井地联合反演方法研究
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摘要
地球物理反演的核心问题是如何根据地面上的观测信号推测地层内部与信号有关部位的物理参数。随着勘探的不断深入,多资料联合反演成为当今地球物理资料反演的总趋势。它与单一的反演方法相比有两大优势:有更高的分辨率;能较好地解决反演的非唯一性问题。井间与地面地震数据的联合反演,就是指利用井间地震资料(或VSP资料、时移井中地球物理资料等)和地面地震资料,以已知地质规律和钻井、测井资料为约束,进而对地下岩层空间结构和物理性质进行求解。
依据数学算法的不同,反演算法可分为线性反演和非线性反演。由于地震反演问题通常都是强烈非线性的,目标函数有多个极小值,因而以求导为手段的线性优化方法常常限入局部极小值而无法达到全局最优解。必须采用全局最优化算法才能有效地解决非线性反演问题,提高反演结果的可靠性。
文中较全面地讨论了地球物理资料匹配校正、子波提取、初始模型建立以及波阻抗反演的原理,这些步骤是井地联合反演的基础。井地联合反演采用基于模型的波阻抗反演方法,它结合测井资料分别反演出地面地震波阻抗和井间地震波阻抗,然后从已反演的井间地震及地面地震波阻抗中抽取出虚拟井数据,综合实际测井数据,建立二维或三维初始地质模型,接着采用模拟退火法与共轭梯度法相组合的混合优化算法进行波阻抗迭代计算,最终输出的高分辨率波阻抗模型便是井地联合反演的结果。虚拟井技术是联系高分辨率井间地震资料和较低分辨率地面地震资料的桥梁,可以有效解决单纯地面地震资料中因测井点分布不均而造成插值建模精度不高的问题。
The key problem of geophysical inversion is how to predict the physical parameters which are related with surface observation signal. Joint inversion of multi data is the gross tendency of geophysical inversion in keeping with developing of exploration. It has two advantages by contrast with the single inversion: higher resolution and less non-uniqueness. This joint inversion is to combine cross-well (or VSP data, borehole geophysical data, etc.) and surface seismic data to solve the rock formation spatial structure and physical properties with the geological, drilling, and well logging regularity.
Inversion algorithms can be classified into linear and nonlinear algorithms. The seismic inversion problem is usually vehemently nonlinear and has multi minimum solutions. So the linear algorithm based on method of derivation is generally trapped into local minimum solutions and can’t get to the global optimal solution. We must adopt the global optimum algorithm to resolve the nonlinear inversion problems efficiently and enhance the reliability of inversion results.
The paper discusses the principles of matching and calibration of seismic and logging data, wavelet extraction, initial model establishment, and impedance inversion comprehensively, which are the fundament of joint inversion of cross-well and surface seismic data. This joint inversion uses the impedance inversion based on modeling method. Firstly, we integrate the well logging data to inverse the impedance of surface seismic data and cross-well seismic data separately, and then extract pseudo wells from the impedance inversion results of cross-well data. Secondly, we combine the pseudo wells and virtual wells together to establish the 2D or 3D geologic structure model, and then inverse the lower band impedance and relative impedance separately. Finally, we merge the two impedances above together and generate the ultimate high resolution impedance model which is the result of the joint inversion.
The technique of pseudo wells is the bridge truss of correlating the cross-well data of higher resolution and the surface seismic data of lower resolution. It can resolve the problem that how to improve the lower accuracy of model building and interpolating because of the un-homogeneous distribution of virtual wells in only surface seismic data condition.
依据数学算法的不同,反演算法可分为线性反演和非线性反演。由于地震反演问题通常都是强烈非线性的,目标函数有多个极小值,因而以求导为手段的线性优化方法常常限入局部极小值而无法达到全局最优解。必须采用全局最优化算法才能有效地解决非线性反演问题,提高反演结果的可靠性。
文中较全面地讨论了地球物理资料匹配校正、子波提取、初始模型建立以及波阻抗反演的原理,这些步骤是井地联合反演的基础。井地联合反演采用基于模型的波阻抗反演方法,它结合测井资料分别反演出地面地震波阻抗和井间地震波阻抗,然后从已反演的井间地震及地面地震波阻抗中抽取出虚拟井数据,综合实际测井数据,建立二维或三维初始地质模型,接着采用模拟退火法与共轭梯度法相组合的混合优化算法进行波阻抗迭代计算,最终输出的高分辨率波阻抗模型便是井地联合反演的结果。虚拟井技术是联系高分辨率井间地震资料和较低分辨率地面地震资料的桥梁,可以有效解决单纯地面地震资料中因测井点分布不均而造成插值建模精度不高的问题。
The key problem of geophysical inversion is how to predict the physical parameters which are related with surface observation signal. Joint inversion of multi data is the gross tendency of geophysical inversion in keeping with developing of exploration. It has two advantages by contrast with the single inversion: higher resolution and less non-uniqueness. This joint inversion is to combine cross-well (or VSP data, borehole geophysical data, etc.) and surface seismic data to solve the rock formation spatial structure and physical properties with the geological, drilling, and well logging regularity.
Inversion algorithms can be classified into linear and nonlinear algorithms. The seismic inversion problem is usually vehemently nonlinear and has multi minimum solutions. So the linear algorithm based on method of derivation is generally trapped into local minimum solutions and can’t get to the global optimal solution. We must adopt the global optimum algorithm to resolve the nonlinear inversion problems efficiently and enhance the reliability of inversion results.
The paper discusses the principles of matching and calibration of seismic and logging data, wavelet extraction, initial model establishment, and impedance inversion comprehensively, which are the fundament of joint inversion of cross-well and surface seismic data. This joint inversion uses the impedance inversion based on modeling method. Firstly, we integrate the well logging data to inverse the impedance of surface seismic data and cross-well seismic data separately, and then extract pseudo wells from the impedance inversion results of cross-well data. Secondly, we combine the pseudo wells and virtual wells together to establish the 2D or 3D geologic structure model, and then inverse the lower band impedance and relative impedance separately. Finally, we merge the two impedances above together and generate the ultimate high resolution impedance model which is the result of the joint inversion.
The technique of pseudo wells is the bridge truss of correlating the cross-well data of higher resolution and the surface seismic data of lower resolution. It can resolve the problem that how to improve the lower accuracy of model building and interpolating because of the un-homogeneous distribution of virtual wells in only surface seismic data condition.
引文
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