湖南株洲龙门核电厂对周围环境影响的初步研究及评价
摘要
由于核电在安全、经济、环保三方面具有与火电竞争的优势,用核电代替煤电条件已经成熟,所以应加快核电建设,尤其是在长株潭负荷中心地区建设核电,是湖南省能源建设的战略选择。位于湖南省株洲市株洲县太湖乡的龙门厂址,靠近长株潭负荷中心,厂址条件十分优越。
本文选取龙门核电厂址为研究对象,开展内陆核电厂址在选址阶段的环境影响评价研究。首先简单描述了内陆厂址所应选用的环境评价标准及选用的评价方法、公式,然后通过对收集的资料进行整理和分析,对龙门厂址的厂址条件与外部环境如厂址人口分布、工业、交通和军事设施、潜在的外部人为事件、外部自然条件、大气弥散条件、水弥散条件等进行了简要评价,然后从两个方面(一是核电厂正常运行状态下,二是核电厂事故运行状态下)对龙门厂址周围的环境影响程度进行了分析计算。最后,对全文所取得的研究成果进行了总结,并展望将来的研究方向。
经计算,在核电厂正常运行状态下,放射性物质的年释放量,龙门厂址半径0.5km处个人(成人)受到的最大有效剂量为3.73×10-2mSv/a,满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的限值要求。
在核电厂最大可信事故条件下,龙门厂址半径0.9km处,任何个人(成人)在事故发生后8h内所接受的最大有效剂量和甲状腺当量剂量,以及在整个事故持续期间30天内厂址半径80km范围公众群体受到的集体有效剂量和集体甲状腺当量剂量均能满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的要求。拟定龙门厂址的非居住区边界为0.9km,满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的要求。
经综合考虑,龙门厂址周围不存在影响厂址安全的不可克服的颠覆性因素,在龙门厂址上建造的核电机组在正常运行和事故工况下对周围环境的影响均可接受,因此,龙门厂址可作为大唐华银核电项目的候选厂址,满足建设四台百万千瓦级压水堆核电机组的要求。
本文针对内陆核电厂址的特点,对龙门核电厂址的环境影响评价进行了深入细致的研究,具有较大的实用价值。这不仅能够解决龙门核电项目环境影响评价中相关问题,而且还有利于龙门核电废物排放的合理规划与管理,为龙门厂址地区的环境规划、污染气象观测和环境放射性监测规划提供科学依据。
Compared to thermal power, nuclear power has the competitive advantage in security, economic and environmental protection. Regarding using nuclear power to replace coal-fired power is ripe, the construction of nuclear power should be speed up, especially in the load center of Chang-zhu-tan area. It is a strategic choice of Hunan energy construction. Longmen site is located in Taihu Township, Zhuzhou City, Zhuzhou County, Hunan Province, which is near the Chang-Zhu-tan load center. The site condition is extremely advantageous.
Longmen nuclear power site was selected in this paper as the research object for inland nuclear power site, and the research is focused on the site selection phase of the environmental influence assessment studies. At the beginning of the paper is a brief description of the environmental evaluation criteria of the site and selection of evaluation methods, formulas. Then based on the collated information and analysis, an evaluation on the site conditions and the external environment of Longmen site such as the site population distribution, industry, transport and military facilities, the potential external man-made events, external natural conditions, atmospheric dispersion conditions, the water dispersion conditions is delivered. In the following research, the gantry surrounding environmental impact of the site were analyzed and calculated (in both normal and accidental operation status). Finally, the full text of the research results obtained is summarized, and the further research directions are advised.
According to the calculation, in the area of a radius of 0.5km of Longmen site, the maximum effective dose of the annual emissions of radioactive substances for an individual (adults) is 3.73 x 10-2-mSv/a, which meets the national standard GB6249-86.
In the condition of maximum credible accident of the nuclear power plant, in the area of a radius of 0.9km of Longmen site, the maximum effective dose and thyroid equivalent dose received by any individual (adult) 8h after the accident, as well as the collective effective dose equivalent and collective thyroid doses for public groups in a area of a radius of 80km range within 30 days after the accident, meet the national standard GB6249-86 requirements. It indicates that the reasonable non-residential area boundary of Longmen site developed non-resident is 0.9km, and it meets the national standard GB6249-86 requirements.
After comprehensive consideration, subversive insurmountable factor which may attract the safety of Longmen site dose not exist. The influence on the surrounding environment of the nuclear power generating units built on site is acceptable in any conditions.Therefore, Longmen site Datang Huayin can be used as a candidate for nuclear power project site, and it meets the requirement of building four million kilowatt-class pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant.
In this paper, the characteristics of inland nuclear power site is analyzed, and based on which a deeply research on the Longmen nuclear power site environmental impact assessment is conducted. It has great practical value. It can not only solve the related issues on the environmental impact assessment of Longmen nuclear power projects, but also provides strategies for the rational planning and management of Longmen site. The research also provides a scientific basis on environmental planning, pollution, meteorological observation and environmental radioactivity monitoring for Longmen site program.
本文选取龙门核电厂址为研究对象,开展内陆核电厂址在选址阶段的环境影响评价研究。首先简单描述了内陆厂址所应选用的环境评价标准及选用的评价方法、公式,然后通过对收集的资料进行整理和分析,对龙门厂址的厂址条件与外部环境如厂址人口分布、工业、交通和军事设施、潜在的外部人为事件、外部自然条件、大气弥散条件、水弥散条件等进行了简要评价,然后从两个方面(一是核电厂正常运行状态下,二是核电厂事故运行状态下)对龙门厂址周围的环境影响程度进行了分析计算。最后,对全文所取得的研究成果进行了总结,并展望将来的研究方向。
经计算,在核电厂正常运行状态下,放射性物质的年释放量,龙门厂址半径0.5km处个人(成人)受到的最大有效剂量为3.73×10-2mSv/a,满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的限值要求。
在核电厂最大可信事故条件下,龙门厂址半径0.9km处,任何个人(成人)在事故发生后8h内所接受的最大有效剂量和甲状腺当量剂量,以及在整个事故持续期间30天内厂址半径80km范围公众群体受到的集体有效剂量和集体甲状腺当量剂量均能满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的要求。拟定龙门厂址的非居住区边界为0.9km,满足国家标准GB6249-86规定的要求。
经综合考虑,龙门厂址周围不存在影响厂址安全的不可克服的颠覆性因素,在龙门厂址上建造的核电机组在正常运行和事故工况下对周围环境的影响均可接受,因此,龙门厂址可作为大唐华银核电项目的候选厂址,满足建设四台百万千瓦级压水堆核电机组的要求。
本文针对内陆核电厂址的特点,对龙门核电厂址的环境影响评价进行了深入细致的研究,具有较大的实用价值。这不仅能够解决龙门核电项目环境影响评价中相关问题,而且还有利于龙门核电废物排放的合理规划与管理,为龙门厂址地区的环境规划、污染气象观测和环境放射性监测规划提供科学依据。
Compared to thermal power, nuclear power has the competitive advantage in security, economic and environmental protection. Regarding using nuclear power to replace coal-fired power is ripe, the construction of nuclear power should be speed up, especially in the load center of Chang-zhu-tan area. It is a strategic choice of Hunan energy construction. Longmen site is located in Taihu Township, Zhuzhou City, Zhuzhou County, Hunan Province, which is near the Chang-Zhu-tan load center. The site condition is extremely advantageous.
Longmen nuclear power site was selected in this paper as the research object for inland nuclear power site, and the research is focused on the site selection phase of the environmental influence assessment studies. At the beginning of the paper is a brief description of the environmental evaluation criteria of the site and selection of evaluation methods, formulas. Then based on the collated information and analysis, an evaluation on the site conditions and the external environment of Longmen site such as the site population distribution, industry, transport and military facilities, the potential external man-made events, external natural conditions, atmospheric dispersion conditions, the water dispersion conditions is delivered. In the following research, the gantry surrounding environmental impact of the site were analyzed and calculated (in both normal and accidental operation status). Finally, the full text of the research results obtained is summarized, and the further research directions are advised.
According to the calculation, in the area of a radius of 0.5km of Longmen site, the maximum effective dose of the annual emissions of radioactive substances for an individual (adults) is 3.73 x 10-2-mSv/a, which meets the national standard GB6249-86.
In the condition of maximum credible accident of the nuclear power plant, in the area of a radius of 0.9km of Longmen site, the maximum effective dose and thyroid equivalent dose received by any individual (adult) 8h after the accident, as well as the collective effective dose equivalent and collective thyroid doses for public groups in a area of a radius of 80km range within 30 days after the accident, meet the national standard GB6249-86 requirements. It indicates that the reasonable non-residential area boundary of Longmen site developed non-resident is 0.9km, and it meets the national standard GB6249-86 requirements.
After comprehensive consideration, subversive insurmountable factor which may attract the safety of Longmen site dose not exist. The influence on the surrounding environment of the nuclear power generating units built on site is acceptable in any conditions.Therefore, Longmen site Datang Huayin can be used as a candidate for nuclear power project site, and it meets the requirement of building four million kilowatt-class pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant.
In this paper, the characteristics of inland nuclear power site is analyzed, and based on which a deeply research on the Longmen nuclear power site environmental impact assessment is conducted. It has great practical value. It can not only solve the related issues on the environmental impact assessment of Longmen nuclear power projects, but also provides strategies for the rational planning and management of Longmen site. The research also provides a scientific basis on environmental planning, pollution, meteorological observation and environmental radioactivity monitoring for Longmen site program.
引文
[1]Seott-wasilk J and Kumar A. Analysis of coastal atmospheric stability schemes. 1982 national conference on environmental engineering. New York, NY (US A). American Soeiety of civil Engineers.1982:676-683
[2]Nieolli D.Wind directing correlation and vertical temperature gradient correlation with the wind direction amplitude variation at Angra dos Reis site. CNEN-DIN-02/82,1982.
[3]Hu E, Zhang M, Wang S, et al. Anexperimental study of meteorological dispersion in siting phase Ⅱ and Ⅲ of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear Technology, 1998.124(1):1-17
[4]雷孝恩,张美根,田瑞明等.大气相关性研究.研究报告,中国科学院大气物理所,1996
[5]多堆厂址大气弥散问题及大气排放限值的优化规划问题研究,姚仁太,中国原子能科学研究院博士论文,2000年
[6]UNSCEAR中国核工业总公司安防环保局,中国辐射防护学会译.电离辐射与效应.北京：原子能出版社,1995
[7]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radioactive release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1986. Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-1,1987
[8]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radioactive release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1987.Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-2,1989
[9]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radio active release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1988. Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-3,1990
[10]IAEA:Nuclear capacity could double by 2030.WNN. (12 September 2008) [11] Record performance, the nuclear power industry in 2007..29 August 2008 WNN. (07 February 2008)
[12]Nuclear Power in the USA. Information Paper of the World Nuclear Association. (September 2008)
[13]Issued Design Certification-Advanced Passive 1000 (AP1000), Rev.15.U.S.NRC
[14]Nuclear Power in the Russia. Information Paper of the World Nuclear Association. (September 2008)
[15]Westinghouse UK AP1000 Safety Security and Environmental Report
[16]US NRC US EPR Final Safety Analysis Report
[17]方栋,李红.核设施正常工况气载放射性排出物后果评价推荐模式的参数.辐射防护.Vo1.22,No.6,2002年11月
[18]汤搏.核安全和核能的发展.中国核能可持续发展论坛文集(上).157-162中国核能行业协会.2008年5月
[19]方栋等,核设施正常工况下放射性气态流出物对公众影响评价的现状与建议,辐射防护,第20卷,第6期
[20]IAEA. Generic Models for Use in Assessment the Impact of Discharges of Radioactive Substances to the Environment. Safety Reports Series 19.2001年9月
[21]国家环保局.核电厂环境辐射防护规定(GB6249-86).北京：中国标准出版社,1986
[22]国家环保局.核电厂环境影响报告书的内容和格式(NEPA-RGI),1988
[23]国家核安全局.核电厂厂址选择的大气弥散问题(HAF0103),1987
[24]USNRC,审查核电厂安全分析报告的标准审查大纲(NUREG-0800),国家核安全局译,1985
[2]Nieolli D.Wind directing correlation and vertical temperature gradient correlation with the wind direction amplitude variation at Angra dos Reis site. CNEN-DIN-02/82,1982.
[3]Hu E, Zhang M, Wang S, et al. Anexperimental study of meteorological dispersion in siting phase Ⅱ and Ⅲ of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear Technology, 1998.124(1):1-17
[4]雷孝恩,张美根,田瑞明等.大气相关性研究.研究报告,中国科学院大气物理所,1996
[5]多堆厂址大气弥散问题及大气排放限值的优化规划问题研究,姚仁太,中国原子能科学研究院博士论文,2000年
[6]UNSCEAR中国核工业总公司安防环保局,中国辐射防护学会译.电离辐射与效应.北京：原子能出版社,1995
[7]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radioactive release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1986. Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-1,1987
[8]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radioactive release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1987.Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-2,1989
[9]Atomic Energy Control Board. Radio active release data from Canadian nuclear generating stations 1972 to 1988. Radiation Protection Division, Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada, INFO-0210(E)Rev-3,1990
[10]IAEA:Nuclear capacity could double by 2030.WNN. (12 September 2008) [11] Record performance, the nuclear power industry in 2007..29 August 2008 WNN. (07 February 2008)
[12]Nuclear Power in the USA. Information Paper of the World Nuclear Association. (September 2008)
[13]Issued Design Certification-Advanced Passive 1000 (AP1000), Rev.15.U.S.NRC
[14]Nuclear Power in the Russia. Information Paper of the World Nuclear Association. (September 2008)
[15]Westinghouse UK AP1000 Safety Security and Environmental Report
[16]US NRC US EPR Final Safety Analysis Report
[17]方栋,李红.核设施正常工况气载放射性排出物后果评价推荐模式的参数.辐射防护.Vo1.22,No.6,2002年11月
[18]汤搏.核安全和核能的发展.中国核能可持续发展论坛文集(上).157-162中国核能行业协会.2008年5月
[19]方栋等,核设施正常工况下放射性气态流出物对公众影响评价的现状与建议,辐射防护,第20卷,第6期
[20]IAEA. Generic Models for Use in Assessment the Impact of Discharges of Radioactive Substances to the Environment. Safety Reports Series 19.2001年9月
[21]国家环保局.核电厂环境辐射防护规定(GB6249-86).北京：中国标准出版社,1986
[22]国家环保局.核电厂环境影响报告书的内容和格式(NEPA-RGI),1988
[23]国家核安全局.核电厂厂址选择的大气弥散问题(HAF0103),1987
[24]USNRC,审查核电厂安全分析报告的标准审查大纲(NUREG-0800),国家核安全局译,1985