汾河流域土壤侵蚀动态变化分析
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展,人类对自然资源进行了不合理的开发利用,使大量土壤、植被遭到破坏,土壤侵蚀日益严重,成为全球关注的生态环境问题之一。目前,世界各国对土壤侵蚀已做了大量研究,由于受到技术发展水平的限制,多集中于定量与定性研究,动态研究非常缺少,本文利用遥感技术和地理信息系统技术对典型区域土壤侵蚀及其动态变化进行研究,成为一种快速有效的研究方法和手段。
汾河是黄河的第二大支流,汾河流域土壤侵蚀的强弱变化对黄河下游河道的发展变化有着直接影响。本文以汾河流域做为研究对象,将1976、1993、2009年的遥感影像数据作为不同时期流域研究的主要信息源,结合收集的辅助信息,综合运用“3S”技术,经过室内解译与野外调查验证,获得了研究区可信度较高的植被指数、坡度、土地利用数据,根据水利部颁布的土壤侵蚀分类分级标准(SL190—2007),对土壤侵蚀类型及其强度进行划分,最后利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能获得了研究区三个时期的土壤侵蚀数据。对汾河流域的土壤侵蚀状况、空间分布特点、转化规律及与相关影响因子的相互关系进行了深入研究。主要内容包括：(1)首先阐述了研究区所面临的土壤侵蚀问题,以及以往常规技术对获取研究区土壤侵蚀概况的局限性,“3S”技术因为其本身的技术特点,对于土壤侵蚀信息的获取有其他方法无法比拟的优势。
(2)应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,生成研究区植被覆盖分级图,结合根据土地利用数据、地貌、坡度、土壤质地等自然影响因子,制成土地利用现状图。利用坡度分级图、植被覆盖等级图,根据水利部颁布的土壤侵蚀分级标准来划分土壤侵蚀强度的级别,提取土壤侵蚀强度分类等级,最终生成土壤侵蚀强度分类分级信息。为了确保土壤侵蚀分类的精度,在利用遥感数据提取信息时,根据影像的光谱特性及其地物特征,提取不同地物的信息时应根据其具体特征选择不同的方法,常用的方法有目视解译法、归一化植被指数法、监督分类、谱间关系法、归一化差异水体指数法、最大似然法和非监督分类等方法。最后,将用上述方法提取得到的信息进行人机交互解译,以提高信息提取的精度。
(3)借助于“3S”技术,对采集到的汾河流域1976、1993和2009年三期的土壤侵蚀强度数据,进行动态定量的时空变化分析,通过对研究区三个时期土壤侵蚀状况、土壤侵蚀面积时空变化的分析,对不同土壤侵蚀强度级别及其面积转化、不同类别土壤侵蚀强度变化率进行了分析总结。在此基础上,总结了流域30年间土壤侵蚀强度转变受土壤侵蚀状况与坡度的关系以及各种土地利用方式转化的影响。结果表明,研究区受不同类别的土壤侵蚀强度影响其土地利用状况也各不相同,研究区土壤侵蚀强度主要为中度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,其次是微度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀面积随着土壤侵蚀强度级别的增加而迅速减少。
最后得出了汾河流域土壤侵蚀情况及其生态修复对策的技术措施,并为今后更好的进行规划治理、合理制定生态保护措施和开发利用资源等方面提供参考和依据,为进一步改善生态环境和社会经济可持续发展提供借鉴和参考,都具有一定的参考价值。
With the development of social economy, human unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources has made many vegetation is damaged. Soil erosion becomes global ecological and environmental issue. The research on the soil erosion has been done in the word. Due to the restriction of technological development levels the research mainly focuses on the quantitative and qualitative aspects, whereas seldom on dynamic applications. Soil erosion and its dynamic change research in typical regions is a rapid and effective research method by using remote sensing and GIS technology in this paper.
Fenhe River is the2nd tributary of Yellow River, the soil erosive degree in the Fenhe drainage area has direct influence on the development of lower stream channel in Yellow River. Taking Fenhe drainage as a research object and remote sensing images in1976,1973and2009as the-different period main information source, this paper acquires reliable vegetation index, slope and land use data through interpretation and field survey verification combined with auxiliary data and "3S" technology. According to the soil erosion classification standard (SL190-2007) released by Ministry of Water Resources, soil erosion data at three phases in the research area are achieved through soil erosion type and intension classification by using ArcGIS spatial analysis function. Finally, the status, spatial distribution types, transformation rules and the relations among main environmental and ecological factors in Fenhe drainage area are systematically studied. The main contents include:
(1) The soil erosion problems in the research area and the previous traditional technology limitations are firstly illustrated. Due to its own technological characteristics,"3S" technology has incomparable advantages in soil erosion information acquisition than other technologies.
(2) The vegetation coverage classification map in the research area is produced by applying remote sensing and GIS technology; combined with natural influencing factors, such as land use data, geomorphology, slope, soil texture and so on, the land use status map is achieved. Applying slope classification map and vegetation coverage classification map, the soil erosion intension classification information is completed based on the soil erosion classification standards released by the Ministry of Water Resources. In order to improve the accuracy of the soil erosion classification, different methods are selected for extracting different ground objects according to the spectral characteristics of the images and the ground objects characteristics in the information extraction from remote sensing data, main include visual interpretation,NDVI, supervised classification,the relations among the spectrums, MNDVI, maximum likelihood method, and unsupervised classification. Finally, the man-computer interpretation is conducted by combing the above extracted information, so as to improve the accuracy of the extracted information.
(3) Aided by "3S" technology, this paper conducted dynamic and quantitative spatial and temporal change analysis to the soil erosion data in1976,1993and2009in Fenhe drainage area. Through analysis to the soil erosion status and areas change characteristics in three phases, this paper analyzed and summarized the soil erosion intensity and temporal and spatial variation area transformation characteristics of different degrees, the type change ratio of soil erosion intensity. Based on these, this paper analyzed the relation between soil erosion and slope in the30years and the change influence of land use means to the intensity change of soil erosion. Results show:land use characteristics are different for different soil erosion intensity; the research area mainly distributes moderate erosion and mild erosion, then low erosion; the soil erosion area decreases rapidly with the increase of the erosion intensity.
Finally, this paper summarized the technical measures for recovery and manages of soil erosion status and ecological restoration, so as to provide reference and basis not only for further planning and control, establishing ecological reserve rules properly and exploiting resources, but also for further improve ecology and environment, social and economic sustainable development.
汾河是黄河的第二大支流,汾河流域土壤侵蚀的强弱变化对黄河下游河道的发展变化有着直接影响。本文以汾河流域做为研究对象,将1976、1993、2009年的遥感影像数据作为不同时期流域研究的主要信息源,结合收集的辅助信息,综合运用“3S”技术,经过室内解译与野外调查验证,获得了研究区可信度较高的植被指数、坡度、土地利用数据,根据水利部颁布的土壤侵蚀分类分级标准(SL190—2007),对土壤侵蚀类型及其强度进行划分,最后利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能获得了研究区三个时期的土壤侵蚀数据。对汾河流域的土壤侵蚀状况、空间分布特点、转化规律及与相关影响因子的相互关系进行了深入研究。主要内容包括：(1)首先阐述了研究区所面临的土壤侵蚀问题,以及以往常规技术对获取研究区土壤侵蚀概况的局限性,“3S”技术因为其本身的技术特点,对于土壤侵蚀信息的获取有其他方法无法比拟的优势。
(2)应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,生成研究区植被覆盖分级图,结合根据土地利用数据、地貌、坡度、土壤质地等自然影响因子,制成土地利用现状图。利用坡度分级图、植被覆盖等级图,根据水利部颁布的土壤侵蚀分级标准来划分土壤侵蚀强度的级别,提取土壤侵蚀强度分类等级,最终生成土壤侵蚀强度分类分级信息。为了确保土壤侵蚀分类的精度,在利用遥感数据提取信息时,根据影像的光谱特性及其地物特征,提取不同地物的信息时应根据其具体特征选择不同的方法,常用的方法有目视解译法、归一化植被指数法、监督分类、谱间关系法、归一化差异水体指数法、最大似然法和非监督分类等方法。最后,将用上述方法提取得到的信息进行人机交互解译,以提高信息提取的精度。
(3)借助于“3S”技术,对采集到的汾河流域1976、1993和2009年三期的土壤侵蚀强度数据,进行动态定量的时空变化分析,通过对研究区三个时期土壤侵蚀状况、土壤侵蚀面积时空变化的分析,对不同土壤侵蚀强度级别及其面积转化、不同类别土壤侵蚀强度变化率进行了分析总结。在此基础上,总结了流域30年间土壤侵蚀强度转变受土壤侵蚀状况与坡度的关系以及各种土地利用方式转化的影响。结果表明,研究区受不同类别的土壤侵蚀强度影响其土地利用状况也各不相同,研究区土壤侵蚀强度主要为中度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,其次是微度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀面积随着土壤侵蚀强度级别的增加而迅速减少。
最后得出了汾河流域土壤侵蚀情况及其生态修复对策的技术措施,并为今后更好的进行规划治理、合理制定生态保护措施和开发利用资源等方面提供参考和依据,为进一步改善生态环境和社会经济可持续发展提供借鉴和参考,都具有一定的参考价值。
With the development of social economy, human unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources has made many vegetation is damaged. Soil erosion becomes global ecological and environmental issue. The research on the soil erosion has been done in the word. Due to the restriction of technological development levels the research mainly focuses on the quantitative and qualitative aspects, whereas seldom on dynamic applications. Soil erosion and its dynamic change research in typical regions is a rapid and effective research method by using remote sensing and GIS technology in this paper.
Fenhe River is the2nd tributary of Yellow River, the soil erosive degree in the Fenhe drainage area has direct influence on the development of lower stream channel in Yellow River. Taking Fenhe drainage as a research object and remote sensing images in1976,1973and2009as the-different period main information source, this paper acquires reliable vegetation index, slope and land use data through interpretation and field survey verification combined with auxiliary data and "3S" technology. According to the soil erosion classification standard (SL190-2007) released by Ministry of Water Resources, soil erosion data at three phases in the research area are achieved through soil erosion type and intension classification by using ArcGIS spatial analysis function. Finally, the status, spatial distribution types, transformation rules and the relations among main environmental and ecological factors in Fenhe drainage area are systematically studied. The main contents include:
(1) The soil erosion problems in the research area and the previous traditional technology limitations are firstly illustrated. Due to its own technological characteristics,"3S" technology has incomparable advantages in soil erosion information acquisition than other technologies.
(2) The vegetation coverage classification map in the research area is produced by applying remote sensing and GIS technology; combined with natural influencing factors, such as land use data, geomorphology, slope, soil texture and so on, the land use status map is achieved. Applying slope classification map and vegetation coverage classification map, the soil erosion intension classification information is completed based on the soil erosion classification standards released by the Ministry of Water Resources. In order to improve the accuracy of the soil erosion classification, different methods are selected for extracting different ground objects according to the spectral characteristics of the images and the ground objects characteristics in the information extraction from remote sensing data, main include visual interpretation,NDVI, supervised classification,the relations among the spectrums, MNDVI, maximum likelihood method, and unsupervised classification. Finally, the man-computer interpretation is conducted by combing the above extracted information, so as to improve the accuracy of the extracted information.
(3) Aided by "3S" technology, this paper conducted dynamic and quantitative spatial and temporal change analysis to the soil erosion data in1976,1993and2009in Fenhe drainage area. Through analysis to the soil erosion status and areas change characteristics in three phases, this paper analyzed and summarized the soil erosion intensity and temporal and spatial variation area transformation characteristics of different degrees, the type change ratio of soil erosion intensity. Based on these, this paper analyzed the relation between soil erosion and slope in the30years and the change influence of land use means to the intensity change of soil erosion. Results show:land use characteristics are different for different soil erosion intensity; the research area mainly distributes moderate erosion and mild erosion, then low erosion; the soil erosion area decreases rapidly with the increase of the erosion intensity.
Finally, this paper summarized the technical measures for recovery and manages of soil erosion status and ecological restoration, so as to provide reference and basis not only for further planning and control, establishing ecological reserve rules properly and exploiting resources, but also for further improve ecology and environment, social and economic sustainable development.
引文
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