黔东北伊迪卡拉纪陡山沱期烃源岩的沉积环境
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摘要
黔东北瓮会生物群是继鄂西庙河生物群、皖南蓝田植物群和黔中瓮安生物群之后在扬子地区伊迪卡拉纪陡山沱期发现的又一宏体生物群,以宏体藻类为主,多数藻类具有固着器或拟根结构,反映具有水动力环境的特征,一些皱折或被折断的标本也说明其沉积环境中水流存在动力。对宏体藻类化石碎片进行定性测量,发现其方向变化具有规律性,表明水体中的水流具有方向性,可能与海平面变化、沉积环境等有关。通过对黔东北江口枫香岭、张屯、瓮会、松桃牛郎及铜仁小湾龙等剖面进行研究,在坝盘—瓮会一带可能存在一个规模较小的、走向南西-北东向的古断裂。化石特征及生物所需要的物质来源、营养盐分等也因古断裂的活动而受影响。此外,古洋流流向发生偏转也是古断裂存在的另一佐证。陡山沱期晚期,由地震引发形成的震积岩被记录于地层。湘西石门杨家坪陡山沱组上部磷质条带白云岩中发育有液化碳酸盐岩脉、液化磷质岩脉等古地震事件记录。另外,在产有瓮会生物群的黔东北江口瓮会剖面陡山沱组上部碳质泥页岩中夹有一层厚约10cm的灰绿色粉砂岩,可能与水流事件所造成的陆源物质快速沉积有关。川北青川-剑阁一带以砾石方式沉积的沥青见于下寒武统长江沟组中的砂质砾岩和砾石中,沥青质砾石来源于观音崖组(相当于陡山沱组)的可能性大。同时,川北南江杨坝下寒武统中大量的干沥青呈不规则侵染状或粒状分布于灰岩的裂隙或晶洞中,这些干沥青可能来源于灯影组之下的观音崖组。总之,陡山沱期瓮会宏体生物群生活于透光性好、水流相对较动荡并具有一定方向性的弱氧环境。充足的光照为生物的光合作用提供丰富的载体,为生物的生存提供原动力。海平面变化引起水流相对动荡,使得大量的近岸陆源物质被搬运到生物生活的场所；此外,地震、断裂等的活动也为生物的生活提供丰富的营养盐分。弱氧环境使得部分生物死亡后残体被氧化分解,但是,大量的生物有机体被很好地保存,为烃源岩(干酪根)的沉积与埋葬提供有利的条件。
The Wenghui biota, after the discovery of the Miaohe biota from western Hubei and the Lantian flora from southern Anhui, is found in the Doushantuo Formation of the Ediacaran in Northeastern Guizhou. This biota is mainly composed of macroalgae that have holdfast and rhizoid, so it might live in an environment with lower-energy. Similarly, the wrinkled or broken and orienting specimens also show that the sea-water was a lower-energy. In addition, the orientational changes by the survey of the macroalgal fragments may be relation to the sea-level changes. Studying sections in northeastern Guizhou, including Fengxiangling, Zhangtun, and Wenghui sections of Jiangkou County, Niulang section of Songtao County and Xiaowanlong section of Tongren City, there may have a small-sized fault from Bapan to WengHui, southwest to northeast. The characteristics of macrofossils and nutritional matter for macro-organisms might be influenced by the archaic fault. Besides, the change of ocean currents is an evidence to interpret that there was a fault near Wenghui Village. The discovery of the phosphorus seismitse, including liquefied vein, liquefied breccia and so on, in the dolomite of the upper Doushantuo Formation at Yangjiaping Town of West Hunan, indicate that the earthquake event happened more than two times in the Yangtze area during the late Doushantuoian. In addition, the greyish-green siltstone, 10 centimeter depth, in carbonaceous mudstone of the Doushantuo Formation at Wenghui, Jiangkou, Northeastern Guizou, may regard of the fast depositional enent by the terrestrial material, but cannot exclude earthquake function. The bitumen-gravels are discoved in the detrital strata of the Changjianggou Formation of the Lower Cambrian at Qingchuan County, North Sichuan. The bitumen-gravels may be from the Guanyinya Formation of the Ediacaran Doushantuoian. In addition, the bitumen also is found the Lower Cambrian at Yangba, Nanjiang, North Sichuan. Therefore, the asphalt might be from the Doushantuoian Guanyingya Formation. The Doushantuoian macro-biota in northeastern Guizhou lived in an environment with lower-energy, sunshine, and poor oxygen. The sunlight is power for organismic photosynthesis. The certain energy in water columniation due to sea-level changes take a number of materials to the place where the biota lived in. In addition, the tectonic movement (i.e. earthquake and fault) may do so. The organismic corpse were oxidated and decomposited in oxygen, however, a large number of organismic body preservd in poor oxygen was a good condition for the source rocks (kerogen) deposited and buried.
The Wenghui biota, after the discovery of the Miaohe biota from western Hubei and the Lantian flora from southern Anhui, is found in the Doushantuo Formation of the Ediacaran in Northeastern Guizhou. This biota is mainly composed of macroalgae that have holdfast and rhizoid, so it might live in an environment with lower-energy. Similarly, the wrinkled or broken and orienting specimens also show that the sea-water was a lower-energy. In addition, the orientational changes by the survey of the macroalgal fragments may be relation to the sea-level changes. Studying sections in northeastern Guizhou, including Fengxiangling, Zhangtun, and Wenghui sections of Jiangkou County, Niulang section of Songtao County and Xiaowanlong section of Tongren City, there may have a small-sized fault from Bapan to WengHui, southwest to northeast. The characteristics of macrofossils and nutritional matter for macro-organisms might be influenced by the archaic fault. Besides, the change of ocean currents is an evidence to interpret that there was a fault near Wenghui Village. The discovery of the phosphorus seismitse, including liquefied vein, liquefied breccia and so on, in the dolomite of the upper Doushantuo Formation at Yangjiaping Town of West Hunan, indicate that the earthquake event happened more than two times in the Yangtze area during the late Doushantuoian. In addition, the greyish-green siltstone, 10 centimeter depth, in carbonaceous mudstone of the Doushantuo Formation at Wenghui, Jiangkou, Northeastern Guizou, may regard of the fast depositional enent by the terrestrial material, but cannot exclude earthquake function. The bitumen-gravels are discoved in the detrital strata of the Changjianggou Formation of the Lower Cambrian at Qingchuan County, North Sichuan. The bitumen-gravels may be from the Guanyinya Formation of the Ediacaran Doushantuoian. In addition, the bitumen also is found the Lower Cambrian at Yangba, Nanjiang, North Sichuan. Therefore, the asphalt might be from the Doushantuoian Guanyingya Formation. The Doushantuoian macro-biota in northeastern Guizhou lived in an environment with lower-energy, sunshine, and poor oxygen. The sunlight is power for organismic photosynthesis. The certain energy in water columniation due to sea-level changes take a number of materials to the place where the biota lived in. In addition, the tectonic movement (i.e. earthquake and fault) may do so. The organismic corpse were oxidated and decomposited in oxygen, however, a large number of organismic body preservd in poor oxygen was a good condition for the source rocks (kerogen) deposited and buried.
引文
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