公路隧道火灾对人行横通道间距设置的影响研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
浙江括苍山特长公路隧道为双洞单向交通,隧道进出口段各1500米范围内采用纵向通风、中部隧道顶部设排烟道半横向通风方式。隧道内一旦发生火灾,特别是火灾发生在隧道中间段,由于事故现场距两端洞口均较远,人员很难在短时间内撤出隧道。因此,在双孔单向交通隧道之间每间隔一段距离设置一座横通道作为人员疏散的避难设施就显得格外重要,而合理地设置其间距对人员的安全疏散具有极其重要的作用。
     本文对国内外部分公路隧道的横通道间距进行了调研,建立了相关的数据库。通过对其横通道间距的统计分析,并参考部分国家的公路隧道横通道间距设计的推荐值,确定了括苍山特长公路隧道的人行横通道间距设置的大致范围。
     火灾模式下人行横通道的间距设置与安全性和经济性两大主要因素有关,而安全性又受到隧道火灾特性和人员疏散特性的共同影响。本文以CFD软件建立隧道火灾的三维数学模型,并对其火灾进行了数值模拟。以VHS模型作为火灾的燃烧模型,着重对火源的发展过程进行了介绍,用连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程及气体组分方程描述气流流动状态,以有限体积法为基础,对该模型的控制微分方程进行离散化处理,并采用SIMPLE进行数值求解。对热释放率为30MW的中型火灾的临界风速进行了计算,同时计算了不同的通风工况下火灾发生在不同场景时的温度场和烟雾(CO)浓度场;结合人员随时间的疏散,着重对人员可能选取的三条逃生路线的温度和浓度分布进行了计算和比较,确定了不同工况时的人员最佳疏散路线
     以人员安全疏散的评价标准为依据,对人员在火灾中的行为和疏散特性进行了分析。结合隧道火灾特性,以人员疏散的最不利路线为基准,分别对火灾危险时间和人员所需的必要疏散时间进行了计算,通过对两者之间的比较分析,提出了“人员安全疏散的临界时间”和“人员安全疏散的临界距离”的定义。根据计算结果,并综合考虑其安全性和经济性,得出了括苍山公路隧道进出口段和中间段的人行横通道的平均间距。其方法和结论为特长公路隧道合理地设置人行横通道、紧急疏散方案的制订和隧道火灾的安全设计提供了理论依据。
Zhejiang Kuocangshan King-size Highway tunnel is dual one-way traffic one, and longitudinal ventilation is adopted within 1,500 meters near the entrance and the exit, and the flue is installed and semi-transverse ventilation is adopted in the central tunnel. In case of fire in tunnel, especially the fire occurred in the central tunnel, the scene of the accident are far from both the entrance and the exit of the tunnel, it is difficult for personnel to evacuate from the tunnel in a short period of time. Therefore, it is particularly important to set a cross passage for refuge establishment to evacuate with some distance between both one-way traffic tunnels, and it is extremely important role for personnel safe evacuation to set its reasonable distance.
     The cross passage interval of some highway tunnels internal and external is investigated and the database is established in this paper.By statistical analyzing it, and taking into account the state of the recommended values on the cross passage interval, the interval range of Kuocangshan King-size Highway tunnel is approximately identified.
     The cross passage interval is something to the two main factors that is safety and economy in fire pattern, and the safety is influenced on both tunnel fire characteristic and personnel evacuation characteristics. A three-dimensional mathematical model in tunnel fire is established and the fire is simulated. VHS model as a fire burning model, and focusing on the fire source development process, smoke movement was acquired by the model consisted of continuity equation, momentum equation, energy equation and species equations. Finite volume method was used to discretize the govering equations and the SIMPLE algorithm was employed to solve the discretized equations. A critical velocity for the heat release rate of 30MW is calculated and temperature and smoke (CO) concentration is attained under different ventilation conditions in different fire scene; Based on personnel evacuation with time, temperature and concentration for the three escape routes that personnel may select were calculated and compared, and the best evacuation route was identified under the different conditions.
     Personnel behavior and evacuation characteristics in the fire were analyzed as the basis of the evaluation criteria for personnel safe evacuation. Combined tunnel fire characteristics and based on the most disadvantaged evacuation routes, the fire danger time and personnel necessary evacuation time were calculated and compared, and the define of the Critical Time of Personnel Safe Evacuation and the Critical Distance of Personnel Safe Evacuation were put forward. According to the calculated results, while taking into account its security and economy, the average cross passage interval of Kuocangshan highway tunnel is obtained. The method and the conclusion provide the theoretical basis for the reasonable cross passage interval, emergency evacuation program and tunnel fire safety design for king-size highway tunnels.
引文
[1] 张硕生.隧道防火保护的现状及发展趋势.消防技术与产品信息,2003年7月
    [2] 王泽宇,冯炼.带竖井特长公路隧道的火灾通风数值模拟.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
    [3] 倪照鹏,陈海云.国内外隧道防火技术现状及发展趋势.交通世界.2003年2~3月
    [4] 陆晖,徐兴等.长隧道沥青路面火灾比尺模型分析和数值模拟[M].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005年5月
    [5] 张祉道.公路隧道的火灾事故通风.2003年2月第40卷第1期现代隧道技术
    [6] 佚名.高等级公路隧道防火与消防[G].公路隧道专业会议文件,1990
    [7] Alex Haeter.通风.公路隧道的消防[J].隧道译丛,1989-08
    [8] 吉田幸信(日).公路隧道的防火设备[J].隧道译丛,1989-08
    [9] 钱盛龄.上海延安东路越江隧道的消防系统[C].第四届隧道与地下工程动态会,1989-09
    [10] 熊火耀.道路隧道防灾技术[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,1989-08
    [11] 柴永模,涂文轩.矿井灭火新技术及长隧道火灾对策[C].第四届隧道与地下工程动态会论文集.1989-09
    [12] H.S.Eisner.英法海峡隧道燃料火灾的安全性讨论[J].隧道译丛,1989-08
    [13] 里查德·卡维尔,阿兰·比尔德等.隧道突发火灾时的明智通风控制,消防技术与产品信息,2001年09期
    [14] 覃文清,李风.隧道火灾与防范.消防科学与技术,2004年01期
    [15] 杨卫东.公路隧道防火安全.消防技术与产品信息,2001年09期
    [16] S. Kumar, Cox G. Radiant Heat and Surface Roughness Effects in the Numerical Modeling of Tunnel Fires. 6th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics & Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels. 1998
    [17] S. Kumar, G. Cox. A Numerical Model Fire in Road Tunnels. Tunnel& Tunneling, 1987(3)
    [18] F. Demouge, D. Lacroix. CFD simulation of fire smoke behavior with transverse ventilation-comparison with model tests, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics &Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
    [19] S.S. Levy, J.R. Sandzimer. Smoke control for the Ted Williams Tunnel-a comparative of extraction rate. 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics &Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
    [20] C. Rudin. Fires in long railway Tunnels-the ventilation concepts adopted in the AlpTransit projects, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics &Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, 2000
    [21] 王明年,杨其新等.公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究.地下空间,2003年03期
    [22] 王婉娣,冯炼.长大公路隧道火灾通风三维数值模拟研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2004
    [23] 张发勇,冯炼.双洞长大公路隧道火灾通风数值模拟研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2005
    [24] 胡自林,彭立敏等.中长公路隧道纵向通风计算模型.湘潭矿业学院学报.2003年6月
    [25] 胡忠日.安全疏散研究的动态和发展趋势[J].消防科学与技术,2001(6): 6-7
    [26] A. G. Bendelius, Tunnel fire and life safetywithin theworld road association(PIARC)[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2002(17): 159-161
    [27] 石芳.城市隧道火灾消防对策初探.2003年第11期消防技术与产品信息
    [28] 贺春宁,乔宗昭等.隧道横向连接通道设置.地下工程与隧道,P53-56.2005年第3期
    [29] Report of the ad Hoc Multidisciplinary Group of Experts on Safety in Tunnels on its Second Session. November 2002
    [30] Tokyo-wan Aqualine-experience of Traffic and Safety. 1st International Conference on Traffic and Safety in Road and Tunnels,May 2001
    [31] The Distance of Cross Passage in Twin Bore Railway Tunnels. 4th International Conference on Safety in Road and Railway Tunnels, April 2001
    [32] 《公路隧道设计规范》(JTG D70-2004),北京:人民交通出版社,2004年
    [33] 吴凤,徐精彩.大型地下商场火灾安全疏散性能化设计研究[M].西安科技大学硕士学位论文,2005年4月25日
    [34] Barth, U. Managerial and technical aspects of tunnel safety regarding normal and emergency mode [J]. International Conference Tunnel Safety and Ventilation, Graz, Austria, Proceeding,2002(8): 8-10
    [35] 田玉敏.人群疏散中“非适应性”行为的研究[J].灾害学,2006,21(2):114-120
    [36] 杨高尚,彭立敏,彭建国等.隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究[J].灾害学,2006,21(4):8-13
    [37] 日本建筑省编.孙金香,高伟译.建筑物综合防火设计[M].天津:天津科技翻译出版社公司,1994
    [38] 肖荣华.高速公路隧道火灾[J].防灾博览.2005,(6):38
    [39] 张祉道.公路隧道的火灾事故通风[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1):36-37
    [40] 古晋.地铁隧道火灾的疏散与救援,劳动保护,2004年11期
    [41] 周勇狄,夏永旭.长大公路隧道火灾数值模拟及逃生研究[M].长安大学硕士学位论文,2006年6月
    [42] Hartell G E. Engineering analysis of hazards to life safety in fires:the fire effluent toxicity component[J]. Safety Science, 2001, 38(2): 147-155
    [43] Purser D A. Bensilum M. Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations[J]. Safety Science, 2001, 38(6): 157-182
    [44] PIARC, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels[M], PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels, C5, O5.O5. B, Paris, France,2002: 31-32
    [45] 霍然,胡源,李元洲.安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1999.131-135
    [46] 霍然,金旭辉,梁文.大型公用建筑火灾中人员疏散的模拟计算分析[J].火灾科学,1999,(2):8-14
    [47] 王新钢,毛朝军,叶诗茂等.浅谈公路隧道火灾及其结构防火保护措施[J].消防技术与产品信息.2005,(3):65-67
    [48] H. Xue, J.C. Ho, Y.M. Cheng. Comparision of different combustion models in enclosure fire simllation. Fire Salty Jounnal, 2001(36): 37-54
    [49] 闫幼峰.室内火灾过程的计算机模拟.西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论 文.2001年4月
    [50] 刘勇.中庭建筑防排烟相似模型实验研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2002年10月
    [51] VARQUELIN, BERTRAND E, Experimental investigation about ventilation effects on a buoyant,8~(th) AVVT,1994
    [52] 郭光玲,地铁通风系统与火灾研究.北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004.5
    [53] 张辉,范维澄.火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究,中国科学技术大学学报,1988.18(4).459-46
    [54] 张辉,范维澄.单室火灾中浮力修正的雷诺应力模型,中国科学技术大学学报,1990.20(1).67-7
    [55] 陶文铨.数值传热学(第2版)西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001年5月:
    [56] 王福军.计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件原理与应用 北京:清华大学出版社,2004年9月
    [57] 金忠清.N-S方程的数值解和紊流模型.河海大学出版社,1989
    [58] 刘惠枝,舒鸿纪.边界层理论.人民交通出版社
    [59] Patankar S.V.,Spalding D.B.A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Int. J Heat Mass Transfer, 1972,15: 1787-1806
    [60] 张发勇.双洞长大公路隧道火灾事故通风数值模拟研究,西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2005年4月
    [61] 刘方.中庭火灾烟气流动与烟气控制研究,重庆大学博士学位论文,2002.12.8
    [62] Gonzalez J A. Danziger N H.Tunnel Ventilation Design for Fire Safety[A].6th International Symposium on the Aero dynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle tunnels
    [63] Y WU and M Z A BAKAR,A study of the effect of tunnel aspect ratio on control of smoke flow in tunnel fires,10~(th) AVVT,2000
    [64] 交通部:《公路隧道通风照明设计规范》(JTJ026.1-1999),北京:人民交通出版社,2000年
    [65] 王明年,杨其新等.公路隧道火灾情况下风压场变化的模型试验研究[J].公路交通与科技,2004,21(3):60~63
    [66] 陈立道,王锦,吴晓宇.道路隧道火灾预防与控制研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(1):72-74
    [67] 张伟,姜韦华,张卫国.城市地下交通隧道火灾的防护[J].地下空间,2002,22(3):268-270[68]《地铁设计规范》(GB50157—2003)[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2003

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700