基于能效的物理层网络编码技术研究
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摘要
无线中继场景下的物理层网络编码技术(PNC),利用电磁波叠加特性,将多源电磁波在空中的自然叠加等效为物理层的网络编码过程,将干扰信号转换为有用的网络编码信号,在提高频谱效率的同时能够改善能效,而被认为是最有希望的未来移动通信关键技术之一。本文在保证服务质量(QoS)的条件下,以提高能量效率为目标,对物理层网络编码在双向多中继系统、多用户多播系统和OFDM/OFDMA系统中的传输技术展开研究。主要工作如下：
一、双向多中继场景物理层网络编码能效优先传输技术研究
基于部分信道信息(CSI)研究速率约束下的功率分配和中继选择问题。利用最优化理论推导出物理层网络编码放大转发(AF)、译码转发(DF)、压缩转发(CF)和去噪转发(DNF)协议下,保证传输速率的功率分配闭式解,同时提出了能效优先的联合中继选择和功率分配算法。分析表明DNF协议能效最优,其次是CF协议和AF协议。DF协议性能受系统速率需求影响较大,仅在低速率或者双向速率差较大时取得较好的性能。
基于完整CSI研究速率约束下的分布式波束赋形方案。推导出波束赋形加权矩阵相位信息的闭合表达式,并在此基础上提出低复杂度最大化接收信号能量(MRP)次优波束赋形算法。分析表明次优MRP算法与最优波束赋形方案相比能效损失较小,特别是在中继分布比较集中且接近用户中间位置时两者能效性能几乎一致。
二、多用户多播场景物理层网络编码能效优先传输技术研究
面向链路速率约束的能效优化模型,在多用户多播物理层网络编码DNF协议下,提出了多址接入阶段功率分配和第一次中继选择问题,以及广播阶段功率分配和第二次中继选择问题。随后理论证明广播阶段参与传输的中继节点数目不超过两个才能在链路速率约束下达到能耗下限,并且推导出功率分配的闭合表达式。为了进一步降低算法复杂度,提出了广播阶段次优单中继选择和功率分配算法。分析表明次优算法性能损失较小,且在链路速率差较大时所提次优算法近似于最优算法。
三、OFDM/OFDMA系统物理层网络能效优先编码传输技术研究
在单中继OFDM场景中,研究保证误码率和OFDM符号比特数双重条件的自适应比特和功率分配算法,提出次优贪婪分配算法。分析显示所提算法与穷尽搜索算法相比性能几乎一致,与平均比特分配算法相比,性能优势随OFDM符号比特数增加而提升。
在多中继OFDMA场景中,研究保证传输速率的能效优先联合功率分配、子载波分配和中继选择的资源分配问题。通过数学分析,问题分解为单个独立子载波上的优化问题,随后提出基于机会子载波分配的启发式能效优先资源分配算法,并证明每个子载波分别分配给唯一中继节点即可取得最优能效。分析表明所提方案利用物理层网络编码增益和分集增益可以取得较好的能效。
四、实际能效模型下的物理层网络编码部署研究
在考虑天线发送功率、放大器效率和射频无关功率的能效模型下,推导出双向通信时直接传输和中继传输模式下各协议的能效、系统速率和中继部署位置之间的关系式。通过分析,提出不同速率需求下各协议和中继位置的能效优先部署方案。分析表明物理层网络编码在双向速率需求大于一定门限值的情况下才能比其它模式取得更好的能效,且基站到用户速率大于用户到基站速率时,中继应该部署在更靠近用户的位置。
Physical-layer Network Coding (PNC) in wireless relay networks is considered as one of the most promising key technologies of the future mobile communications. PNC makes use of the additive nature of simultaneously arriving electromagnetic waves for equivalent network coding operation at physical layer. Hence, the harmful superimposed interference signal is converted to a useful network coding signal, which implies that PNC can improve both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. This thesis studies the energy efficiency transmission technologies of PNC in two-way multi-relay system, multi-user multicast system as well as OFDM/OFDMA systems, when the Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed. The main works are given as follows:
1) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in two-way multi-relay system.
The joint power allocation and relay selection with partial Channel Status Information (CSI) was studied when the transmission rates are constrained. By optimization theory, the closed-form expressions of power allocation with guaranteed transmission rates were derived for Amplify-and-Forward (AF), Decode-and-Forward (DF), Compress-and-Forward (CF) and DeNoise-and-Forward (DNF) protocols of PNC. Then, an energy-efficient joint power allocation and relay selection schemes were proposed. Analysis shows that DNF protocol with Lattice coding and decoding has the best energy efficiency followed by the CF protocol, and then the AF protocol. For the DF protocol, energy efficiency fluctuates with system demand, it only obtains well energy efficiency with low-rate or large gap between two-way rates.
Distributed beamforming with full CSI was studied when the transmission rates are constrained. The closed-form expression of phase information was derived for the weighting matrix of beamforming, and then a Maximum Received Power (MRP) suboptimal beamforming algorithm was proposed with low computational complexity. Analysis shows that limited performance loss between MRP algorithm and optimal beamforming scheme. Especially, they almost have the same performance when all the relay nodes place to the middle area between two users.
2) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in multi-user multicast system.
Based on the link-oriented energy efficiency model that minimizes energy per bit with constrained rates for every link, energy-efficient resource allocation of DNF protocol was considered as a joint power allocation and relay selection problem in both multiple access and broadcast stages. From the viewpoint of energy efficiency, we proved that the optimal number of relay nodes participating in transmission is one or two. Also, closed-form expressions of the power allocation were given. To further reduce the complexity, a suboptimal algorithm with single relay selection and power allocation was proposed. Analysis shows that the suboptimal algorithm has limited performance loss, and even approximates to the optimal solution when the gap between link's rates is large.
3) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in OFDM/OFDMA systems.
With the given Bit Error Rate (BER) and bits per OFDM symbol, a greedy-based adaptive bit and power allocation algorithm was proposed and then proved to have almost the same performance with the exhaustive search algorithm. In addition, the performance advantage of proposed algorithm increases with the bits per OFDM symbol compared with the equal bit allocation algorithm.
In OFDMA system, the energy-efficient resource allocation with guaranteed rates is considered as a joint power allocation, subcarrier assignment and relay selection problem. With the mathematical analysis, the problem has been decomposed into independent sub-problems on the subcarriers. Then, we proved that the optimal subcarrier assignment criterion in energy efficiency sense is an opportunistic subcarrier assignment, in which a subcarrier is assigned to a unique relay node. Based on the result, a heuristic resource allocation scheme with opportunistic subcarrier assignment was proposed. Analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides diversity gain compared to the single relay network, and PNC gain relative to the scheme without PNC.
4) Deployment of PNC with practical power model
Based on the practical power model with transmit power, power amplifier efficiency and the power independent of transmit power, the expressions of the relationship among energy efficiency, transmission rates and relay location were derived for direct and relay transmission modes. Through analysis, the energy-efficient region of different protocols and relay deployment with different two-way rates requirement were given. Simulations show that the PNC can achieve the best energy efficiency when the two-way rates requirement is larger than a certain threshold. In addition, relay node should be deployed close to the user, while rate from base station to user is fast than reverse link.
一、双向多中继场景物理层网络编码能效优先传输技术研究
基于部分信道信息(CSI)研究速率约束下的功率分配和中继选择问题。利用最优化理论推导出物理层网络编码放大转发(AF)、译码转发(DF)、压缩转发(CF)和去噪转发(DNF)协议下,保证传输速率的功率分配闭式解,同时提出了能效优先的联合中继选择和功率分配算法。分析表明DNF协议能效最优,其次是CF协议和AF协议。DF协议性能受系统速率需求影响较大,仅在低速率或者双向速率差较大时取得较好的性能。
基于完整CSI研究速率约束下的分布式波束赋形方案。推导出波束赋形加权矩阵相位信息的闭合表达式,并在此基础上提出低复杂度最大化接收信号能量(MRP)次优波束赋形算法。分析表明次优MRP算法与最优波束赋形方案相比能效损失较小,特别是在中继分布比较集中且接近用户中间位置时两者能效性能几乎一致。
二、多用户多播场景物理层网络编码能效优先传输技术研究
面向链路速率约束的能效优化模型,在多用户多播物理层网络编码DNF协议下,提出了多址接入阶段功率分配和第一次中继选择问题,以及广播阶段功率分配和第二次中继选择问题。随后理论证明广播阶段参与传输的中继节点数目不超过两个才能在链路速率约束下达到能耗下限,并且推导出功率分配的闭合表达式。为了进一步降低算法复杂度,提出了广播阶段次优单中继选择和功率分配算法。分析表明次优算法性能损失较小,且在链路速率差较大时所提次优算法近似于最优算法。
三、OFDM/OFDMA系统物理层网络能效优先编码传输技术研究
在单中继OFDM场景中,研究保证误码率和OFDM符号比特数双重条件的自适应比特和功率分配算法,提出次优贪婪分配算法。分析显示所提算法与穷尽搜索算法相比性能几乎一致,与平均比特分配算法相比,性能优势随OFDM符号比特数增加而提升。
在多中继OFDMA场景中,研究保证传输速率的能效优先联合功率分配、子载波分配和中继选择的资源分配问题。通过数学分析,问题分解为单个独立子载波上的优化问题,随后提出基于机会子载波分配的启发式能效优先资源分配算法,并证明每个子载波分别分配给唯一中继节点即可取得最优能效。分析表明所提方案利用物理层网络编码增益和分集增益可以取得较好的能效。
四、实际能效模型下的物理层网络编码部署研究
在考虑天线发送功率、放大器效率和射频无关功率的能效模型下,推导出双向通信时直接传输和中继传输模式下各协议的能效、系统速率和中继部署位置之间的关系式。通过分析,提出不同速率需求下各协议和中继位置的能效优先部署方案。分析表明物理层网络编码在双向速率需求大于一定门限值的情况下才能比其它模式取得更好的能效,且基站到用户速率大于用户到基站速率时,中继应该部署在更靠近用户的位置。
Physical-layer Network Coding (PNC) in wireless relay networks is considered as one of the most promising key technologies of the future mobile communications. PNC makes use of the additive nature of simultaneously arriving electromagnetic waves for equivalent network coding operation at physical layer. Hence, the harmful superimposed interference signal is converted to a useful network coding signal, which implies that PNC can improve both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. This thesis studies the energy efficiency transmission technologies of PNC in two-way multi-relay system, multi-user multicast system as well as OFDM/OFDMA systems, when the Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed. The main works are given as follows:
1) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in two-way multi-relay system.
The joint power allocation and relay selection with partial Channel Status Information (CSI) was studied when the transmission rates are constrained. By optimization theory, the closed-form expressions of power allocation with guaranteed transmission rates were derived for Amplify-and-Forward (AF), Decode-and-Forward (DF), Compress-and-Forward (CF) and DeNoise-and-Forward (DNF) protocols of PNC. Then, an energy-efficient joint power allocation and relay selection schemes were proposed. Analysis shows that DNF protocol with Lattice coding and decoding has the best energy efficiency followed by the CF protocol, and then the AF protocol. For the DF protocol, energy efficiency fluctuates with system demand, it only obtains well energy efficiency with low-rate or large gap between two-way rates.
Distributed beamforming with full CSI was studied when the transmission rates are constrained. The closed-form expression of phase information was derived for the weighting matrix of beamforming, and then a Maximum Received Power (MRP) suboptimal beamforming algorithm was proposed with low computational complexity. Analysis shows that limited performance loss between MRP algorithm and optimal beamforming scheme. Especially, they almost have the same performance when all the relay nodes place to the middle area between two users.
2) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in multi-user multicast system.
Based on the link-oriented energy efficiency model that minimizes energy per bit with constrained rates for every link, energy-efficient resource allocation of DNF protocol was considered as a joint power allocation and relay selection problem in both multiple access and broadcast stages. From the viewpoint of energy efficiency, we proved that the optimal number of relay nodes participating in transmission is one or two. Also, closed-form expressions of the power allocation were given. To further reduce the complexity, a suboptimal algorithm with single relay selection and power allocation was proposed. Analysis shows that the suboptimal algorithm has limited performance loss, and even approximates to the optimal solution when the gap between link's rates is large.
3) Energy-efficient transmission technology of PNC in OFDM/OFDMA systems.
With the given Bit Error Rate (BER) and bits per OFDM symbol, a greedy-based adaptive bit and power allocation algorithm was proposed and then proved to have almost the same performance with the exhaustive search algorithm. In addition, the performance advantage of proposed algorithm increases with the bits per OFDM symbol compared with the equal bit allocation algorithm.
In OFDMA system, the energy-efficient resource allocation with guaranteed rates is considered as a joint power allocation, subcarrier assignment and relay selection problem. With the mathematical analysis, the problem has been decomposed into independent sub-problems on the subcarriers. Then, we proved that the optimal subcarrier assignment criterion in energy efficiency sense is an opportunistic subcarrier assignment, in which a subcarrier is assigned to a unique relay node. Based on the result, a heuristic resource allocation scheme with opportunistic subcarrier assignment was proposed. Analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides diversity gain compared to the single relay network, and PNC gain relative to the scheme without PNC.
4) Deployment of PNC with practical power model
Based on the practical power model with transmit power, power amplifier efficiency and the power independent of transmit power, the expressions of the relationship among energy efficiency, transmission rates and relay location were derived for direct and relay transmission modes. Through analysis, the energy-efficient region of different protocols and relay deployment with different two-way rates requirement were given. Simulations show that the PNC can achieve the best energy efficiency when the two-way rates requirement is larger than a certain threshold. In addition, relay node should be deployed close to the user, while rate from base station to user is fast than reverse link.
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