对我国优秀女子三级跳远运动员任瑞萍多年训练安排的研究
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摘要
女子三级跳远是八十年代后期兴起的运动项目。我国运动员在这一运动项目的最初时期有过辉煌的成就。随着时间的推移，我国运动员的成绩与世界先进水平逐渐拉开了距离。而且在这一项目上国外运动员的运动生涯相对较长，在30岁左右还继续参加比赛，并能把成绩保持在高水平上。这与田麦久博士关于多年训练全过程理论中的“运动年限”13—24年相符。而我国大多数优秀女子三级跳远运动员，在她们达到高水平后不久就退役。随着竞技体育的高度发展，比赛激烈程度日益增加，国家为培养运动员投入大量的人力、物力。如果优秀运动员在她们达到最好成绩或能够继续保持较好成绩前就退出比赛场，对运动员来说很遗憾，对国家来说也是一种巨大的浪费。长期以来我国女子三级跳远的训练一直沿用男子训练的模式，但由于女子身体形态、机能、生理等特点导致的身体素质与男子之间的差异。因此，完全沿用男子训练的模式是不利于女子三级跳远的发展。本文通过对任瑞萍多年训练安排的研究，从中找出她自身存在的优势、差距和成绩下降的原因。以改进我国女子三级跳远运动的现状，为广大的教练员和运动员提高训练效果提供参考。
文章通过文献资料法、访问法、数理统计法、对比分析法，就任瑞萍多年训练安排进行了深入研究和分析，得出以下结论：
1．从任瑞萍多年训练的主要身体专项素质指标及技术指标变化情况看，她的训练全过程中，一直保持了稳固增长的趋势，与成绩增长的变化基本一致。说明在任瑞萍的训练中，比较全面、系统的训练是她成绩提高的一个主要原因。
2．任瑞萍的多年训练主要身体专项素质指标及技术指标和成绩的变化，表现了比较明显的几个阶段：基础训练阶段、专项提高阶段、最佳竞技阶段和竞技能力保持阶段。从这几个阶段的时间分配看，与运动训练学理论的观点相一致，也同中国田径教学训练大纲相一致。
3．在任瑞萍的专项技术指标中，她的助跑速度与国外优秀运动员相比，没有显著性的差别；而助跑速度利用率则与国外优秀运动员相比，有显著性的差别；在三跳远度比例中，任瑞萍的第二跳成绩明显低于国外优秀运动员；第三跳远度和落地技术明显优于国外运动员，说明任瑞萍的三级跳远的关键性技术，还未能达到世界优秀运动员的水平。
4．在研究中，发现任瑞萍的竞技能力保持阶段中，发生了较多的伤病情况。特别是在几次重大国际比赛前，较严重的伤病现象影响了训练的正常进行，并造成了比赛中成绩的不稳定性。这是任瑞萍在竞技能力保持阶段的重大比赛中，未能取得较好名次的重要因素。
5．在任瑞萍的整个训练过程中，最佳竞技阶段和竞技能力保持阶段的训练负荷，与中国田径教学训练大纲的要求基本一致。但在基础训练阶段，任瑞萍的训练负荷中，训练次数、训练量和训练强度，明显高于训练大纲的规定。这种情况与任瑞萍在后期的训练中，产生大量的伤病现象是否有因果关系，值得进行进一步的研究。
The women's triple jump was a thriving event after 1980s. Chinese athletes have been splendid achievement in the beginning period. There was difference between Chinese athletes and world-advanced athletes to increase gradually. Sport's life of foreign athletes is longer than ours. They can participate competitions continuously about 30 years old and keep the high level. But we can know which Chinese excellent athletes retired soon after they got high level.
The training of Chinese athletes is always following the model of men's training. Because women's characteristics of body form, function and physiology that result in the difference between men and women. Through the study of process of Ren Ruiping's many year's training try to find advantage, difference and the reason that making her result down.. At the same time, we try to provide women's triple to coaches and athletes, which promote training effect.
Through the analyze of many years' training plans of Ren Ruiping, we got the conclusion as following:
1. Through the change of main special physical condition and technical condition, which keep steady increasing trend at her whole training process. It is consistent with the change of achievement increasing. The general and systemic training is the main reason that promoting achievement.
2. Through the change of main special physical condition, technical condition and achievement, which show obvious phases comparatively: basic training phase, special promoting phase, optimal athletic phase and athletic keeping phase. The distribution of time from these phases is consist with the point of view of training theory and Chinese Track and Field Training Outline.
3. There is no obvious difference between Ren Ruiping and foreign excellent athletes at the last 5m of approach speed, but her using ability of approach speed has obvious difference from Ren Ruiping's special technical condition. The hurdler is obvious lower than foreign excellent athletes at three jumps, but her technique of jump and landing is better than foreign splendid athletes. From these we can know that the key technique of Ren Ruiping is not get the level of foreign excellent athletes.
4. From studying, we knew that Ren Ruiping has lots of injuries at athletic keeping phase. The serious injury affects the training and competitions. It is the main factor that she didn't get good result at athletic keeping phase.
5. The practice load of optimal athletic phase and athletic keeping phase is consist with Chinese Track and Field Training Outline at whole training phases. But the training load of basic training phase, especially for training times, quantity and strength are higher than Chinese Track and Field Training Outline obviously. Whether is the reason that her has lots injuries at athletic keeping phase, we need study in the future.
文章通过文献资料法、访问法、数理统计法、对比分析法，就任瑞萍多年训练安排进行了深入研究和分析，得出以下结论：
1．从任瑞萍多年训练的主要身体专项素质指标及技术指标变化情况看，她的训练全过程中，一直保持了稳固增长的趋势，与成绩增长的变化基本一致。说明在任瑞萍的训练中，比较全面、系统的训练是她成绩提高的一个主要原因。
2．任瑞萍的多年训练主要身体专项素质指标及技术指标和成绩的变化，表现了比较明显的几个阶段：基础训练阶段、专项提高阶段、最佳竞技阶段和竞技能力保持阶段。从这几个阶段的时间分配看，与运动训练学理论的观点相一致，也同中国田径教学训练大纲相一致。
3．在任瑞萍的专项技术指标中，她的助跑速度与国外优秀运动员相比，没有显著性的差别；而助跑速度利用率则与国外优秀运动员相比，有显著性的差别；在三跳远度比例中，任瑞萍的第二跳成绩明显低于国外优秀运动员；第三跳远度和落地技术明显优于国外运动员，说明任瑞萍的三级跳远的关键性技术，还未能达到世界优秀运动员的水平。
4．在研究中，发现任瑞萍的竞技能力保持阶段中，发生了较多的伤病情况。特别是在几次重大国际比赛前，较严重的伤病现象影响了训练的正常进行，并造成了比赛中成绩的不稳定性。这是任瑞萍在竞技能力保持阶段的重大比赛中，未能取得较好名次的重要因素。
5．在任瑞萍的整个训练过程中，最佳竞技阶段和竞技能力保持阶段的训练负荷，与中国田径教学训练大纲的要求基本一致。但在基础训练阶段，任瑞萍的训练负荷中，训练次数、训练量和训练强度，明显高于训练大纲的规定。这种情况与任瑞萍在后期的训练中，产生大量的伤病现象是否有因果关系，值得进行进一步的研究。
The women's triple jump was a thriving event after 1980s. Chinese athletes have been splendid achievement in the beginning period. There was difference between Chinese athletes and world-advanced athletes to increase gradually. Sport's life of foreign athletes is longer than ours. They can participate competitions continuously about 30 years old and keep the high level. But we can know which Chinese excellent athletes retired soon after they got high level.
The training of Chinese athletes is always following the model of men's training. Because women's characteristics of body form, function and physiology that result in the difference between men and women. Through the study of process of Ren Ruiping's many year's training try to find advantage, difference and the reason that making her result down.. At the same time, we try to provide women's triple to coaches and athletes, which promote training effect.
Through the analyze of many years' training plans of Ren Ruiping, we got the conclusion as following:
1. Through the change of main special physical condition and technical condition, which keep steady increasing trend at her whole training process. It is consistent with the change of achievement increasing. The general and systemic training is the main reason that promoting achievement.
2. Through the change of main special physical condition, technical condition and achievement, which show obvious phases comparatively: basic training phase, special promoting phase, optimal athletic phase and athletic keeping phase. The distribution of time from these phases is consist with the point of view of training theory and Chinese Track and Field Training Outline.
3. There is no obvious difference between Ren Ruiping and foreign excellent athletes at the last 5m of approach speed, but her using ability of approach speed has obvious difference from Ren Ruiping's special technical condition. The hurdler is obvious lower than foreign excellent athletes at three jumps, but her technique of jump and landing is better than foreign splendid athletes. From these we can know that the key technique of Ren Ruiping is not get the level of foreign excellent athletes.
4. From studying, we knew that Ren Ruiping has lots of injuries at athletic keeping phase. The serious injury affects the training and competitions. It is the main factor that she didn't get good result at athletic keeping phase.
5. The practice load of optimal athletic phase and athletic keeping phase is consist with Chinese Track and Field Training Outline at whole training phases. But the training load of basic training phase, especially for training times, quantity and strength are higher than Chinese Track and Field Training Outline obviously. Whether is the reason that her has lots injuries at athletic keeping phase, we need study in the future.
引文
[1] 郭健翔．现代男子三级跳远技术特征的探讨．广州体育学院学报．1999：2：97-100页
[2] 勒·斯·豁缅科夫著．郝成硕等译．田径教练员教科书．
[3] 朱凯等．从雅典世锦赛看现代男女三级跳远技术．田径．1998：10：18-22页
[4] 田径运动．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1990
[5] 同[1]
[6] 毛兴海．三级跳远技术发展及未来特征．田径．1995：5：28-31页
[7] 张明立．常用统计方法．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1995．
[8] 同[3]
[9] 柯幼棣等．三级跳远起跳是最好采用单摆臂．田径．1997：6：16页
[10] 刘剑波译．詹姆斯博士谈三级跳远技巧．田径．1996：4：13-14页
[11] 同[1]
[12] 杨尚春等．速度平跳型三级跳远技术的教学要点．体育科技．1999：2：71-73页
[13] 刘超等．速度—平跳技术．田径．1998：3：13-14页
[14] 同[1]
[15] 刘剑波译．詹姆斯博士谈三级跳远技巧．田径．1996：4：14页
[16] 姚天白等．三级跳远三跳起跳技术的生物力学分析．体育科学．1992：5：70-74页
[17] 李修平等．男子三级跳远技术特征的探讨．广州体育学院学报．1999：2：97-100页
[18] 同[1]
[19] 佟启良等．运动生理学．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1991．10页
[20] 文超．田径热点论．北京：人民体育出版社．1996．9页
[21] 同[3]
[22] 同[3]
[23] 同[3]
[24] 黄坚毅．对我国部分优秀女子三级跳远运动员三跳技术的研究．论文．1999
[25] 李良标等．运动生物力学．北京：北京体育学院出版社
[26] 吴国生．从爱德华兹的技术风格谈三级跳远训练趋势．田径．1998：4：18
[2] 勒·斯·豁缅科夫著．郝成硕等译．田径教练员教科书．
[3] 朱凯等．从雅典世锦赛看现代男女三级跳远技术．田径．1998：10：18-22页
[4] 田径运动．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1990
[5] 同[1]
[6] 毛兴海．三级跳远技术发展及未来特征．田径．1995：5：28-31页
[7] 张明立．常用统计方法．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1995．
[8] 同[3]
[9] 柯幼棣等．三级跳远起跳是最好采用单摆臂．田径．1997：6：16页
[10] 刘剑波译．詹姆斯博士谈三级跳远技巧．田径．1996：4：13-14页
[11] 同[1]
[12] 杨尚春等．速度平跳型三级跳远技术的教学要点．体育科技．1999：2：71-73页
[13] 刘超等．速度—平跳技术．田径．1998：3：13-14页
[14] 同[1]
[15] 刘剑波译．詹姆斯博士谈三级跳远技巧．田径．1996：4：14页
[16] 姚天白等．三级跳远三跳起跳技术的生物力学分析．体育科学．1992：5：70-74页
[17] 李修平等．男子三级跳远技术特征的探讨．广州体育学院学报．1999：2：97-100页
[18] 同[1]
[19] 佟启良等．运动生理学．北京：北京体育学院出版社．1991．10页
[20] 文超．田径热点论．北京：人民体育出版社．1996．9页
[21] 同[3]
[22] 同[3]
[23] 同[3]
[24] 黄坚毅．对我国部分优秀女子三级跳远运动员三跳技术的研究．论文．1999
[25] 李良标等．运动生物力学．北京：北京体育学院出版社
[26] 吴国生．从爱德华兹的技术风格谈三级跳远训练趋势．田径．1998：4：18