应力波锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术实验研究
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摘要
目前岩土工程中常用的锚杆锚固质量检测方法大多是破坏性的,会破坏锚固体系的内部结构,所以,寻求一种可靠、快速、经济、无损的检测方法的需求也日益迫切。
本文对应力波在弹性杆中的传播规律以及不同约束条件下的传播规律进行了理论研究。通过实验室模拟实验对应力波的传播理论进行了验证；通过对煤矿井下现场锚杆的测试与实验室模拟实验进行对比,验证了应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的可行性。本文所做的主要研究工作如下：
①首先介绍了锚杆支护理论,研究了应力波在锚杆体系中的传播规律以及应力波在锚固体系中的能量的衰减和分配规律,为应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术提供了理论依据。
②锚杆锚固质量的优劣可以用有效锚固长度、衰减系数、幅值比、频率比、动刚度和基频这几个指标进行评价。实验结果表明固结波速的大小反映了锚杆与锚固介质的粘结强度,固结波速可以从另外的方面反映锚杆的锚固质量。
③通过实验室模拟实验对应力波在锚杆自由段和锚固段的波速进行了研究,对实测信号进行时域分析发现锚杆自由段的波速不随锚杆所承受荷载的变化而变化；通过对实测信号进行频域分析,找出不同荷载作用下的测试信号的基频,利用ORIGIN软件拟合出测试信号的荷载—基频函数,发现两者的确呈三次幂函数关系。
④利用应力波锚杆锚固质量无损检测法,对国阳二矿71312回风配巷中的锚杆进行了检测,并对锚固质量进行了评价,验证了应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的可行性。
At present, the methods of testing technology for bolt anchoring quality commonly used in geotechnical engineering field are mostly destructive, which can destroy the internal structure of rock bolts system, thus, the demand for seeking a reliable, rapid, economic and nondestructive testing method for bolt anchoring quality is becoming increasingly urgent.
This paper conducts a theoretical study on the propagation law of stress waves in elastic rods and the propagation law of elastic rods under different constraints. Through laboratory simulation experiments, this author verifies the propagation theory of the stress wave; Through contrasting spot tests for rock bolts in coal mine with the laboratory simulation experiments, so as to verify the feasibility of the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality. The research works this author carries out are as follows:
1. Firstly, the author introduces the bolt support theory, studies the propagation law of stress waves in the anchor system, the energy attenuation and distribution of the stress wave in rock bolts system, thereby providing theoretical basis for the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality.
2. These indexes (including effective development length, attenuation coefficient, amplitude ratio, frequency ratio, dynamic stiffness and fundamental frequency) can evaluate the fulu of bolt anchoring quality. Experimental results show that the concretion wave speed size reflects the cohesive strength of rock bolt and anchoring medium, the concretion wave speed can reflect the anchoring quality of rock bolt from the other aspects.
3. By simulation experiment in laboratory, the author studies the wave velocity of stress wave in the free segment of rock bolt and in the anchoring segment. The author conducts time-domain analysis on test signal, so as to show that the wave velocity in the free segment of rock bolt doesn't vary with the change of the load on the rock bolt. The concretion wave speed tends to increase with the increase of the load on the rock bolt. Through conducting frequency-domain analysis on test signal, so as to find out the fundamental frequency of the test signal under different loads, using ORIGIN software to fit the load-fundamental frequency function, the author finds that it really presents three times a power function relation.
4. Using the stress wave nondestructive testing method for bolt anchoring quality, the author detects the rock bolt in71312roadway in GuoYang2# Mine and evaluates the quality of bolt anchoring, verifing the feasibility of the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality.
本文对应力波在弹性杆中的传播规律以及不同约束条件下的传播规律进行了理论研究。通过实验室模拟实验对应力波的传播理论进行了验证；通过对煤矿井下现场锚杆的测试与实验室模拟实验进行对比,验证了应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的可行性。本文所做的主要研究工作如下：
①首先介绍了锚杆支护理论,研究了应力波在锚杆体系中的传播规律以及应力波在锚固体系中的能量的衰减和分配规律,为应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术提供了理论依据。
②锚杆锚固质量的优劣可以用有效锚固长度、衰减系数、幅值比、频率比、动刚度和基频这几个指标进行评价。实验结果表明固结波速的大小反映了锚杆与锚固介质的粘结强度,固结波速可以从另外的方面反映锚杆的锚固质量。
③通过实验室模拟实验对应力波在锚杆自由段和锚固段的波速进行了研究,对实测信号进行时域分析发现锚杆自由段的波速不随锚杆所承受荷载的变化而变化；通过对实测信号进行频域分析,找出不同荷载作用下的测试信号的基频,利用ORIGIN软件拟合出测试信号的荷载—基频函数,发现两者的确呈三次幂函数关系。
④利用应力波锚杆锚固质量无损检测法,对国阳二矿71312回风配巷中的锚杆进行了检测,并对锚固质量进行了评价,验证了应力波法锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的可行性。
At present, the methods of testing technology for bolt anchoring quality commonly used in geotechnical engineering field are mostly destructive, which can destroy the internal structure of rock bolts system, thus, the demand for seeking a reliable, rapid, economic and nondestructive testing method for bolt anchoring quality is becoming increasingly urgent.
This paper conducts a theoretical study on the propagation law of stress waves in elastic rods and the propagation law of elastic rods under different constraints. Through laboratory simulation experiments, this author verifies the propagation theory of the stress wave; Through contrasting spot tests for rock bolts in coal mine with the laboratory simulation experiments, so as to verify the feasibility of the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality. The research works this author carries out are as follows:
1. Firstly, the author introduces the bolt support theory, studies the propagation law of stress waves in the anchor system, the energy attenuation and distribution of the stress wave in rock bolts system, thereby providing theoretical basis for the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality.
2. These indexes (including effective development length, attenuation coefficient, amplitude ratio, frequency ratio, dynamic stiffness and fundamental frequency) can evaluate the fulu of bolt anchoring quality. Experimental results show that the concretion wave speed size reflects the cohesive strength of rock bolt and anchoring medium, the concretion wave speed can reflect the anchoring quality of rock bolt from the other aspects.
3. By simulation experiment in laboratory, the author studies the wave velocity of stress wave in the free segment of rock bolt and in the anchoring segment. The author conducts time-domain analysis on test signal, so as to show that the wave velocity in the free segment of rock bolt doesn't vary with the change of the load on the rock bolt. The concretion wave speed tends to increase with the increase of the load on the rock bolt. Through conducting frequency-domain analysis on test signal, so as to find out the fundamental frequency of the test signal under different loads, using ORIGIN software to fit the load-fundamental frequency function, the author finds that it really presents three times a power function relation.
4. Using the stress wave nondestructive testing method for bolt anchoring quality, the author detects the rock bolt in71312roadway in GuoYang2# Mine and evaluates the quality of bolt anchoring, verifing the feasibility of the stress wave nondestructive testing technology for bolt anchoring quality.
引文
[1]张向东,张树光,刘松.锚杆支护配套技术设计与施工[M].北京：中国计划出版社2003.9.
[2]陆士良,汤雷,杨新安.锚杆锚固力与锚固技术[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1998.
[3]漆泰岳.锚杆与围岩相互作用的数值模拟[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2002.5.
[4]岳翰,贾悦谦,严志才等.井巷锚杆及锚喷支护技术[M].山西：山西人民出版社,1984.
[5]薛顺勋,宋广太,库朋欣.煤巷锚杆支护施工指南[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1999.9.
[6]PELLET F, EGGER P. Analytical model for the mechanical behaviour of bolted rock joints subjected to shearing[J]. Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,1996,29(2):73～79.
[7]VILLAESCUSA E, SCHUBERT C J. Monitoring the performance of rock reinforcement[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,1999,17(3):321～333
[8]SONG G, STANKUS J. Control mechanism of a tensioned bolt system in the laminated roof with a large horizontal stress[C]//Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining. Morgantown:West Virginia,1997.
[9]侯朝炯,勾攀峰.巷道锚杆支护围岩强度强化机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(3)：342-345.
[10]王金华.我国煤巷锚杆支护技术的新发展[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(2)：113-118.
[11]贾颖绚,宋宏伟.土木工程中锚杆支护机理研究现状与展望[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(8)：53-55.
[12]李义,王成.应力反射波法检测锚杆锚固质量的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,25(2)：160-164.
[13]郭凤卿,张昌锁.锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术及研究进展[J].太原理工大学学报,2005,36：1]-13.
[14]Hirao, M., Ogi. H., and Yasui H., Contactless measurement of bolt axial stress using a shear-wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer; NDT & E International,2001,34:179～183,
[15]Tadolini, S. C., Mine roof bolt load determinations utilizing ultrasonic measurement systems, CIM Bulletin,1990,83:49～54.
[16]Choquet P, Rock Bolting Practical Guide, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy,1991.
[17]Sundholm, S., The quality control of rock bolts, Proceedings of the Society for Rock Mechanics,1987, 6 (2):1255～1264.
[18]岳向红,刘明贵,李祺.锚杆检测技术研究进展.土工基础,2005,6(3)：83-85.
[19]Thurner, H.F., Boltometer Instrument for non-destructive testing of grouted rock bolts; 2nd International Symposium on Filed Measurements in Geomachanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 6191 778 6, pp 135～143,1988.
[20]Rodger, A. A., Littlejohn, G. S., Holland, D. C., and Xu, H.."Dynamic response of rock bolt systems at Peny Clip in North Wales." Options for Tunneling, Developments Geotech. Eng,1993,74:719～727.
[21]Ultrasonic measurement systerm for bolt load determinations, In mine&quarry. USA,p24,1988.11.
[22]S.C. Tadolini. Mine Roof Bolt Load Determinations Utilizing Ultrasonic Measurement Systems.CIM Bulletin,1990,83(940):49～54
[23]Djordjevic, N.A non-destructive test method to asses the integrity of installed rock bolts. JK Rock Bolt Tester,2000:www.jkmrc.uq.edu.au.
[24]Agnew G D, An investigation of methods for producing a non-destructive grouted tendon tester. Consultancy report, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1990.
[25]Flohrer C and Bernhardt B, detection of prestressed steel tendons behind reinforcement bars. Preceedings of the conference on non-destructive testing in civil engineering,Liverpool,14～16, April 1993,British institute of NDT,p227～234
[26]刘玉堂,下留义,李明,等.无损锚杆测力计[J].煤炭科学技术,1998,26(2)：37-39.
[27]汪明武,王鹤龄.无损检测锚杆锚固质量的现场试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,1：56-58.
[28]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固体系无损检测的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1)：109-113.
[29]许明,张永兴.锚固系统的质量管理与检测技术研究[J],重庆建筑大学学报,2002,24(1)：29-33.
[30]许明,张永兴.锚固系统质量检测的小波分析[J].岩土力学,2003,24(2)：262-265.
[31]许明,张永兴,阴可.某隧道锚杆完整性的无损检测方法土木工程学报,2004,37(5)：78-81.
[32]汪天翼,尹健民,肖国强.高密度电阻率法检测混凝土缺陷的模型试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2003.8,20(4)：32-34.
[33]李义,王成.应力波反射法检测锚杆锚固质量技术研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(2)：160-164.
[34]杨湖,王成.锚杆围岩系统数学模型的建立及动态响应分析[J].华北工学院测试技术学报,2002,16(1)：41-44.
[35]李义,刘海峰,王富春.锚杆锚固状态参数无损检测及其应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(10)：1741-1744.
[36]李义,高国付,赵阳升.基于特征锚杆工作载荷无损检测的巷道围岩稳定性评估初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(s2),4893-4897.
[37]周明.大变形破碎岩体中锚杆的支护作用及应用技术研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2010.
[38]刘玉涛.枣泉矿大断面煤巷联合支护技术研究[D].西安：西安科技大学,2007.
[39]陈伟.多层重复扰动开挖地表沉降预测与控制技术[D].南京：东南大学,2011.
[40]郭德春.深井综放全煤巷锚杆支护研究[D].徐州：中国矿业大学,2001.
[2]陆士良,汤雷,杨新安.锚杆锚固力与锚固技术[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1998.
[3]漆泰岳.锚杆与围岩相互作用的数值模拟[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2002.5.
[4]岳翰,贾悦谦,严志才等.井巷锚杆及锚喷支护技术[M].山西：山西人民出版社,1984.
[5]薛顺勋,宋广太,库朋欣.煤巷锚杆支护施工指南[M].北京：煤炭工业出版社,1999.9.
[6]PELLET F, EGGER P. Analytical model for the mechanical behaviour of bolted rock joints subjected to shearing[J]. Rock Mech. Rock Eng.,1996,29(2):73～79.
[7]VILLAESCUSA E, SCHUBERT C J. Monitoring the performance of rock reinforcement[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,1999,17(3):321～333
[8]SONG G, STANKUS J. Control mechanism of a tensioned bolt system in the laminated roof with a large horizontal stress[C]//Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining. Morgantown:West Virginia,1997.
[9]侯朝炯,勾攀峰.巷道锚杆支护围岩强度强化机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(3)：342-345.
[10]王金华.我国煤巷锚杆支护技术的新发展[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(2)：113-118.
[11]贾颖绚,宋宏伟.土木工程中锚杆支护机理研究现状与展望[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(8)：53-55.
[12]李义,王成.应力反射波法检测锚杆锚固质量的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,25(2)：160-164.
[13]郭凤卿,张昌锁.锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术及研究进展[J].太原理工大学学报,2005,36：1]-13.
[14]Hirao, M., Ogi. H., and Yasui H., Contactless measurement of bolt axial stress using a shear-wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer; NDT & E International,2001,34:179～183,
[15]Tadolini, S. C., Mine roof bolt load determinations utilizing ultrasonic measurement systems, CIM Bulletin,1990,83:49～54.
[16]Choquet P, Rock Bolting Practical Guide, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy,1991.
[17]Sundholm, S., The quality control of rock bolts, Proceedings of the Society for Rock Mechanics,1987, 6 (2):1255～1264.
[18]岳向红,刘明贵,李祺.锚杆检测技术研究进展.土工基础,2005,6(3)：83-85.
[19]Thurner, H.F., Boltometer Instrument for non-destructive testing of grouted rock bolts; 2nd International Symposium on Filed Measurements in Geomachanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 6191 778 6, pp 135～143,1988.
[20]Rodger, A. A., Littlejohn, G. S., Holland, D. C., and Xu, H.."Dynamic response of rock bolt systems at Peny Clip in North Wales." Options for Tunneling, Developments Geotech. Eng,1993,74:719～727.
[21]Ultrasonic measurement systerm for bolt load determinations, In mine&quarry. USA,p24,1988.11.
[22]S.C. Tadolini. Mine Roof Bolt Load Determinations Utilizing Ultrasonic Measurement Systems.CIM Bulletin,1990,83(940):49～54
[23]Djordjevic, N.A non-destructive test method to asses the integrity of installed rock bolts. JK Rock Bolt Tester,2000:www.jkmrc.uq.edu.au.
[24]Agnew G D, An investigation of methods for producing a non-destructive grouted tendon tester. Consultancy report, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1990.
[25]Flohrer C and Bernhardt B, detection of prestressed steel tendons behind reinforcement bars. Preceedings of the conference on non-destructive testing in civil engineering,Liverpool,14～16, April 1993,British institute of NDT,p227～234
[26]刘玉堂,下留义,李明,等.无损锚杆测力计[J].煤炭科学技术,1998,26(2)：37-39.
[27]汪明武,王鹤龄.无损检测锚杆锚固质量的现场试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,1：56-58.
[28]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固体系无损检测的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1)：109-113.
[29]许明,张永兴.锚固系统的质量管理与检测技术研究[J],重庆建筑大学学报,2002,24(1)：29-33.
[30]许明,张永兴.锚固系统质量检测的小波分析[J].岩土力学,2003,24(2)：262-265.
[31]许明,张永兴,阴可.某隧道锚杆完整性的无损检测方法土木工程学报,2004,37(5)：78-81.
[32]汪天翼,尹健民,肖国强.高密度电阻率法检测混凝土缺陷的模型试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2003.8,20(4)：32-34.
[33]李义,王成.应力波反射法检测锚杆锚固质量技术研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(2)：160-164.
[34]杨湖,王成.锚杆围岩系统数学模型的建立及动态响应分析[J].华北工学院测试技术学报,2002,16(1)：41-44.
[35]李义,刘海峰,王富春.锚杆锚固状态参数无损检测及其应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(10)：1741-1744.
[36]李义,高国付,赵阳升.基于特征锚杆工作载荷无损检测的巷道围岩稳定性评估初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(s2),4893-4897.
[37]周明.大变形破碎岩体中锚杆的支护作用及应用技术研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2010.
[38]刘玉涛.枣泉矿大断面煤巷联合支护技术研究[D].西安：西安科技大学,2007.
[39]陈伟.多层重复扰动开挖地表沉降预测与控制技术[D].南京：东南大学,2011.
[40]郭德春.深井综放全煤巷锚杆支护研究[D].徐州：中国矿业大学,2001.