射参数密切相关。声发射率和能率等参数值前后变化不太明显的盘区顶板相对稳定；声发射能率突然增大,是前期的数十倍甚至上百倍,且持续时间长,具有这种声发射参数值变化特征的盘区顶板稳定性相对较差。
现场声发射监测信号的波谱分析发现,随着监测时间的推进,声发射信号主频有增大-降低-增大-降低(岩体局部冒落破坏)的变化过程。主频第二次降低后岩体有冒落的现象发生,且在岩体发生冒落期间接收到较多幅值较大以致削顶失真的声发射信号。
通过声发射监测可以推测岩体冒落发生的情况。声发射活动从平静到剧增且维持较长时间的变化,大量大幅值削顶失真声发射信号的长期出现,和声发射信号主频的第二次降低可视为岩体失稳的前兆信息。
In this paper, both compressive and Brazilian tests were performed with rock samples from Dahongshan copper mine, and investigation was conducted on the characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) during the loading process. In situ AE monitoring was also performed at some panels of the mine to explore both the failure mechanism of rock mass and the way of failure prediction.
The results showed from the uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tests that AE activities occur at the beginning of loading in most samples. As the load increases, the rate of AE events of the rock samples declined. Later AE activities appear frequently when the loading stress reaches 80% to 90% of the failure stress. At the moment of failure, the AE parameters reach maximum values.
AE activities from in situ monitoring data were relatively quiet at the first four months at panel 5011, level 660, while AE activities turned abrupt starts from 6th March and continued until beginning of April. Meanwhile, roof falling happened at the end of March at west part of the panel. It could be concluded from both the in situ monitoring data and the observation results that the rock mass stability is closely related with the AE activities. The stope roof without obvious changes of AE rate and energy rate is relatively stable. The increase of AE energy rate which reaches decade times even hundreds times sudently to that in before and holds a long time is less stable.
The spectrum analysis of AE signals obtained from in situ monitoring results was also investigated. With the conducting of the in situ monitoring, there is a rule that the main frequency of the AE signals increases at first, then decreases, increases again and decreases eventually. The second decrease of the main frequency shows that rock mass was damaged possibly and plenty of overflowing signals were received during failing of rock mass.
AE monitoring is a feasible way to predict failure of rock mass. The changes of AE activity from quiet state to long-term abrupt one, appearance of overflowing signals over a long period of time, and the second reduction of the main frequency of AE signals could be regarded as the forewarning for the failure of rock mass.
引文
[1]秦四清,李造鼎,张倬元等.岩石声发射技术概论[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1993.
[2]王祖荫.声发射技术基础[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1989.
[3]张大伦,声发射技术在国外岩石工程中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报.4(1)：77-83.
[4]吕淑然.声学技术在大姚铜矿上Ⅱ盘区围岩稳定监测中的应用和研究[D].昆明工学院,1990.
[5]李典文.岩石工程中的声发射技术研究与应用现状[J].岩石混泥土测试技术新进展论文集.1990.
[6]REGINALD HARDY H J. Acoustic emission/microseismic activity: principles, techniques and geotechnical applications[M]. A.A.Balkema,2003.
[7]腾山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用,冯夏庭译[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1996.
[8]P. Gannea, A. Vervoorta, M. Wevers, Quantification of pre-peak brittle damage:Correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracturing[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2007,44:720-729.
[9]沈功田.中国声发射监测技术进展——学会成立25周年纪念[J].2003,25(6)：302-307
[10]尹贤刚.岩石声发射技术理论、实验与应用研究[D].中南大学,2006.
[11]刘威.岩体稳定性声发射预测预报新技术[D].西南科技大学,2006.
[12]樊明王等.采场顶板稳定性与采场顶板监测技术研究[J].2007.
[13]刘立强,马胜利,马瑾等.不同机构岩石标本声发射b值和频谱的时间扫描及其物理意义[J].地震地质,2001,4(23),481-191.
[14]曾正文,刘立强,马瑾等.岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义[J].地震地质,1995,1(17),7-11.
[15]唐春安,乔河,徐小荷等.矿柱破坏过程及其声发射规律的数值模拟[J]. 煤炭学报,1999,1(23),266-269.
[16]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2)：82-85.
[17]李庶林,毛建华,唐绍辉等.基于声发射参数的竖井围岩稳定性分析[J].中国有色金属学报,1998,8(2)：753-757.
[18]曹庆林,余可胜,桑玉发.采场冒顶灾害的声发射预报技术[J].中国有色金属学报,1996,6(2)：7-12.
[19]付鹤林,桑玉发.采场冒顶的声发射预测预报[J].岩土力学与工程学报,1996,15(2)：109-114.
[20]唐绍辉,桑玉发.用分维研究采场顶板失稳的声发射过程[J].中国有色金属学报,1997,10(3)：22-42.
[21]桑玉发,余克圣,毛建华.采场围岩稳定性监测与声发射定位技术[J].长江矿山研究院季刊.1992.12(1)：37-43.
[22]尹贤刚,李庶林.声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用[J].采矿技术,2002.4(2)：39-42.
[23]陈达力.岩石超声谱测试技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1994,1(13)：59-059.
[24]李建楼,严家平.频谱分析技术在煤体结构探测中的应用[J].煤炭科学技术,2009,37(8)：120-125.
[25]陆菜平,窦林明,吴兴荣等.岩体微震监测的频谱分析与信号识别[J].岩土工程学报,2005,7.
[26]应怀焦主编.波形和频谱分析与随机数据处理[M].中国铁道出版社,1983.
[27]李庶林,王泳嘉,唐海燕等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503.
[28]吴永胜,余贤斌.单轴压缩条件下岩石声发射特性的实验研究[J].金属矿山,2008,20(2)：82-85.
[29]王牛军,陈莉.声发射监测技术的原理及应用[J].陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报,2010,20(2)：41-43.
[30]李建楼,严家平.频谱分析技术在煤体结构探测中的应用[J].煤炭科学技术,2009,37(8)：120-125.
[31]O.H.扎伊切夫等.用声发射法评价矿房顶板和矿柱状态[J].1985,7,58-61.
[32]臧世勇,周昌达.大姚铜矿盘区稳定性研究与监测[J].昆明理工大学学报1998,23(6)：6-10.
[33]刘新平,刘英,陈璃.单轴压缩条件下岩石样品声发射信号的频谱分析[J].声学学报,1986,11(2)：80-87.
[34]郑治真主编.波谱分析基础[M].北京,地震出版社,1979.
[35]李庶林,王泳嘉,唐海燕等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503.
[36]杨国春,徐兵.应用声发射技术预测采场稳定性[J].铜业工程,2004,3：14-18.
[37]余贤斌,谢强,李心一等.直接拉伸、劈裂及单轴压缩试验下岩石的声发射特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(1)：137-142.
[38]徐东强,周昌达,许昭永.岩石试件刚度及压力机刚度对岩石主破裂前声发射相对平静的影响[J].地震研究,1994,17(8)：802-807.
[39]赵娜,王来贵,李建新等.采场顶板破坏机理探讨[J].第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集,2006,535-542.
[40]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕等.岩石破坏过程声发射特征研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(3)：9-11.
[41]V Rudajev,J. V.Ibelm,T.LoKa jecek, Loboratory studies of acoustic emission prior to uniaxial compression cock failure[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech Abstr.2000.37(4):699-704.
[42]罗鹏辉,余贤斌,邓琦.岩石劈裂实验声发射的特性研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2010,62(2),44-48.
[43]郑雨天译.国际岩石力学学会实验室和现场试验标准化委员会.岩石力学试验建议方法(上集)[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1982.
[44]中华人民共和国电力工业部、水利部.水利水电工程岩石试验规范[M]. 北京：水利电力出版社,1985.
[45]郑永学.矿山岩体力学[M].冶金工业出版社.1988.
[46]赵娜,王来贵,李建新,王洪.采场顶板破坏机理探讨[J].第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集,2006,535-542.
[47]李俊平.岩石(体)声发射特征综述[J].科技导报,2009,27(7)：90-96.
[48]张银平.岩体声发射与微震监测定位技术及其应用[J].工程爆破.2002.8(1)：57-61.
[49]唐绍辉,谭海燕.基于声发射参数的采场安全等级划分[J].有色金属学报.1998.8.(2)：749-751.
[50]孙新涛,王大坤.声发射法监测时岩石先期应力的可行性[J].淮南工学院学报.1999.19(3)：35-37.
[51]Li Shulin,Yu Keseng,Sang Yufa.Study on Stability of shaft Wall by Acoustic Emission Monitouring System[J]. Advances in Rock Mechanics, World Scientific,1998:90-100.
[52]M Mansurov V A Acoustic emission from failing rock behaviou.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering[J].1994.27(3):173-182.
[53]徐东强,周昌达,许昭永.岩石试件刚度及压力机刚度对岩石主破裂前声发射相对平静的影响[J].地震研究,1994,17(8)：802-807.
[54]李俊平.声发射技术在采矿工程中的应用[J].工业安全与防尘.2000,(1)：32-35.
[55]王宝山,黄志伟,谢本贤等.金属矿地下开采采场灾害预警系统的研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,2006,21(4)：4-9.
[56]张省军,刘建坡,石长岩等.基于声发射实验岩石破坏前兆特征研究[J].金属矿山,2008.386(8)：65-68.
[57]樊军伟,唐礼忠.声发射率和能率在岩石失稳破坏预测中的应用[J].金属矿山,2010.409(7)：140-143.
[58]袁子清,唐礼忠.岩爆倾向岩石的声发射特征试验研究[J].地下空间及工程学报,2008.4(1)：94-98.
[59]殷正刚,唐礼忠.岩石的声发射对比试验研究[J].矿山压力与顶板管理, 2005.4(1)：94-97.
[60]王源,刘松玉,谭跃虎等.九华山隧道爆破施工对明墙震动影响的监测与分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1)：3584-3589.
[61]余阳先,毛建华,罗一中等.铜坑锡矿东盘区采场的稳定性监测[J].矿业研究与开发,2000,20(3)：13-15.
[62]何建平.岩体声发射波形及噪声识别技术研究[D].西南科技大学.2007.
[63]王宁,韩志型,王月明等.评价岩体稳定性的声发射相对强弱指标[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(2)：190-192.
[2]王祖荫.声发射技术基础[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,1989.
[3]张大伦,声发射技术在国外岩石工程中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报.4(1)：77-83.
[4]吕淑然.声学技术在大姚铜矿上Ⅱ盘区围岩稳定监测中的应用和研究[D].昆明工学院,1990.
[5]李典文.岩石工程中的声发射技术研究与应用现状[J].岩石混泥土测试技术新进展论文集.1990.
[6]REGINALD HARDY H J. Acoustic emission/microseismic activity: principles, techniques and geotechnical applications[M]. A.A.Balkema,2003.
[7]腾山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用,冯夏庭译[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1996.
[8]P. Gannea, A. Vervoorta, M. Wevers, Quantification of pre-peak brittle damage:Correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracturing[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2007,44:720-729.
[9]沈功田.中国声发射监测技术进展——学会成立25周年纪念[J].2003,25(6)：302-307
[10]尹贤刚.岩石声发射技术理论、实验与应用研究[D].中南大学,2006.
[11]刘威.岩体稳定性声发射预测预报新技术[D].西南科技大学,2006.
[12]樊明王等.采场顶板稳定性与采场顶板监测技术研究[J].2007.
[13]刘立强,马胜利,马瑾等.不同机构岩石标本声发射b值和频谱的时间扫描及其物理意义[J].地震地质,2001,4(23),481-191.
[14]曾正文,刘立强,马瑾等.岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义[J].地震地质,1995,1(17),7-11.
[15]唐春安,乔河,徐小荷等.矿柱破坏过程及其声发射规律的数值模拟[J]. 煤炭学报,1999,1(23),266-269.
[16]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2)：82-85.
[17]李庶林,毛建华,唐绍辉等.基于声发射参数的竖井围岩稳定性分析[J].中国有色金属学报,1998,8(2)：753-757.
[18]曹庆林,余可胜,桑玉发.采场冒顶灾害的声发射预报技术[J].中国有色金属学报,1996,6(2)：7-12.
[19]付鹤林,桑玉发.采场冒顶的声发射预测预报[J].岩土力学与工程学报,1996,15(2)：109-114.
[20]唐绍辉,桑玉发.用分维研究采场顶板失稳的声发射过程[J].中国有色金属学报,1997,10(3)：22-42.
[21]桑玉发,余克圣,毛建华.采场围岩稳定性监测与声发射定位技术[J].长江矿山研究院季刊.1992.12(1)：37-43.
[22]尹贤刚,李庶林.声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用[J].采矿技术,2002.4(2)：39-42.
[23]陈达力.岩石超声谱测试技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1994,1(13)：59-059.
[24]李建楼,严家平.频谱分析技术在煤体结构探测中的应用[J].煤炭科学技术,2009,37(8)：120-125.
[25]陆菜平,窦林明,吴兴荣等.岩体微震监测的频谱分析与信号识别[J].岩土工程学报,2005,7.
[26]应怀焦主编.波形和频谱分析与随机数据处理[M].中国铁道出版社,1983.
[27]李庶林,王泳嘉,唐海燕等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503.
[28]吴永胜,余贤斌.单轴压缩条件下岩石声发射特性的实验研究[J].金属矿山,2008,20(2)：82-85.
[29]王牛军,陈莉.声发射监测技术的原理及应用[J].陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报,2010,20(2)：41-43.
[30]李建楼,严家平.频谱分析技术在煤体结构探测中的应用[J].煤炭科学技术,2009,37(8)：120-125.
[31]O.H.扎伊切夫等.用声发射法评价矿房顶板和矿柱状态[J].1985,7,58-61.
[32]臧世勇,周昌达.大姚铜矿盘区稳定性研究与监测[J].昆明理工大学学报1998,23(6)：6-10.
[33]刘新平,刘英,陈璃.单轴压缩条件下岩石样品声发射信号的频谱分析[J].声学学报,1986,11(2)：80-87.
[34]郑治真主编.波谱分析基础[M].北京,地震出版社,1979.
[35]李庶林,王泳嘉,唐海燕等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503.
[36]杨国春,徐兵.应用声发射技术预测采场稳定性[J].铜业工程,2004,3：14-18.
[37]余贤斌,谢强,李心一等.直接拉伸、劈裂及单轴压缩试验下岩石的声发射特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(1)：137-142.
[38]徐东强,周昌达,许昭永.岩石试件刚度及压力机刚度对岩石主破裂前声发射相对平静的影响[J].地震研究,1994,17(8)：802-807.
[39]赵娜,王来贵,李建新等.采场顶板破坏机理探讨[J].第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集,2006,535-542.
[40]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕等.岩石破坏过程声发射特征研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(3)：9-11.
[41]V Rudajev,J. V.Ibelm,T.LoKa jecek, Loboratory studies of acoustic emission prior to uniaxial compression cock failure[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech Abstr.2000.37(4):699-704.
[42]罗鹏辉,余贤斌,邓琦.岩石劈裂实验声发射的特性研究[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2010,62(2),44-48.
[43]郑雨天译.国际岩石力学学会实验室和现场试验标准化委员会.岩石力学试验建议方法(上集)[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,1982.
[44]中华人民共和国电力工业部、水利部.水利水电工程岩石试验规范[M]. 北京：水利电力出版社,1985.
[45]郑永学.矿山岩体力学[M].冶金工业出版社.1988.
[46]赵娜,王来贵,李建新,王洪.采场顶板破坏机理探讨[J].第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集,2006,535-542.
[47]李俊平.岩石(体)声发射特征综述[J].科技导报,2009,27(7)：90-96.
[48]张银平.岩体声发射与微震监测定位技术及其应用[J].工程爆破.2002.8(1)：57-61.
[49]唐绍辉,谭海燕.基于声发射参数的采场安全等级划分[J].有色金属学报.1998.8.(2)：749-751.
[50]孙新涛,王大坤.声发射法监测时岩石先期应力的可行性[J].淮南工学院学报.1999.19(3)：35-37.
[51]Li Shulin,Yu Keseng,Sang Yufa.Study on Stability of shaft Wall by Acoustic Emission Monitouring System[J]. Advances in Rock Mechanics, World Scientific,1998:90-100.
[52]M Mansurov V A Acoustic emission from failing rock behaviou.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering[J].1994.27(3):173-182.
[53]徐东强,周昌达,许昭永.岩石试件刚度及压力机刚度对岩石主破裂前声发射相对平静的影响[J].地震研究,1994,17(8)：802-807.
[54]李俊平.声发射技术在采矿工程中的应用[J].工业安全与防尘.2000,(1)：32-35.
[55]王宝山,黄志伟,谢本贤等.金属矿地下开采采场灾害预警系统的研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,2006,21(4)：4-9.
[56]张省军,刘建坡,石长岩等.基于声发射实验岩石破坏前兆特征研究[J].金属矿山,2008.386(8)：65-68.
[57]樊军伟,唐礼忠.声发射率和能率在岩石失稳破坏预测中的应用[J].金属矿山,2010.409(7)：140-143.
[58]袁子清,唐礼忠.岩爆倾向岩石的声发射特征试验研究[J].地下空间及工程学报,2008.4(1)：94-98.
[59]殷正刚,唐礼忠.岩石的声发射对比试验研究[J].矿山压力与顶板管理, 2005.4(1)：94-97.
[60]王源,刘松玉,谭跃虎等.九华山隧道爆破施工对明墙震动影响的监测与分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1)：3584-3589.
[61]余阳先,毛建华,罗一中等.铜坑锡矿东盘区采场的稳定性监测[J].矿业研究与开发,2000,20(3)：13-15.
[62]何建平.岩体声发射波形及噪声识别技术研究[D].西南科技大学.2007.
[63]王宁,韩志型,王月明等.评价岩体稳定性的声发射相对强弱指标[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(2)：190-192.