有机太阳能电池的电荷转移态等效电路和多重电荷分离界面研究
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摘要
有机太阳能电池以其原料来源广泛、制作工艺简单、成本低廉、耗能少、可制作柔性器件以及易于大规模生产等突出优势，成为第三代太阳能电池中重点研究和发展的对象。为了进一步提高有机太阳能电池效率突破15%，仍然需要对决定着有机太阳能电池光伏特性的电荷转移态（CT）激子加深理解和利用。本文的主要工作正是围绕着有机太阳能器件中光生激子的产生和转移以及CT激子的分离和复合等过程来建立完整的理论分析以及创新性的CT激子等效电路模型。并将其应用于光伏特性的机理研究以及指导器件性能和器件结构的优化。由此，本文的主要工作为以下五个部分：
1、详细研究了光伏器件中的四个光伏过程：激子的产生、激子的传输、激子的分离和载流子的收集，并给出了光生电流密度Jph完整的表达式。最后得出了提高电池光伏性能的几点基本要求：（1）合成高吸光系数和带隙为1.1eV~1.7eV的有机光敏材料，提高器件的光吸收；（2）提高有机材料的激子扩散长度可以增加激子的利用效率；（3）通过降低给体材料的HOMO能级以及提高受体材料的LUMO值可以直接地增加CT激子的禁带宽度，以及使CT激子的吸收谱蓝移，从而提高VOC；（4）降低CT激子的结合能以及加长结合半径可以提高激子的分离效率和JSC；（5）降低0-VOC区域光生电流密度Jph(V)的滚降可以促进电荷收集以及提高填充因子FF。
2、提出了能够有效仿真CT激子分离和复合过程的CT激子等效电路模型，且该部分工作是本论文的自主创新的核心，创新之处为：在传统的等效电路模型中新加入模拟CT激子行为的电子元件，其物理意义是：二极管Dext模拟CT激子的分离过程以及二极管Drec模拟CT激子的复合过程。接着，率先给出了CT激子等效电路模型中电子元件参数的提取方法。本论文使用该CT激子等效电路模型不仅能够用于仿真和模拟光伏器件的光电特性，还能够提取和解释器件的能量损失机制，从而为器件性能的优化提供最直接的参量指标。
3、解释了最基本的光敏层厚度优化的问题，并发现了基于单线态裂变特性器件的能量损失公式。本论文使用常规的并五苯/C60的平面异质结太阳能电池进行了厚度优化实验，得到了以下研究结果：（1）当厚度接近激子扩散长度LD~40nm时，激子的利用效率最高，光电流JSC达到最大；而当厚度超过LD时，CT激子的结合结合能Eb将会增加，这会减小激子的分离效率并导致JSC的降低。但是，Eb的增加会使VOC进一步提高，并能达到最高值。这也是从根本上解释了单纯通过优化主体光敏层厚度不能同时得到最优的JSC和最优的VOC的现象；（2）找到了实际测量的激子密度JP超过基于光学理论得到的光电流最大值P0R0的原因：并五苯分子具有单线态裂变的特性，能够直接增加器件的光电流值JP。因此，本论文提出了具有单线态裂变特性的光伏器件实际能量损失公式El oss=1β J P/P0R0，本文中修正因子β为1/1.5。
4、研究了阴极缓冲层的主要功能：光场调控、激子阻挡和有机保护层作用。首先，研究了不同BCP层对平面异质结CuPc/C60太阳能电池的光电特性的影响，得到了最优化的厚度约为10nm。其次，使用光学传输矩阵理论得出了BCP层作为光学间隔子作用，即BCP层的加入增强了有机薄膜中的光场分布以及提高了光吸收以及光生激子密度；基于激子运动理论解释了BCP层的激子阻挡层作用，即BCP层能够增加C60层中的激子利用率。接着，通过使用CT激子等效电路模型和Onsager-Braun理论详细分析了BCP层对电荷收集函数H(V)和电阻特性的影响。最后，通过缺陷态的机理分析得到了金属电极Ag对BCP的扩散厚度~11.4nm，也很好地解释了最佳厚度为10nm的原因。
5、研究了多重电荷分离界面MCS结构的太阳能电池，并率先提出适用于该结构的等效电路模型以及光生电流的分析方法。该工作也是本论文的自主创新的部分之一。本论文采用了多重电荷分离界面（MCS）的器件结构，并创新性地引入具有三线态激子的磷光染料(t-bt)2Ir(acac)和荧光染料Rubrene作为界面修饰层，使MCS器件的VOC和光电转换效率得到了有效地提高。接着，为了更加直接地仿真MCS器件中主体给体层与修饰层中CT激子在分离界面处的竞争关系，本论文提取出了适用于分析MCS器件的等效电路图，并结合光学传输矩阵理论对外量子效率进行了仿真分析，得到各个功能层中实际产生的光生电流值。本工作为将来采用单线态裂变的材料制备MCS器件奠定了坚实的等效电路和理论基础。
Organic solar cells become the important object on the research and developmentof third-generation solar cells due to their widely sources of materials, simpleproduction process, low cost, low energy consumption, flexibility, as well as large-scaleproduction. In order to further improve the power conversion efficiency exceeding15%,much afford are needed to deepen the understanding and use of charge transfer state(CT) exciton which determines the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells. Thus,the main research studies of this paper are establishing a theoretical analysis and CTexciton equivalent circuit model to simulate the generation and transportation ofphoto-induced excitons, as well as separation and recombination process of CT exciton.And these theories can be applied to analyse the photovoltaic mechanism and optimizethe device structure and photovoltaic properties. Thus, the main work include five partsas following:
1. A detailed study on the four photovoltaic processes of the OSCs: thegeneration of excitons, exciton transfer, exciton separation and collection of the carriers.And the full expression of photocurrent density Jph(V) has been given. Finally, somebasic requirements at improving photovoltaic performance have been summerizied:(1)synthesizing organic photosensitive materials with a low band gap of1.1eV,~1.7eV toenhance the optical absorption of OSCs;(2) improving the exciton diffusion length oforganic materials to increase the utilization efficiency of excitons;(3) lowering theHOMO level of donor materials and heightening the LUMO level of acceptors, whichcan directly increase the bandgap of CT exciton and lead to the blue shift of absorptionspectrum, and thereby improve the VOC;(4) reducing the CT exciton binding energy andlengthening the combined radiuscan can improve the separation efficiency of theexciton and JSC;(5) reducing the roll-off of photocurrent density Jph(V) within the0-VOCregion can facilitate charge collection, as well as improve the fill factor FF.
2. Proposed the CT exciton equivalent circuit model which can effectivelysimulate the CT exciton dissociation and recombination processes, and this part ofthe work is the core of independent innovations of this thesis. The explainations of CT circuit model are two electronic components added to simulate the CT exciton behaviorbased on the traditional equivalent circuit model, and their physical meanings are: diodeDextreflects the separation process and diode Drecpresents recombination process of CTexcitons. Then, the calculating method is given to extract the parameters of electroniccomponents in the equivalent circuit model. Thus, this circuit model is adopted tosimulate and modeling optical and electrical properties, and also capable of extractingenergy loss mechanisms and interpretation of the device, and finally provides the mostdirect indicator parameters for the optimization of device performance.
3. Explaining the basic optimization problem of thickness dependence ofphotosensitive layer, and finding out the energy loss formulas of OSCs based on thesinglet-fission materials. This thesis, thickness optimization has been carried out usingconventional pentacene/C60planar heterojunction solar cell, and several results wereobtained:(1) when the thickness of pentacene is close to the exciton diffusion length LD~40nm, the utilization efficiency of the exciton reach the highest level, and themaximum JSCcan be achieved; when the thickness exceeds the LD, the binding energy(Eb) of CT exciton would increase, and this will reduce the separation efficiency of theexciton, leading to the reduction of JSC. However, the increase of EBwould cause thefurther improve at VOC. This is the fundamental explaination of the phenomenon thatoptimal JSCand optimal VOCcan hardly obtained at the same time just by adjusting thethickness of photosensitive layer.(2) finding out the reason that the actual measuredvalues of exciton density JPexceed the maximum current P0R0based on the opticaltheory. Therefore, this paper presents a practical energy loss formulaEl oss=1β J P/P0R0of photovoltaic devices with singlet fission characteristics, and thecorrection factor β in this article is1/1.5.
4. Study of the main functions of cathode buffer layer: regulation of the lightfield, the exciton blocking, and organic protective layer effects. Firstly, the effect ofdifferent BCP layer on photoelectric characteristics of planar heterojunction CuPc/C60OSCs have been optimized thickness of about10nm. Secondly, the optical spacer effectof BCP layer has been discussed based on optical transmission matrix theory, i.e. theadded BCP layer can enhance optical field distribution in the organic thin film, as wellas improve the density of light absorption and excitons; the exciton-blocking effect wasalso explained based on the exciton transporting theory, i.e. the BCP layer can provent the exciton quenching at the C60/Ag interface, and thus, increase exciton utilization.Then, through the use of the the CT exciton equivalent circuit model and the theory ofOnsager-Braun, a detailed analysis of the BCP layer on the charge collection function H(V) and resistance characteristics have been carried out. Finally, diffusion thickness~11.4nm in the BCP layer when depositing Ag cathode was extracted through theanalysis of defect states, and also well explained the reason of optimal thickness at10nm.
5. Study of OSCs with a multi-charge separating (MCS) interfaceconfiguration, and the equivalent circuit model and the method of analyzingphotocurrent of MCS structure were firstly proposed. And this part of work is alsoan independent innovation. In this thesis, the phosphorescent dye (t-bt)2Ir(acac) with atriplet exciton and fluorescent dye Rubrene were introduced as interface modificationlayer, the VOCand the photo-electric conversion efficiency of MCS devices have beeneffectively improved. In order to directly simulate the competition relations of CTexciton of the main layer and modified layer at the separation heterojunction, anequivalent circuit diagram for MCS devices was proposed. Then, combined with theoptical transmission matrix theory and the external quantum efficiency, the actualphotocurrent in each functional layer were extracted. Thus, this work paved theequivalent circuit and theoretical basis to fabricate highly efficient OSCs with singletfission materials based on MCS structure.
1、详细研究了光伏器件中的四个光伏过程：激子的产生、激子的传输、激子的分离和载流子的收集，并给出了光生电流密度Jph完整的表达式。最后得出了提高电池光伏性能的几点基本要求：（1）合成高吸光系数和带隙为1.1eV~1.7eV的有机光敏材料，提高器件的光吸收；（2）提高有机材料的激子扩散长度可以增加激子的利用效率；（3）通过降低给体材料的HOMO能级以及提高受体材料的LUMO值可以直接地增加CT激子的禁带宽度，以及使CT激子的吸收谱蓝移，从而提高VOC；（4）降低CT激子的结合能以及加长结合半径可以提高激子的分离效率和JSC；（5）降低0-VOC区域光生电流密度Jph(V)的滚降可以促进电荷收集以及提高填充因子FF。
2、提出了能够有效仿真CT激子分离和复合过程的CT激子等效电路模型，且该部分工作是本论文的自主创新的核心，创新之处为：在传统的等效电路模型中新加入模拟CT激子行为的电子元件，其物理意义是：二极管Dext模拟CT激子的分离过程以及二极管Drec模拟CT激子的复合过程。接着，率先给出了CT激子等效电路模型中电子元件参数的提取方法。本论文使用该CT激子等效电路模型不仅能够用于仿真和模拟光伏器件的光电特性，还能够提取和解释器件的能量损失机制，从而为器件性能的优化提供最直接的参量指标。
3、解释了最基本的光敏层厚度优化的问题，并发现了基于单线态裂变特性器件的能量损失公式。本论文使用常规的并五苯/C60的平面异质结太阳能电池进行了厚度优化实验，得到了以下研究结果：（1）当厚度接近激子扩散长度LD~40nm时，激子的利用效率最高，光电流JSC达到最大；而当厚度超过LD时，CT激子的结合结合能Eb将会增加，这会减小激子的分离效率并导致JSC的降低。但是，Eb的增加会使VOC进一步提高，并能达到最高值。这也是从根本上解释了单纯通过优化主体光敏层厚度不能同时得到最优的JSC和最优的VOC的现象；（2）找到了实际测量的激子密度JP超过基于光学理论得到的光电流最大值P0R0的原因：并五苯分子具有单线态裂变的特性，能够直接增加器件的光电流值JP。因此，本论文提出了具有单线态裂变特性的光伏器件实际能量损失公式El oss=1β J P/P0R0，本文中修正因子β为1/1.5。
4、研究了阴极缓冲层的主要功能：光场调控、激子阻挡和有机保护层作用。首先，研究了不同BCP层对平面异质结CuPc/C60太阳能电池的光电特性的影响，得到了最优化的厚度约为10nm。其次，使用光学传输矩阵理论得出了BCP层作为光学间隔子作用，即BCP层的加入增强了有机薄膜中的光场分布以及提高了光吸收以及光生激子密度；基于激子运动理论解释了BCP层的激子阻挡层作用，即BCP层能够增加C60层中的激子利用率。接着，通过使用CT激子等效电路模型和Onsager-Braun理论详细分析了BCP层对电荷收集函数H(V)和电阻特性的影响。最后，通过缺陷态的机理分析得到了金属电极Ag对BCP的扩散厚度~11.4nm，也很好地解释了最佳厚度为10nm的原因。
5、研究了多重电荷分离界面MCS结构的太阳能电池，并率先提出适用于该结构的等效电路模型以及光生电流的分析方法。该工作也是本论文的自主创新的部分之一。本论文采用了多重电荷分离界面（MCS）的器件结构，并创新性地引入具有三线态激子的磷光染料(t-bt)2Ir(acac)和荧光染料Rubrene作为界面修饰层，使MCS器件的VOC和光电转换效率得到了有效地提高。接着，为了更加直接地仿真MCS器件中主体给体层与修饰层中CT激子在分离界面处的竞争关系，本论文提取出了适用于分析MCS器件的等效电路图，并结合光学传输矩阵理论对外量子效率进行了仿真分析，得到各个功能层中实际产生的光生电流值。本工作为将来采用单线态裂变的材料制备MCS器件奠定了坚实的等效电路和理论基础。
Organic solar cells become the important object on the research and developmentof third-generation solar cells due to their widely sources of materials, simpleproduction process, low cost, low energy consumption, flexibility, as well as large-scaleproduction. In order to further improve the power conversion efficiency exceeding15%,much afford are needed to deepen the understanding and use of charge transfer state(CT) exciton which determines the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells. Thus,the main research studies of this paper are establishing a theoretical analysis and CTexciton equivalent circuit model to simulate the generation and transportation ofphoto-induced excitons, as well as separation and recombination process of CT exciton.And these theories can be applied to analyse the photovoltaic mechanism and optimizethe device structure and photovoltaic properties. Thus, the main work include five partsas following:
1. A detailed study on the four photovoltaic processes of the OSCs: thegeneration of excitons, exciton transfer, exciton separation and collection of the carriers.And the full expression of photocurrent density Jph(V) has been given. Finally, somebasic requirements at improving photovoltaic performance have been summerizied:(1)synthesizing organic photosensitive materials with a low band gap of1.1eV,~1.7eV toenhance the optical absorption of OSCs;(2) improving the exciton diffusion length oforganic materials to increase the utilization efficiency of excitons;(3) lowering theHOMO level of donor materials and heightening the LUMO level of acceptors, whichcan directly increase the bandgap of CT exciton and lead to the blue shift of absorptionspectrum, and thereby improve the VOC;(4) reducing the CT exciton binding energy andlengthening the combined radiuscan can improve the separation efficiency of theexciton and JSC;(5) reducing the roll-off of photocurrent density Jph(V) within the0-VOCregion can facilitate charge collection, as well as improve the fill factor FF.
2. Proposed the CT exciton equivalent circuit model which can effectivelysimulate the CT exciton dissociation and recombination processes, and this part ofthe work is the core of independent innovations of this thesis. The explainations of CT circuit model are two electronic components added to simulate the CT exciton behaviorbased on the traditional equivalent circuit model, and their physical meanings are: diodeDextreflects the separation process and diode Drecpresents recombination process of CTexcitons. Then, the calculating method is given to extract the parameters of electroniccomponents in the equivalent circuit model. Thus, this circuit model is adopted tosimulate and modeling optical and electrical properties, and also capable of extractingenergy loss mechanisms and interpretation of the device, and finally provides the mostdirect indicator parameters for the optimization of device performance.
3. Explaining the basic optimization problem of thickness dependence ofphotosensitive layer, and finding out the energy loss formulas of OSCs based on thesinglet-fission materials. This thesis, thickness optimization has been carried out usingconventional pentacene/C60planar heterojunction solar cell, and several results wereobtained:(1) when the thickness of pentacene is close to the exciton diffusion length LD~40nm, the utilization efficiency of the exciton reach the highest level, and themaximum JSCcan be achieved; when the thickness exceeds the LD, the binding energy(Eb) of CT exciton would increase, and this will reduce the separation efficiency of theexciton, leading to the reduction of JSC. However, the increase of EBwould cause thefurther improve at VOC. This is the fundamental explaination of the phenomenon thatoptimal JSCand optimal VOCcan hardly obtained at the same time just by adjusting thethickness of photosensitive layer.(2) finding out the reason that the actual measuredvalues of exciton density JPexceed the maximum current P0R0based on the opticaltheory. Therefore, this paper presents a practical energy loss formulaEl oss=1β J P/P0R0of photovoltaic devices with singlet fission characteristics, and thecorrection factor β in this article is1/1.5.
4. Study of the main functions of cathode buffer layer: regulation of the lightfield, the exciton blocking, and organic protective layer effects. Firstly, the effect ofdifferent BCP layer on photoelectric characteristics of planar heterojunction CuPc/C60OSCs have been optimized thickness of about10nm. Secondly, the optical spacer effectof BCP layer has been discussed based on optical transmission matrix theory, i.e. theadded BCP layer can enhance optical field distribution in the organic thin film, as wellas improve the density of light absorption and excitons; the exciton-blocking effect wasalso explained based on the exciton transporting theory, i.e. the BCP layer can provent the exciton quenching at the C60/Ag interface, and thus, increase exciton utilization.Then, through the use of the the CT exciton equivalent circuit model and the theory ofOnsager-Braun, a detailed analysis of the BCP layer on the charge collection function H(V) and resistance characteristics have been carried out. Finally, diffusion thickness~11.4nm in the BCP layer when depositing Ag cathode was extracted through theanalysis of defect states, and also well explained the reason of optimal thickness at10nm.
5. Study of OSCs with a multi-charge separating (MCS) interfaceconfiguration, and the equivalent circuit model and the method of analyzingphotocurrent of MCS structure were firstly proposed. And this part of work is alsoan independent innovation. In this thesis, the phosphorescent dye (t-bt)2Ir(acac) with atriplet exciton and fluorescent dye Rubrene were introduced as interface modificationlayer, the VOCand the photo-electric conversion efficiency of MCS devices have beeneffectively improved. In order to directly simulate the competition relations of CTexciton of the main layer and modified layer at the separation heterojunction, anequivalent circuit diagram for MCS devices was proposed. Then, combined with theoptical transmission matrix theory and the external quantum efficiency, the actualphotocurrent in each functional layer were extracted. Thus, this work paved theequivalent circuit and theoretical basis to fabricate highly efficient OSCs with singletfission materials based on MCS structure.
引文
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