长期施肥条件下红壤性水稻土氮素肥力分异特征
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摘要
在江西省红壤研究所红壤性水稻土肥料长期定位试验中,采集不同施肥处理(CK, N, NP、NPK、NPKM、OM)耕层土壤,研究了不同施肥处理土壤各有机形态碳、氮含量及其关系,探讨了各施肥处理对土壤团聚体、生物活性等的影响；并通过室内恒温淹水培养实验,研究了不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化作用对外源物的响应特点；同时,结合不同施肥处理对水稻土基础肥力及作物产量的影响,进一步分析了水稻年产量与土壤物理、化学、生物学若干测试指标的关系。研究结果如下：
土壤团聚体干筛分析结果表明,与CK相比,在连续施肥23a后,施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)可显著提高粒径3-5mm土壤团聚体含量(25.4%-24.6%)、降低粒径0.05～0.25mm、<0.05mm的团聚体含量(70.6%-71.1%和113.6%-121.7%)；而单施化肥处理(N, NP、NPK),各粒径土壤团聚体含量无明显差异。表明施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体的影响主要受有机肥的控制,与化肥关系不大。红壤性水稻土团聚体的MWD、GMD和分形维数值与粒径1～2mm、0.5～1mm、0.25～0.5mm、0.05～0.25mm、<0.05mm团聚体含量存在显著或极显著的线性关系,从而认为土壤团聚体的MWD、GMD和分形维数值可较客观地反映土壤肥力的状态。
红壤性水稻土在连续施肥23a后,化肥配施处理(NPK)耕层土壤有机碳和全氮与CK处理相比无显明变化。有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量较CK处理分别提高31.5%-34.3%和26.5%-33.7%(P<0.01),比NPK处理分别增加19.3%-21.8%和14.3%-20.7%(P<0.05)。单施有机肥处理与有机肥化肥配施处理间无显明差异,表明有机肥是提高红壤性水稻土有机质和全氮的根本途径。NPK处理耕层土壤闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的含量及其构成(占土壤有机碳的比例)较CK处理分别提高66.0%和47.8%(P<0.05)。施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)耕层土壤各组分有机碳含量较CK处理、NPK处理均有显著的提高；有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)与CK相比,其游离态颗粒有机碳和闭蓄态颗粒有机碳构成分别增加82.0%-270.0%和97.3%～97.7%(p<0.01),而耕层土壤矿物结合态有机碳构成却减少了18.9%～21.3%(p<0.05)；与化配施肥(NPK)相比,有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)可显著地提高耕层土壤有机碳中游离态和闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的构成,但对矿物结合态有机碳的构成影响不明显。NPKM处理与OM处理相比,除游离态颗粒有机碳外,均无明显差异。表明施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)可提高耕层土壤各形态碳素的含量,改变各形态碳素在有机碳中的构成,化肥配施对耕层土壤闭蓄态有机碳含量和构成也有明显的促进作用。连续施用有机肥(OM, NPKM)耕层土壤积累碳在各形态有机碳的分配率表现为闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(72.8%-76.8%)>矿物结合态有机碳(13.1%-16.7%)>游离态颗粒有机碳(2.6%-6.1%),且各形态有机碳间的分配率达显著性差异；积累氮在各形态氮中的分配受有机肥的影响,总体表现出氨基酸态氮(26.6%～38.0%)>非酸解氮(27.6%-32.0%)>未知态氮(17.1%-28.5%)>氨态氮(7.0%-9.9%)>氨基糖态氮(5.9%-7.4%)的趋势。NPKM处理与OM间积累碳、氮的分配无明显差异,表明红壤性水稻土积累碳、氮分别在各形态碳、氮中的分配基本保持稳定。
耕层土壤N素养分主要受有机肥的控制,施有机肥(OM、NPKM)能显著提高土壤全氮、酸解性总氮的含量。在酸解性总氮组分中,有机肥(0M)或有机无机肥配合(NPKM)施用可显著提高各形态酸解性氮的含量,化肥配施(NPK)则显著提高了氨基酸态氮含量,而氮肥单施(N)或偏施(NP)对土壤各酸解性氮影响不明显。与不施肥(CK)相比,长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)显著增加耕层土壤各团聚体中酸解性总氮、氨态氮、氨基酸态氮含量。同时,有机肥也显著提高粒径3-5mm、>5mmm团聚体对土壤全氮、酸解性总氮、氨态氮、氨基酸态氮的贡献率,这也说明长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)可提高土壤大团聚体N素养分供应能力。
长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM),耕层土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮较纯化肥区(NPK、NP、N)和无肥区(CK)均有显著或极显著的提高。与CK相比,长期单施化肥(N、NP、NPK)微生物生物量碳、氮增加幅度较小。同时,施有机肥(OM、 NPKM)有激活和提高土壤酶活性的作用,表现在耕层土壤蔗糖酶活性、纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、天(门)冬酰胺酶活性、谷氨酰胺酶活性、组氨酸脱氨酶活性等均明显高于纯化肥区(NPK, NP、N)和无肥区(CK)。除NPK处理明显增加耕层土壤纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、组氨酸脱氨酶活性外,纯化肥区(NPK, NP、N)仅略高于无肥区(CK),没有明显的促进作用。相关分析结果表明,红壤性水稻土微生物生物量碳、氮及各种酶活性与土壤有机碳和全氮间均呈显著或极显著正相关。
长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)的土壤不管是否添加外源物(碳源或磷源),室内淹水恒温(30℃)培养32d后,其氮素净矿化量均明显(p<0.05)高于纯化肥区(N、 NP、NPK)和无肥区(CK)；化肥区表现出NPK>NP>N>CK的趋势(p>0.05),说明红壤性水稻土长期施用有机肥可显著提高耕层土壤供氮能力。加入葡萄糖后,各施肥(CK, N、NP、NPK, NPKM、OM)土壤氮素的相对矿化量均为负值,其值大小表现出OM0.05),意味着其矿质氮的生物固持作用均大于有机氮的矿化作用。这种生物固持作用在低有机质的土壤(CK、N、 NP、NPK)上更强;而加入K2HPO4后,各供试土壤氮素相对矿化量均为正值,表明磷素可促进红壤性水稻土的有机氮矿化,特别在高有机质土壤(OM、NPKM)上尤为明显；当同时添加碳源、磷源时,各供试土壤氮素相对矿化量与单加葡萄糖时相似,表明即使是肥力较高的红壤性水稻土上,在添加磷的同时再添加碳源也会对土壤氮素的矿化有抑制作用。淹水培养32d后的土壤氮素净矿化量与土壤有机质、全氮、酸解性总氮、微生物量碳、微生物量氮均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮间呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与氨基糖态氮、非酸解性氮无显著性相关(p>0.05)。这对于深入了解红壤性水稻土有机氮状况及作物的氮需求等都有非常重要的意义。
红壤性水稻土基础地力贡献率为46.3%-72.0%。随着施肥结构完善,对基础地力的依赖性表现出NPKMThis study was conducted at the long-term location test of Red Soil Research Institute of Jiangxi (116°2024′N,28°1530′E and25to30m above mean sea level). Continuous23years experimental data of annual yield of rice under different treatments (CK, N, NP, NK, NPK, NPKM) and the tested soil samples(CK, N, NP, NPK, NPKM, OM) of different fertilization in red paddy soil for were analyzed to investigate some factors influence on the N variations in the soil.1) the influence of different fertilization on soil aggregation and its organic N forms, soil microbial activities;2) the content of soil organic C, N after23years;3) the influence of different fertilization on the nitrogen mineralization and their response to exteriorly added substrates(glucose or K2HPO4) under the waterlogged cultivation.;4) the influence of different fertilization on rice yield and soil basic fertility and relation of annual yield of rice and physiological,chernical and biochemical parameters of soil.
A preliminary study was made of soil aggregates under long-term fertilization in red paddy soil. Results demonstrated that the percentage of the soil aggregates which sizes are3-5mm is increased significantly, while the size of0.05-0.25mm and<0.05mm is decreased significantly with the long-term application of organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM), but little difference in the chemical fertilizers (N, NP, NPK) in compared with that of the samples from CK. The soil aggregates formation was primarily depended on the long-term application of organic fertilizer. The correlation analysis revealed that there existed a significant positive correlation between MWD (Mean weight diameter), GMD (Geometric mean diameter), D (Fractal dimension) and the size scopes of1～2mm,0.5～1mm,0.25～0.5mm,0.05～0.25mm,<0.05mm of soil aggregates. The present results indicated that these parameters can be considered as physical indexes of soil fertility based on MWD, GMD, D.
Also the current results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in the treatments of NPKM and OM were increased by31.5-34.3%and26.5-33.7%compared to those of CK respectively(p<0.01), while increased by19.3%-21.8%and14.3-20.7%compared to those of NPK(P<0.05) after23years. However, there were a little difference between OM and NPKM. It exhibited that organic fertilizer was a sound practice to increase SOC and TN in red paddy soil. The content of oPOC (occluded Particulate Organic Carbon) and its proportion in SOC in the treatment of NPK were increased by66.0%and47.8%compared with CK respectively(P<0.05), while the content of all fractions of SOC increased significantly in the treatment of OM and NPKM. Organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM) increased contents of fPOC (free Particulate Organic Carbon) and oPOC by82.0%-270%,97.3%-97.7%respectively (P<0.01),whereas decreased the proportion of mOC (mineral Organic Carbon) in SOC by18.9%-21.3%(P<0.05) compared with CK. Moreover, organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM) increased significantly the proportion of fPOC and oPOC in SOC than NPK, but there were a little difference in the proportion of mOC in SOC between OM or NPKM and NPK and in the contents of all fractions of SOC and its proportion in SOC between OM and NPKM except for fPOC. Therefore, OM and NPKM changed composition of soil organic matter and markedly increase contents of all fractions, while NPK only significantly increased contents of oPOC and its proportion in SOC. The order of the transformation rates of all sorts of fractions in NPKM and OM was oPOC (72.8%and76.8%)> mOC (13.1%and16.7%)> fPOC (2.6%and6.1%). Moreover there were significant difference in the transformation rates of additional carbon among fPOC, oPOC and mOC. Furthermore, there were influences on transformation rate of various N fractions in the additional N, which the order of amino acid N (26.6%-38.0%)> nonhydrolizable N(27.6%-32.0%)> hydrolyzable unidentified N (HUN)(17.1%-28.5%)> ammonium N(7.0%-9.9%)> amino sugar N (5.9%-7.4%). But there a little difference in transformation rate of various C and N fractions between OM and NPKM. This indicated transformation rates of various C and N fractions maintained almost constant in red paddy soil under long-term organic fertilizer.
There were also increases in the contents of TN and acid hydrolysable N in the treatment of organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM). Among various fractions of acid hydrolysable N, the increase in the contents of ammonium N, amino acid N, amino sugar N and HUN was found in the treatment of OM and NPKM, while an increase was only observed in amino acid N in NPK, but a little difference in the contents of various fractions of acid hydrolysable N in the treatments of N,NP compared to those in CK. Meantime,the organic fertilizer increased significantly the contents of acid hydrolysable N,ammonium N and amino acid N in different soil aggregates in the treatment of OM, NPKM compared to those of CK. Moreover, the significant increases were obtained in the contribution of the size of3-5mm and<0.05mm of soil aggregates to soil nutrient in the treatment of OM, NPKM compared to those of CK. These showed the organic fertilizer increased the supply of soil nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates.
There were significant increases in the contents of microbial biomass-C(MBC) and microbial biomass-N (MBN) in OM and NPKM compared to those of CK and N, NP, NPK, but there were little increase in the contents of microbial biomass-C and microbial biomass-N in N,NP,NPK compared to those of CK. Furthermore, an increase of the activities of soil enzyme in OM and NPKM was found, for example, the activity of invertase(INV), cellulase(CEL), urease(URE), L-asparaginase(ASP), L-glutamin(GLU), L-histidine ammonia lyase(HIS) etc. was significantly higher than that in the treatments of N, NP and NPK and CK. And the activity of these soil enzymes in the treatment of N, NP and NPK was little higher than that in CK (p<0.05). However, little difference in the above soil enzymes was obtained between the treatment of N, NP and NPK and CK except for the increased activity of soil CEL, URE and HIS. Correlation analysis indicated that significantly positive relationship was observed among MBC, MBN soil enzyme activity, SOC and TN in red paddy soil, suggesting these physiological and biochemical parameters being as evaluation indices of soil.
The net mineralization amount of N treated with organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM), either exogenously added substrate or not (carbon or phosphorus) was significantly higher than that with N, NP, NPK and CK after32days waterlogged incubation (30℃)(p<0.05) in lab. The tendency of the net mineralization amount of N treated with N, NP and NPK was NPK>NP>N>CK (p>0.05). This indicated long-term use of organic fertilizer could significantly improve N-supply capacity in red paddy soil. Minus-values in relative mineralization amount were obtained in treatments of CK, N, NP, NPK, NPKM and OM after addition of glucose, with the trends of OM0.05). This suggested biological immobilization of mineralization N exceeded than mineralization of organic N particularly in the soil (CK, N, NP and NPK) with low content of organic matter. However, positive-values of relative mineralization rate was found after addition of K2HPO4, indicating an increase in microbes number and activity by P in red paddy soil was helpful to soil mineralization especially in the higher content of organic matter (OM, NPKM). Furthermore, the relative mineralization rate in all treatments simultaneously added C and P sources was similar to single glucose, indicating inhibition of soil N mineralization by exteriorly added C (glucose) and P (K2HPO4) in the red paddy soil. After32d of waterlogged incubation, the net N mineralization amount of soil was significantly positive correlated to SOC, TN, acid hydrolysable N, MBC and MBN (p<0.01), and to ammonium N, amino acid N, HUN (p<0.05), but slight positive to amino sugar N, nonhydrolizable N (p>0.05). This is of importance to assess organic N status in red paddy soil and N requirement for rice.
The yield change in different fertilizer application and the relationship between fertilizer application and soil fertility have been statistically analyzed and found based on data from continuous23years experiment. The results showed that there was46.3%～72.0%basic contribution of soil fertility. Meantime, basic contribution of soil fertility in first year decreased by9.4%compared to that of22th. With the improving of fertilization, dependence of yield on basic soil fertility increased with in the order of NPKMN>NK. Yields treated with N, NP and NK were equivalent to or lower than those of the CK after18～21years. However, annually increased amplitude and rice yield have been raised significantly in the treatment of NPK. Furthermore, much higher increased amplitude has been observed in combination with organic fertilizer compared with other treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that significantly relationship was observed between annual yield of rice and SOC, TN, MBC, MBN, INV, CEL, URE, ASP, GLU,HIS acid hydrolysable N, ammonium N, amino acid N, amino sugar N, nonhydrolizable N, net N mineralization, size of3～5mm,0.05～0.25mm of soil aggregates and MWD, GMD, D in red paddy soil,suggesting these physiological,chemical and biochemical parameters being as evaluation indices of soil fertility.
土壤团聚体干筛分析结果表明,与CK相比,在连续施肥23a后,施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)可显著提高粒径3-5mm土壤团聚体含量(25.4%-24.6%)、降低粒径0.05～0.25mm、<0.05mm的团聚体含量(70.6%-71.1%和113.6%-121.7%)；而单施化肥处理(N, NP、NPK),各粒径土壤团聚体含量无明显差异。表明施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体的影响主要受有机肥的控制,与化肥关系不大。红壤性水稻土团聚体的MWD、GMD和分形维数值与粒径1～2mm、0.5～1mm、0.25～0.5mm、0.05～0.25mm、<0.05mm团聚体含量存在显著或极显著的线性关系,从而认为土壤团聚体的MWD、GMD和分形维数值可较客观地反映土壤肥力的状态。
红壤性水稻土在连续施肥23a后,化肥配施处理(NPK)耕层土壤有机碳和全氮与CK处理相比无显明变化。有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量较CK处理分别提高31.5%-34.3%和26.5%-33.7%(P<0.01),比NPK处理分别增加19.3%-21.8%和14.3%-20.7%(P<0.05)。单施有机肥处理与有机肥化肥配施处理间无显明差异,表明有机肥是提高红壤性水稻土有机质和全氮的根本途径。NPK处理耕层土壤闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的含量及其构成(占土壤有机碳的比例)较CK处理分别提高66.0%和47.8%(P<0.05)。施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)耕层土壤各组分有机碳含量较CK处理、NPK处理均有显著的提高；有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)与CK相比,其游离态颗粒有机碳和闭蓄态颗粒有机碳构成分别增加82.0%-270.0%和97.3%～97.7%(p<0.01),而耕层土壤矿物结合态有机碳构成却减少了18.9%～21.3%(p<0.05)；与化配施肥(NPK)相比,有机肥处理(NPKM、OM)可显著地提高耕层土壤有机碳中游离态和闭蓄态颗粒有机碳的构成,但对矿物结合态有机碳的构成影响不明显。NPKM处理与OM处理相比,除游离态颗粒有机碳外,均无明显差异。表明施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)可提高耕层土壤各形态碳素的含量,改变各形态碳素在有机碳中的构成,化肥配施对耕层土壤闭蓄态有机碳含量和构成也有明显的促进作用。连续施用有机肥(OM, NPKM)耕层土壤积累碳在各形态有机碳的分配率表现为闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(72.8%-76.8%)>矿物结合态有机碳(13.1%-16.7%)>游离态颗粒有机碳(2.6%-6.1%),且各形态有机碳间的分配率达显著性差异；积累氮在各形态氮中的分配受有机肥的影响,总体表现出氨基酸态氮(26.6%～38.0%)>非酸解氮(27.6%-32.0%)>未知态氮(17.1%-28.5%)>氨态氮(7.0%-9.9%)>氨基糖态氮(5.9%-7.4%)的趋势。NPKM处理与OM间积累碳、氮的分配无明显差异,表明红壤性水稻土积累碳、氮分别在各形态碳、氮中的分配基本保持稳定。
耕层土壤N素养分主要受有机肥的控制,施有机肥(OM、NPKM)能显著提高土壤全氮、酸解性总氮的含量。在酸解性总氮组分中,有机肥(0M)或有机无机肥配合(NPKM)施用可显著提高各形态酸解性氮的含量,化肥配施(NPK)则显著提高了氨基酸态氮含量,而氮肥单施(N)或偏施(NP)对土壤各酸解性氮影响不明显。与不施肥(CK)相比,长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)显著增加耕层土壤各团聚体中酸解性总氮、氨态氮、氨基酸态氮含量。同时,有机肥也显著提高粒径3-5mm、>5mmm团聚体对土壤全氮、酸解性总氮、氨态氮、氨基酸态氮的贡献率,这也说明长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)可提高土壤大团聚体N素养分供应能力。
长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM),耕层土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮较纯化肥区(NPK、NP、N)和无肥区(CK)均有显著或极显著的提高。与CK相比,长期单施化肥(N、NP、NPK)微生物生物量碳、氮增加幅度较小。同时,施有机肥(OM、 NPKM)有激活和提高土壤酶活性的作用,表现在耕层土壤蔗糖酶活性、纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、天(门)冬酰胺酶活性、谷氨酰胺酶活性、组氨酸脱氨酶活性等均明显高于纯化肥区(NPK, NP、N)和无肥区(CK)。除NPK处理明显增加耕层土壤纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、组氨酸脱氨酶活性外,纯化肥区(NPK, NP、N)仅略高于无肥区(CK),没有明显的促进作用。相关分析结果表明,红壤性水稻土微生物生物量碳、氮及各种酶活性与土壤有机碳和全氮间均呈显著或极显著正相关。
长期施有机肥(OM、NPKM)的土壤不管是否添加外源物(碳源或磷源),室内淹水恒温(30℃)培养32d后,其氮素净矿化量均明显(p<0.05)高于纯化肥区(N、 NP、NPK)和无肥区(CK)；化肥区表现出NPK>NP>N>CK的趋势(p>0.05),说明红壤性水稻土长期施用有机肥可显著提高耕层土壤供氮能力。加入葡萄糖后,各施肥(CK, N、NP、NPK, NPKM、OM)土壤氮素的相对矿化量均为负值,其值大小表现出OM
红壤性水稻土基础地力贡献率为46.3%-72.0%。随着施肥结构完善,对基础地力的依赖性表现出NPKM
A preliminary study was made of soil aggregates under long-term fertilization in red paddy soil. Results demonstrated that the percentage of the soil aggregates which sizes are3-5mm is increased significantly, while the size of0.05-0.25mm and<0.05mm is decreased significantly with the long-term application of organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM), but little difference in the chemical fertilizers (N, NP, NPK) in compared with that of the samples from CK. The soil aggregates formation was primarily depended on the long-term application of organic fertilizer. The correlation analysis revealed that there existed a significant positive correlation between MWD (Mean weight diameter), GMD (Geometric mean diameter), D (Fractal dimension) and the size scopes of1～2mm,0.5～1mm,0.25～0.5mm,0.05～0.25mm,<0.05mm of soil aggregates. The present results indicated that these parameters can be considered as physical indexes of soil fertility based on MWD, GMD, D.
Also the current results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in the treatments of NPKM and OM were increased by31.5-34.3%and26.5-33.7%compared to those of CK respectively(p<0.01), while increased by19.3%-21.8%and14.3-20.7%compared to those of NPK(P<0.05) after23years. However, there were a little difference between OM and NPKM. It exhibited that organic fertilizer was a sound practice to increase SOC and TN in red paddy soil. The content of oPOC (occluded Particulate Organic Carbon) and its proportion in SOC in the treatment of NPK were increased by66.0%and47.8%compared with CK respectively(P<0.05), while the content of all fractions of SOC increased significantly in the treatment of OM and NPKM. Organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM) increased contents of fPOC (free Particulate Organic Carbon) and oPOC by82.0%-270%,97.3%-97.7%respectively (P<0.01),whereas decreased the proportion of mOC (mineral Organic Carbon) in SOC by18.9%-21.3%(P<0.05) compared with CK. Moreover, organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM) increased significantly the proportion of fPOC and oPOC in SOC than NPK, but there were a little difference in the proportion of mOC in SOC between OM or NPKM and NPK and in the contents of all fractions of SOC and its proportion in SOC between OM and NPKM except for fPOC. Therefore, OM and NPKM changed composition of soil organic matter and markedly increase contents of all fractions, while NPK only significantly increased contents of oPOC and its proportion in SOC. The order of the transformation rates of all sorts of fractions in NPKM and OM was oPOC (72.8%and76.8%)> mOC (13.1%and16.7%)> fPOC (2.6%and6.1%). Moreover there were significant difference in the transformation rates of additional carbon among fPOC, oPOC and mOC. Furthermore, there were influences on transformation rate of various N fractions in the additional N, which the order of amino acid N (26.6%-38.0%)> nonhydrolizable N(27.6%-32.0%)> hydrolyzable unidentified N (HUN)(17.1%-28.5%)> ammonium N(7.0%-9.9%)> amino sugar N (5.9%-7.4%). But there a little difference in transformation rate of various C and N fractions between OM and NPKM. This indicated transformation rates of various C and N fractions maintained almost constant in red paddy soil under long-term organic fertilizer.
There were also increases in the contents of TN and acid hydrolysable N in the treatment of organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM). Among various fractions of acid hydrolysable N, the increase in the contents of ammonium N, amino acid N, amino sugar N and HUN was found in the treatment of OM and NPKM, while an increase was only observed in amino acid N in NPK, but a little difference in the contents of various fractions of acid hydrolysable N in the treatments of N,NP compared to those in CK. Meantime,the organic fertilizer increased significantly the contents of acid hydrolysable N,ammonium N and amino acid N in different soil aggregates in the treatment of OM, NPKM compared to those of CK. Moreover, the significant increases were obtained in the contribution of the size of3-5mm and<0.05mm of soil aggregates to soil nutrient in the treatment of OM, NPKM compared to those of CK. These showed the organic fertilizer increased the supply of soil nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates.
There were significant increases in the contents of microbial biomass-C(MBC) and microbial biomass-N (MBN) in OM and NPKM compared to those of CK and N, NP, NPK, but there were little increase in the contents of microbial biomass-C and microbial biomass-N in N,NP,NPK compared to those of CK. Furthermore, an increase of the activities of soil enzyme in OM and NPKM was found, for example, the activity of invertase(INV), cellulase(CEL), urease(URE), L-asparaginase(ASP), L-glutamin(GLU), L-histidine ammonia lyase(HIS) etc. was significantly higher than that in the treatments of N, NP and NPK and CK. And the activity of these soil enzymes in the treatment of N, NP and NPK was little higher than that in CK (p<0.05). However, little difference in the above soil enzymes was obtained between the treatment of N, NP and NPK and CK except for the increased activity of soil CEL, URE and HIS. Correlation analysis indicated that significantly positive relationship was observed among MBC, MBN soil enzyme activity, SOC and TN in red paddy soil, suggesting these physiological and biochemical parameters being as evaluation indices of soil.
The net mineralization amount of N treated with organic fertilizer (OM, NPKM), either exogenously added substrate or not (carbon or phosphorus) was significantly higher than that with N, NP, NPK and CK after32days waterlogged incubation (30℃)(p<0.05) in lab. The tendency of the net mineralization amount of N treated with N, NP and NPK was NPK>NP>N>CK (p>0.05). This indicated long-term use of organic fertilizer could significantly improve N-supply capacity in red paddy soil. Minus-values in relative mineralization amount were obtained in treatments of CK, N, NP, NPK, NPKM and OM after addition of glucose, with the trends of OM
The yield change in different fertilizer application and the relationship between fertilizer application and soil fertility have been statistically analyzed and found based on data from continuous23years experiment. The results showed that there was46.3%～72.0%basic contribution of soil fertility. Meantime, basic contribution of soil fertility in first year decreased by9.4%compared to that of22th. With the improving of fertilization, dependence of yield on basic soil fertility increased with in the order of NPKM
引文
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