基于虚拟栅格的WSN网络路由协议
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摘要
路由协议是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,它完成从源节点到目的节点数据转发功能。而分层路由协议在均衡能量消耗以延长网络生存时间、可扩展性和数据融合等方面占有较大优势。
本文介绍了无线传感器网络的体系结构、网络拓扑结构、网络特征以及研究现状。着重介绍了路由协议的分类、路由协议设计考虑的因素、路由协议性能评价,对现有的典型路由协议的工作原理做了详细的介绍分析。本文在已有基于虚拟栅格的路由协议的基础上,对虚拟栅格的建立方法进行了改进,采用随机的参考基准点动态地建立虚拟栅格,各节点自动形成簇结构;为了减少虚拟栅格的建立所消耗的能量,而引入了虚拟栅格的短时维持机制;针对传感器节点的能量消耗均衡问题,加入了最大剩余能量准则和最小能量消耗准则两个簇头选择能量约束条件。
本文同时采用理想化网络模型进行数学分析和MATLAB仿真分析。数学分析和仿真得出了一致的虚拟栅格最优半径,同时分析的结果显示本文提出的路由协议能够使节点的能量消耗更加均匀,延长了网络的生存时间,并且具有很好的可扩展性。
Routing Protocol is one of the key technologies for Wireless Sensor Network. it transforms the data source nodes to destination nodes. Hierarchical routing protocols have an advantage in many aspects such as balancing energy consumption of nodes to prolong survival time of network, scalability and data integration.
This paper introduced the architecture of Wireless Sensor Network, network topology, network features, as well as research. It mainly focused on the classification of routing protocol, considerations of designing routing, and performance evaluation of routing protocols. Meanwhile it made detail analysis of the scheme of the famous routing. This article based on the routings which based on the virtual grid, and improved the method of virtual grid establishment. It made use of random reference point to dynamically establish virtual grid, the nodes automatically formed cluster structures. In order to reduce the energy consumption of virtual grid establishment, It introduced the mechanism to maintain the virtual grid temporarily. It applied the maximum residual energy criterion and minimum energy consumption criterion to choose cluster heads in order to balance the energy expenditure of nodes.
The paper used idealized network for mathematical analysis and MATLAB simulation analysis at the same time. Mathematical analysis and simulation came to the same optimal radius of virtual grid. Meantime the analysis proved that the proposed routing protocols balanced energy consumption of nodes, prolonged the survival time of network, and had good scalability.
本文介绍了无线传感器网络的体系结构、网络拓扑结构、网络特征以及研究现状。着重介绍了路由协议的分类、路由协议设计考虑的因素、路由协议性能评价,对现有的典型路由协议的工作原理做了详细的介绍分析。本文在已有基于虚拟栅格的路由协议的基础上,对虚拟栅格的建立方法进行了改进,采用随机的参考基准点动态地建立虚拟栅格,各节点自动形成簇结构;为了减少虚拟栅格的建立所消耗的能量,而引入了虚拟栅格的短时维持机制;针对传感器节点的能量消耗均衡问题,加入了最大剩余能量准则和最小能量消耗准则两个簇头选择能量约束条件。
本文同时采用理想化网络模型进行数学分析和MATLAB仿真分析。数学分析和仿真得出了一致的虚拟栅格最优半径,同时分析的结果显示本文提出的路由协议能够使节点的能量消耗更加均匀,延长了网络的生存时间,并且具有很好的可扩展性。
Routing Protocol is one of the key technologies for Wireless Sensor Network. it transforms the data source nodes to destination nodes. Hierarchical routing protocols have an advantage in many aspects such as balancing energy consumption of nodes to prolong survival time of network, scalability and data integration.
This paper introduced the architecture of Wireless Sensor Network, network topology, network features, as well as research. It mainly focused on the classification of routing protocol, considerations of designing routing, and performance evaluation of routing protocols. Meanwhile it made detail analysis of the scheme of the famous routing. This article based on the routings which based on the virtual grid, and improved the method of virtual grid establishment. It made use of random reference point to dynamically establish virtual grid, the nodes automatically formed cluster structures. In order to reduce the energy consumption of virtual grid establishment, It introduced the mechanism to maintain the virtual grid temporarily. It applied the maximum residual energy criterion and minimum energy consumption criterion to choose cluster heads in order to balance the energy expenditure of nodes.
The paper used idealized network for mathematical analysis and MATLAB simulation analysis at the same time. Mathematical analysis and simulation came to the same optimal radius of virtual grid. Meantime the analysis proved that the proposed routing protocols balanced energy consumption of nodes, prolonged the survival time of network, and had good scalability.
引文
[1] Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In Ad Hoc Networks 3, Sept. 2003, pp. 325-349
[2] Akyildiz I F, Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 40, Issue 8, Aug. 2002 Page(s):102 - 114
[3] Archana Bharathidasan, Vijay Anand Sai Ponduru. Sensor Networks: An Overview. IEEE Potentials, Volume: 22, Issue: 2, April-May 2003,pp: 20- 23
[4] Al-Karaki J N, Kamal A E. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. Wireless Communications, IEEE [see also IEEE Personal Communications] Volume 11, Issue 6, Dec. 2004 Page(s):6– 28
[5] Jandosh S, Ranjian P. A survey : topology control for wireless sensor networks. IEEE-International Conference on Signal processing, Communications and Networking Madras Institute of Technology, Jan 4-6, 2008. pp.422-427
[6] Carlos F, Pablo H, Joaquín García-Hernández, et al. Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications: a Survey. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security(IJCSNS), VOL.7 No.3, March 2007.
[7] Vijayanand S, Suresh R M. An overlook on routing techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences 2007(ICTES'07). 20-22 Dec. 2007, Page(s):940– 945
[8] Kulik J, Heinzelman W R, and Balakrishnan H. Negotiation-Based Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2002, vol. 8, pp.169–185.
[9] Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed Diffusion: a Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'00), Boston, MA, August 2000. pp. 56–67.
[10] Braginsky D, Estrin D. Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications(WSNA), Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2002.
[11] Schurgers C, Srivastava M B. Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. The MILCOM Proceedings on Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force. McLean, VA, 2001.
[12] Loh P K K, Long S H, Pan Y. An Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceeding of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks(WoWMoM'05). 2005.
[13] Hussain S, Islam O. An Energy Efficient Spanning Tree Based Multi-Hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2007. (WCNC'07). IEEE 11-15 March 2007 pp.383 - 4388
[14] Verbist F, Festjens N, Steenhaut K; A. Nowe. Hop count discovery protocol for gradient based routing in wireless sensor networks. Preceeding of the First International Conference on Communications and Electronics, 2006(ICCE '06). Oct. 2006 Page(s):102 - 105
[15] Islam O, Hussain S. An Intelligent Multi-hop Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Workshops, 2006(WI-IAT'06 Workshops). 2006 Dec. 2006 Page(s):239 - 242
[16] Shah R, Rabaey J. Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Orlando, FL, Mar. 2002, pp.17–21.
[17] Kee-Young Shin, Junkeun Song, JinWon Kim, et al. REAR: Reliable Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. The 9th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology(ICACT'07). Feb. 2007: pp.525-530
[18] Vidhyapriya R, Vanathi P T. Energy Aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking, 2007. (ICSCN'07). Feb. 2007 pp.545– 550
[19] Vidhyapriya R, Vanathi P T. Performance of Multipath Routing for on Demand Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Symposium on Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 2006(ISAUHC '06). 20-23 Dec. 2006 Page(s):196– 197
[20] Chakrabarti A, Sabharwal A, Aazhang B. Using Predictable Observer Mobility for Power Efficient Design of Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), Palo Alto, CA, USA, April 2003, pp.129-145
[21] Jun Luo, Hubaux J P. Joint mobility and routing for lifetime elongation in wireless sensor networks. INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings IEEE Volume 3, 13-17 March 2005 Page(s):1735 - 1746.
[22] Ganjali Y, Keshavarzian A. Load balancing in ad hoc networks: single-path routing vs. multi-path routing. INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Volume 2, 7-11 March 2004 pp.1120 - 1125
[23] Luo J, Panchard J, et al. MobiRoute: routing towards a mobile sink for improving lifetime in sensor networks. Proceeding of International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS’06), June 2006.
[24] Akkaya K, Younis M, Bangad M. Sink Repositioning forEnhanced Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Elsevier Computer Networks Journal Vol.49/4, 2005, pp.512-534
[25] Min-Gu Lee, Sunggu Lee. Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC'07). 7-9 May 2007 pp.172 - 180
[26] Lee M G, Lee S. Pseudo-Distance Routing(PDR) Algorithm for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The 20th Commemorative International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC 2005). Vol.2, July 2005, pp. 797—798.
[27] Chatzigiannakis I, Kinalis A, Nikoletseas S. Sink mobility protocols for data collection inwireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Workshop on MobilityManagement and Wireless Access (Terromolinos, Spain, October 02, 2006)(MobiWac '06). 2006, pp.52-59
[28] Vincze Z, Vass D, Vida R, Vidács A. Adaptive sink mobility in event-driven clustered single-hop wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Network Conference (INC 2006), Plymouth, UK, 11-14 July 2006, pp. 315-322
[29] Soyturk M, Altilar T. A Routing Algorithm for Mobile Multiple Sinks in Large-Scale WirelessSensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2007(ISWPC '07). 5-7 Feb. 2007
[30] Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000. vol.2, Jan 2000 Page(s):10 pp. 3005– 3014
[31] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile computing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, April 2002
[32] Ruay-Shiung Chang, Chia-Jou Kuo. An energy efficient routing mechanism for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2006(AINA 2006). Volume 2, 18-20 April 2006
[33] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. , Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing. 23-27 April 2001 pp.2009 - 2015
[34] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'02). April 2002 Page(s):195 - 202
[35] Lindsey S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002. IEEE Volume 3, 2002 pp.:1125– 1130
[36] Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: a hybrid, energy-efficient approach. Twenty-third AnnualJoint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2004(INFOCOM 2004). Volume 1,March 2004, pp.640– 651
[37] Patwari N, Ash J N, Kyperountas S, et al. Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE Volume 22, Issue 4, July 2005 pp.54– 69
[38] Chaczko Z, Klempous R, Nikodem J, Nikodem M. Methods of Sensors Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, 2007(ECBS '07). 26-29 March 2007 Page(s):145– 152
[39] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. Proceeding of the 7th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'01), 2001,pp. 70-84.
[40] Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R]. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,May 2001,pp.1—23.
[41] Chen B, Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, Morris R. Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. ACM Wireless Networks Journal, Vol.8, No. 5, Sep. 2002, pp.481-494.
[42] Hightower J, Borriello G. Location systems for ubiquitous computing. IEEE Computer, Volume 34, Issue 8, Aug. 2001 pp.57 - 66
[43] Caruso A, Chessa S, De S, Urpi A. GPS free coordinate assignment and routing in wireless sensor networks. INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Volume 1, 13-17 March 2005 pp.150 - 160.
[44] Tsai M J, Yang H Y, Huang W Q. Axis-Based Virtual Coordinate Assignment Protocol and Delivery-Guaranteed Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. INFOCOM 2007. 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE 6-12 May 2007 pp.2234 - 2242
[45] Liu K, Abu-Ghazaleh N. Aligned Virtual Coordinates for Greedy Routing in WSNs. International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems 2006(MASS'06), Oct. 2006 pp.377– 386
[46] Ben-Asher Y, Feldman M, Feldman S. Ad-hoc routing using virtual coordinates based on rooted trees. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing -Vol 1 (SUTC'06) Volume 1, 5-7 June 2006 pp.6 - 13
[47] Jang-Ping Sheu, Ming-Lung Ding, Kun-Ying Hsieh. Routing with Hexagonal Virtual Coordinates in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2007.WCNC 2007. IEEE 11-15 March 2007 pp.2929 - 2934
[48] Ye F, Luo H, Cheng J. A two-tier data dissemination model for large scale wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Annual Inrernational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2002, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002, pp. 148-159
[49] Al-Karaki J N, Ul-Mustafa R, Kamal A E. Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks -Exact and Approximate Algorithms. Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing, 2004(HPSR'04) 2004 pp.241 - 245
[50] Liyang Yu, Neng Wang, Wei Zhang, Chunlei Zheng. GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2006(WiCOM 2006). 22-24 Sept. 2006 pp.1– 5
[51] Neal Patwari and Alfred O. Hero III. Using Proximity and Quantized RSS for Sensor Localization in Wireless Networks. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. September 2003.
[52] Andreas Savvides, Chih-Chieh Han, Mani B. Strivastava. Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors. MobiCom 2001.
[53] Dragos Niculescu and Badri Nath. Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS) Using AoA. IEEE InfoCom 2003.
[2] Akyildiz I F, Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 40, Issue 8, Aug. 2002 Page(s):102 - 114
[3] Archana Bharathidasan, Vijay Anand Sai Ponduru. Sensor Networks: An Overview. IEEE Potentials, Volume: 22, Issue: 2, April-May 2003,pp: 20- 23
[4] Al-Karaki J N, Kamal A E. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. Wireless Communications, IEEE [see also IEEE Personal Communications] Volume 11, Issue 6, Dec. 2004 Page(s):6– 28
[5] Jandosh S, Ranjian P. A survey : topology control for wireless sensor networks. IEEE-International Conference on Signal processing, Communications and Networking Madras Institute of Technology, Jan 4-6, 2008. pp.422-427
[6] Carlos F, Pablo H, Joaquín García-Hernández, et al. Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications: a Survey. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security(IJCSNS), VOL.7 No.3, March 2007.
[7] Vijayanand S, Suresh R M. An overlook on routing techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences 2007(ICTES'07). 20-22 Dec. 2007, Page(s):940– 945
[8] Kulik J, Heinzelman W R, and Balakrishnan H. Negotiation-Based Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2002, vol. 8, pp.169–185.
[9] Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed Diffusion: a Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'00), Boston, MA, August 2000. pp. 56–67.
[10] Braginsky D, Estrin D. Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications(WSNA), Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2002.
[11] Schurgers C, Srivastava M B. Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. The MILCOM Proceedings on Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force. McLean, VA, 2001.
[12] Loh P K K, Long S H, Pan Y. An Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceeding of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks(WoWMoM'05). 2005.
[13] Hussain S, Islam O. An Energy Efficient Spanning Tree Based Multi-Hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2007. (WCNC'07). IEEE 11-15 March 2007 pp.383 - 4388
[14] Verbist F, Festjens N, Steenhaut K; A. Nowe. Hop count discovery protocol for gradient based routing in wireless sensor networks. Preceeding of the First International Conference on Communications and Electronics, 2006(ICCE '06). Oct. 2006 Page(s):102 - 105
[15] Islam O, Hussain S. An Intelligent Multi-hop Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Workshops, 2006(WI-IAT'06 Workshops). 2006 Dec. 2006 Page(s):239 - 242
[16] Shah R, Rabaey J. Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. Proceeding of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Orlando, FL, Mar. 2002, pp.17–21.
[17] Kee-Young Shin, Junkeun Song, JinWon Kim, et al. REAR: Reliable Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. The 9th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology(ICACT'07). Feb. 2007: pp.525-530
[18] Vidhyapriya R, Vanathi P T. Energy Aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking, 2007. (ICSCN'07). Feb. 2007 pp.545– 550
[19] Vidhyapriya R, Vanathi P T. Performance of Multipath Routing for on Demand Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Symposium on Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 2006(ISAUHC '06). 20-23 Dec. 2006 Page(s):196– 197
[20] Chakrabarti A, Sabharwal A, Aazhang B. Using Predictable Observer Mobility for Power Efficient Design of Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), Palo Alto, CA, USA, April 2003, pp.129-145
[21] Jun Luo, Hubaux J P. Joint mobility and routing for lifetime elongation in wireless sensor networks. INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings IEEE Volume 3, 13-17 March 2005 Page(s):1735 - 1746.
[22] Ganjali Y, Keshavarzian A. Load balancing in ad hoc networks: single-path routing vs. multi-path routing. INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Volume 2, 7-11 March 2004 pp.1120 - 1125
[23] Luo J, Panchard J, et al. MobiRoute: routing towards a mobile sink for improving lifetime in sensor networks. Proceeding of International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS’06), June 2006.
[24] Akkaya K, Younis M, Bangad M. Sink Repositioning forEnhanced Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Elsevier Computer Networks Journal Vol.49/4, 2005, pp.512-534
[25] Min-Gu Lee, Sunggu Lee. Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC'07). 7-9 May 2007 pp.172 - 180
[26] Lee M G, Lee S. Pseudo-Distance Routing(PDR) Algorithm for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The 20th Commemorative International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC 2005). Vol.2, July 2005, pp. 797—798.
[27] Chatzigiannakis I, Kinalis A, Nikoletseas S. Sink mobility protocols for data collection inwireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Workshop on MobilityManagement and Wireless Access (Terromolinos, Spain, October 02, 2006)(MobiWac '06). 2006, pp.52-59
[28] Vincze Z, Vass D, Vida R, Vidács A. Adaptive sink mobility in event-driven clustered single-hop wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Network Conference (INC 2006), Plymouth, UK, 11-14 July 2006, pp. 315-322
[29] Soyturk M, Altilar T. A Routing Algorithm for Mobile Multiple Sinks in Large-Scale WirelessSensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2007(ISWPC '07). 5-7 Feb. 2007
[30] Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000. vol.2, Jan 2000 Page(s):10 pp. 3005– 3014
[31] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile computing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, April 2002
[32] Ruay-Shiung Chang, Chia-Jou Kuo. An energy efficient routing mechanism for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2006(AINA 2006). Volume 2, 18-20 April 2006
[33] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. , Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing. 23-27 April 2001 pp.2009 - 2015
[34] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D P. APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS'02). April 2002 Page(s):195 - 202
[35] Lindsey S, Raghavendra C S. PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002. IEEE Volume 3, 2002 pp.:1125– 1130
[36] Younis O, Fahmy S. Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: a hybrid, energy-efficient approach. Twenty-third AnnualJoint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, 2004(INFOCOM 2004). Volume 1,March 2004, pp.640– 651
[37] Patwari N, Ash J N, Kyperountas S, et al. Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE Volume 22, Issue 4, July 2005 pp.54– 69
[38] Chaczko Z, Klempous R, Nikodem J, Nikodem M. Methods of Sensors Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, 2007(ECBS '07). 26-29 March 2007 Page(s):145– 152
[39] Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. Proceeding of the 7th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'01), 2001,pp. 70-84.
[40] Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R]. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,May 2001,pp.1—23.
[41] Chen B, Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, Morris R. Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. ACM Wireless Networks Journal, Vol.8, No. 5, Sep. 2002, pp.481-494.
[42] Hightower J, Borriello G. Location systems for ubiquitous computing. IEEE Computer, Volume 34, Issue 8, Aug. 2001 pp.57 - 66
[43] Caruso A, Chessa S, De S, Urpi A. GPS free coordinate assignment and routing in wireless sensor networks. INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Volume 1, 13-17 March 2005 pp.150 - 160.
[44] Tsai M J, Yang H Y, Huang W Q. Axis-Based Virtual Coordinate Assignment Protocol and Delivery-Guaranteed Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. INFOCOM 2007. 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE 6-12 May 2007 pp.2234 - 2242
[45] Liu K, Abu-Ghazaleh N. Aligned Virtual Coordinates for Greedy Routing in WSNs. International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems 2006(MASS'06), Oct. 2006 pp.377– 386
[46] Ben-Asher Y, Feldman M, Feldman S. Ad-hoc routing using virtual coordinates based on rooted trees. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing -Vol 1 (SUTC'06) Volume 1, 5-7 June 2006 pp.6 - 13
[47] Jang-Ping Sheu, Ming-Lung Ding, Kun-Ying Hsieh. Routing with Hexagonal Virtual Coordinates in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2007.WCNC 2007. IEEE 11-15 March 2007 pp.2929 - 2934
[48] Ye F, Luo H, Cheng J. A two-tier data dissemination model for large scale wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Annual Inrernational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2002, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002, pp. 148-159
[49] Al-Karaki J N, Ul-Mustafa R, Kamal A E. Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks -Exact and Approximate Algorithms. Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing, 2004(HPSR'04) 2004 pp.241 - 245
[50] Liyang Yu, Neng Wang, Wei Zhang, Chunlei Zheng. GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2006(WiCOM 2006). 22-24 Sept. 2006 pp.1– 5
[51] Neal Patwari and Alfred O. Hero III. Using Proximity and Quantized RSS for Sensor Localization in Wireless Networks. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. September 2003.
[52] Andreas Savvides, Chih-Chieh Han, Mani B. Strivastava. Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors. MobiCom 2001.
[53] Dragos Niculescu and Badri Nath. Ad Hoc Positioning System (APS) Using AoA. IEEE InfoCom 2003.