有机肥与化肥长期配施协调土壤供氮的效应及机理
|
摘要
长期以来，我国农业生产中主要依靠有机肥来供应作物养分，维持土壤肥力。自上世纪五六十年代以来，农田中化肥的施用量逐年增加，有机肥所占的比例越来越低。化肥在粮食增产方面发挥了巨大的作用，但化肥特别是氮肥的施用也带来一系列的环境问题，给农田生态安全和人类健康带来威胁。随着我国养殖业的迅速发展，产生的畜禽粪便越来越多，如何有效处置这些有机物料，是我们面临的另一环境问题。土壤施用是处置这些有机物料的有效方式。关于有机肥与无机肥配施在提高作物产量和土壤肥力效果方面已有大量研究，但关于有机肥与化肥长期配施，协调土壤氮素供应机理的研究尚待深入。施用有机肥同时供应了土壤微生物所需能源物质和营养物质，进而可影响土壤碳、氮转化过程。因此，揭示有机肥与化肥长期配施在调控土壤氮素供应方面的机理，以协调土壤供氮与作物需氮的关系对于保障粮食生产，减少化学氮肥施用，提高氮肥利用率，减少环境污染，维持农业可持续发展等方面具有重要的理论及实践意义。
本研究以经19年不同施肥处理土壤（No-F，长期不施肥；NPK，长期施用化肥；MNPK，长期有机肥配施化肥）为研究对象，利用室内培养试验、盆栽试验和田间15N微区试验相结合的方法，研究了长期不同施肥对土壤特性（主要为可溶性有机氮、有机碳稳定性和晶格固定态铵）的影响，以及不同施肥土壤对肥料氮固持及利用的影响，获得以下主要结论：
（1）通过室内培养的方法，研究了长期不同施肥土壤对氮素生物和非生物固持的影响。结果表明，施入铵态氮使No-F、NPK和SNPK（秸秆还田配施化肥）土壤晶格固定态铵分别显著提高9.2%、7.4%和8.0%，占所施入氮肥的20%、17%和9%，而对MNPK土壤晶格固定态铵无显著影响。施入硝态氮和铵态氮后，分别有0~10%和20~60%所施氮素发生固持，铵态氮的固持量显著高于硝态氮。铵态氮的固持率与其硝化率呈极显著负相关关系，说明硝化作用的进行减少了铵态氮的固持，长期有机肥配施化肥降低了土壤粘土矿物对铵态氮的晶格固定。
（2）利用室内培养的方法，研究了供应有效碳（葡萄糖）和有效氮（硫酸铵）对不同施肥土壤氮素固持及土壤有机碳降解的影响。结果表明，MNPK土壤粘土矿物固持了3.8%所施入的氮素，显著低于No-F（14.1%）和NPK（9.5%）土壤，进一步证明长期有机肥配施化肥降低土壤对铵态氮的晶格固定能力。加入有效碳源显著增加各土壤微生物量氮含量，土壤微生物量氮的增加量占氮素固持量的30~53%，两者呈极显著正相关关系。培养期间MNPK土壤有机碳的降解率为3.3%，显著低于No-F和NPK土壤（4.4%和4.2%）；施用化学氮肥使No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤有机碳降解率分别显著提高54%，35%和21%。说明长期有机肥配施化肥增加了土壤有机碳的稳定性，施用化学氮肥促进各土壤有机碳的降解，增加了CO_2的释放。
（3）利用15N示踪技术研究了盆栽条件下氮肥（尿素）及其与秸秆配施（尿素氮和秸秆氮按1:1配施）在长期不同施肥土壤中的固持与供应特性。结果表明，与不施氮肥对照相比，单施尿素对No-F处理土壤小麦产量无影响，显著提高NPK和MNPK处理土壤小麦产量。单施尿素处理拔节期MNPK和NPK土壤分别有62%和58%施入的氮发生固持；而后，固持的氮素重新释放供小麦吸收利用，拔节期后小麦吸收的氮素分别有99%和74%源于前期固持氮素的释放。MNPK处理土壤氮肥利用率（61%）显著高于NPK（50%）和No-F（23%）处理土壤。与单施尿素处理相比，尿素与秸秆配施显著降低小麦产量和氮肥利用率，但MNPK处理小麦产量及氮肥利用率仍显著高于NPK处理。小麦收获时秸秆与尿素配施处理不同施肥处理土壤中仍有60%以上的尿素氮固持在土壤中。以上说明长期有机肥配施化肥增加作物生长前期氮素的固持，随后被固持的氮素发生释放供作物吸收利用，协调土壤氮素供应，从而提高作物产量及氮肥利用率；尿素氮和秸秆氮按1:1配施，在当季作物生长期间大部分氮素固持在土壤中，影响当季作物氮素吸收和作物产量。
（4）利用15N标记田间微区试验，研究了氮肥在小麦—休闲旱作制度下长期不同施肥处理土壤中的固持、吸收及损失情况。结果表明，在小麦拔节期，MNPK土壤有15.3%氮肥被微生物固持，显著高于NPK土壤（12.6%）；从小麦拔节期到开花期，MNPK和NPK土壤中被固持的氮素分别有82%和69%重新释放供作物吸收利用。No-F土壤小麦吸氮量和微生物对氮素固持量均较低，小麦收获时有超过30%的氮肥被淋溶到20cm土层以下，氮肥利用率仅为20%；而NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥利用率分别为61%和65%。小麦收获后，氮肥在No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤的回收率（作物吸收+土壤残留）分别为90%、97%和91%。经夏季休闲，氮肥在三土壤的回收率分别为57%、89%和86%，长期不施肥土壤氮素损失显著高于施肥土壤。可见，长期有机肥配施化肥可较好的协调土壤氮素供应和作物需氮的关系，提高氮肥利用率，减少氮素损失；在小麦-休闲种植制度下，本地区低肥力土壤中氮肥的损失主要发生在夏季休闲期间。
（5）通过15N标记田间微区试验，研究了氮肥在小麦—玉米轮作制度下长期不同施肥处理土壤的固持、吸收及损失的特性。结果表明，在小麦拔节期NPK和MNPK土壤分别有10%和14%氮肥被微生物固持，随后被固持的氮素有71%和84%发生释放供小麦吸收利用。MNPK土壤氮肥的利用率为62%，显著地高于NPK土壤（50%）及No-F土壤（仅为13%），MNPK土壤小麦产量也显著高于NPK和No-F土壤。小麦收获后残留在No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤0-100cm剖面的氮肥分别占施用量的88%、45%和38%，残留氮中矿质态氮所占的比例分别为67%、23%和4%。No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤中残留的肥料氮分别有11%、13%和5%被后茬玉米吸收利用，说明小麦季残留的肥料氮的有效性与其残留量及形态有密切关系。小麦—玉米轮作结束时，No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥的总回收率分别为45%、83%和85%。进一步说明，长期有机肥配施化肥协调了土壤氮素的固持与释放，进而提高小麦产量和氮素利用率，减少氮肥损失。
（6）通过(15)~N标记微区试验，研究了长期不同施肥和作物不同生长阶段对土壤可溶性有机氮含量的影响。结果表明，农田耕层（0-15cm）土壤可溶性有机氮的含量范围为7.5~29.3mg kg~(-1)，占可溶性总氮的13~76%。40-100cm剖面土壤可溶性有机氮占可溶性总氮的比例为40~57%。长期有机肥配施化肥显著提高0-15cm土层土壤可溶性有机氮含量，土壤可溶性有机氮占可溶性总氮的比例达60%。小麦开花期各土壤耕层可溶性有机氮的含量显著高于拔节期和收获期。(15)~N测定发现，耕层土壤有0.4~2.8%可溶性有机氮来源于施入的肥料氮，说明有少量肥料氮转化为土壤可溶性有机氮。可见农田土壤可溶性有机氮含量较高，其在土壤中的行为值得关注。
综上可见，增强土壤对氮素的生物固持及释放，提高土壤对氮肥的缓冲能力，进而协调了土壤供氮与作物需氮的关系，是有机肥与化肥长期配施处理提高作物产量、氮肥利用率的重要机理之一；长期有机肥配施化肥还提高了土壤有机碳的稳定性，有利于增加土壤固碳，减少温室气体排放。本研究中长期有机肥配施化肥处理化肥氮量的施用量仅为单施化肥处理的30%，化肥氮用量明显降低。因此，长期有机肥配施化肥在保障粮食生产、维持农业可持续发展方面作用重大。
Traditionally, manure was used for maintaining soil production in China. However, theapplication of manure to agricultural fields has declined since the1980s due to the increasinguse of inorganic fertilizers. Since the1950s, the increasing production of fertilizersdramatically has increased the agricultural productivity in most regions of the world.Meanwhile, the use efficiency of fertilizers is decreasing, especially for nitrogen. A high inputcombined with a low efficiency ultimately resulted in environmental problems, such as soildegradation, eutrophication, pollution of groundwater, and emission of ammonia andgreenhouse gases. In recent years, continuous and steady development of livestock breedinghas brought great impaction on natural environment. How to deal with the manure in thelivestock breeding is another challenge for us. Application of these manure to soil is awin-win way. It not only reduces the no point pollution of manure, but also improves soilfertility and increased crop yield. Application of manure affected theimmobilization-remineralization turnover (MIT) of N in soil. The researches about the effectsof manure on the MIT of N in agriculture were almost short-term (about1~3years). Fewexperiments have been conducted properly to test the long-term effects of the addition ofmanure on the MIT of N.
Therefore, three long-term fertilized soils (No-F, no fertilization; NPK, applied inorganicNPK fertilizers; and MNPK, applied manure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers) sampled from a19-year field trial were used to study the effects of long-term different fertilizationmanagements on the MIT of N, the yield of crop, the use, residue and loss of N fertilizer,stabilization of soil organic C in incubation, pot, and filed experiments. The main conclusionsfrom the study were as followed:
(1) An incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of long-term fertilizationmanagements on the abiotic and biotic immobilization of nitrogen. Addition of ammoniumincreased the fixed N in clay minerals by9.2%,7.4%, and8.0%in the No-F, NPK, and SNPK(straw plus NPK fertilizers) soils, and accounting for20%,17%, and19%of added N,respectively, but it had no effect on fixed N in the MNPK soil. After addition of ammonium, 20~60%of the added N was immobilized, the amount of immobilized N was only0~10%after addition of nitrate. Nitrification rate and immobilization rate of added ammonium weresignificantly correlative. Therefore, we concluded that long-term application of manure plusinorganic fertilizers reduces the ammonium fixation by clay minerals, and the nitrificationdecreased the immobilization of ammonium.
(2) Two short-term incubation experiments were conducted to assess the impact ofadding available nitrogen (NH4) and C (glucose) on NH4fixation by clay minerals, and thedecomposition of SOC in these soils. The NH4fixed by clay minerals in the MNPK soils(3.8%of added N) was significantly lower than that in the No-F, and NPK soils (14.1%, and9.5%of added N). After addition of available C, the increased soil microbial biomass Naccounted for30~53%of the amount of immobilized N, and the both were significantlycorrelative. The decomposition rate of SOC in the MNPK soil (3.3%) during the incubationwas significantly lower than in the No-F, and NPK soils (4.4%, and4.2%). Addition of NH_4significantly increased the decomposition of SOC in different soil treatments, and the MNPKsoil also had lower decomposition rate than the No-F, and NPK soils. We concluded thatlong-term combined application of manure and NPK fertilizers reduces the NH4fixation byclay minerals, and improves the stabilization of soil organic C.
(3) A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term differentfertilization managements on N retention and supply in soils after the addition of urea-N aloneor combined with straw. Addition of N fertilizer had no effect on grain yield of wheat in theNo-F soil, while it significantly increased grain yield of wheat in the NPK and MNPK soils.In the treatment of addition of urea-N alone,62%and58%of added N was immobilized inthe NPK and MNPK soils at elongation time of wheat. After elongation time,99%and74%of the assimilated N by wheat were from the remineralization of the immobilized N,respectively. When urea-N was added alone, the use efficiency of the urea-N in the MNPKsoils was as high as61%, and it significantly higher than in the NPK (50%) and the No-Fsoils (23%). Grain yield of wheat in the MNPK soil was also significantly (P<0.05) higherthan that in the NPK and No-F soils. Compared with addition of urea-N alone, the combinedaddition of straw and urea-N significantly decreased grain yield and N use efficiency. For theMNPK soil, the N use efficiency was only11%, it was still significantly higher than that ofNPK soil. After wheat harvest,59~66%of added urea-N in the treatment of combinedaddition of inorganic N and straw was still immobilized in the soil. We concluded thatlong-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers has a high ability to modulate the Nsupplying of soil by adjusting the N retention and release processes, and increases grain yieldand N use efficiency.
(4) We investigated the fates of15N-labeled fertilizer in three long-term differentfertilized farmlands under wheat-fallow cropping system. The15N use efficiency (NUE) in theNo-F soil was only20%; the majority of15N remained in soil after harvest. This compared toa NUE of60%and65%in the NPK and MNPK soils, respectively. The immobilized15N bymicroorganisms in the MNPK soil during the early stage of wheat growth was significantlyhigher than in the NPK soil (15.3%compared to12.6%of the added N); Of the Nimmobilized83%in the MNPK and69%in the NPK was released during the elongation andflowering stage of wheat. In comparison with NPK, the MNPK soil had significantly higher(P<0.05) grain yield (11t ha-1compared to8t ha-1). During the summer fallow,33%,8%,and5%of15N was lost from the No-F, NPK, and MNPK soils, respectively. Our findingshighlight that the importance of applying manure with inorganic fertilizers to modulating soilN retention and supply to increase N use efficiency and grain yield while minimizing N loss.
(5) Using15N tracer techniques, this study examined how long-term different fertilizationmanagements influence the N use efficiency and leaching through altering the MIT of N. Atwheat stem elongation,14%of the15N was immobilized by microorganisms of the MNPKsoil compared with10%in the NPK soil.70%in the NPK soil and84%in the MNPK soil ofthe immobilized15N was mineralized between stem elongation and flowering; almost all ofthese was taken up by the wheat. The15N use efficiency of wheat was62%in the MNPK soil,50%in the NPK soil, and13%in the No-F soil. Mineral N concentrations in the No-F soilwere high and more than50%of the15N was leached below the20cm depth at wheat harvest.Nearly88%of the15N-fertilizer remained in the0-100cm depth of the No-F soil after wheatharvest compared with45%in the NPK soil and38%in the MNPK soil. After wheat harvest,the total recovery rate of15N-fertilizer was101%in the No-F,95%in the NPK soil, and100%in the MNPK soil. The succeeding maize crop took up11%of the residual15N in the No-Fsoil,13%of the residual15N in the NPK soil, and5%of the residual15N in the MNPK soil.The total recovery rate of15N-fertilizer after maize harvest was45%for the No-F soil,83%for the NPK soil, and85%for the MNPK soil. We conclude that the long-term combinedapplication of manure and NPK fertilizers can affect MIT in soil and improve synchronybetween the N supply and crop demand.
(6) Using15N tracer techniques, a microplot experiment in the field was conducted toinvestigated the effect of long-term different fertilization managements and short-termaddition of N on content of water extractable organic N (WEON) during growth of wheat inwheat-fallow monoculture and wheat-maize rotation cropping systems. The WEON contentwas7.5~29.3mg kg-1, and accounted for13~76%of the total extractable N. In the40-100cmsoil layers, the accumulated WEON accounted for40~57%of the accumulated total soluble N. Long-term application of manure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers significantly increasedWEON in0-15cm soil layer, the ratio of WEON to total soluble N was about60%. Thepercent and amount of WEON at the flowering was the highest during growth of wheat.0.4~2.8%of the soil extractable organic N was derived from the15N-labeled fertilizer. Weconclude that WEON is a significant pool within agriculture soils, long-term application ofmanure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers increased the WEON content in the topsoil, and a partof the added N before seeding wheat converted to water extractable organic N in soil.
In general, long-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers increase crop yield andN use efficiency, which can partly be attributed to the MIT of N improving buffer capacity ofsoil and synchronizing N supply of soil and N demand of crop; furthermore, long-termapplication of manure plus NPK fertilizers improves the stability of soil organic C whichhelps to increase C sequestration; in addition, the rate of inorganic N fertilizer in the treatmentof long-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers is only30%of the rate of N fertilizerin the treatment of application inorganic NPK fertilizers. Hence, long-term application ofmanure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers is an useful way for food production security andsustainable agriculture.
本研究以经19年不同施肥处理土壤（No-F，长期不施肥；NPK，长期施用化肥；MNPK，长期有机肥配施化肥）为研究对象，利用室内培养试验、盆栽试验和田间15N微区试验相结合的方法，研究了长期不同施肥对土壤特性（主要为可溶性有机氮、有机碳稳定性和晶格固定态铵）的影响，以及不同施肥土壤对肥料氮固持及利用的影响，获得以下主要结论：
（1）通过室内培养的方法，研究了长期不同施肥土壤对氮素生物和非生物固持的影响。结果表明，施入铵态氮使No-F、NPK和SNPK（秸秆还田配施化肥）土壤晶格固定态铵分别显著提高9.2%、7.4%和8.0%，占所施入氮肥的20%、17%和9%，而对MNPK土壤晶格固定态铵无显著影响。施入硝态氮和铵态氮后，分别有0~10%和20~60%所施氮素发生固持，铵态氮的固持量显著高于硝态氮。铵态氮的固持率与其硝化率呈极显著负相关关系，说明硝化作用的进行减少了铵态氮的固持，长期有机肥配施化肥降低了土壤粘土矿物对铵态氮的晶格固定。
（2）利用室内培养的方法，研究了供应有效碳（葡萄糖）和有效氮（硫酸铵）对不同施肥土壤氮素固持及土壤有机碳降解的影响。结果表明，MNPK土壤粘土矿物固持了3.8%所施入的氮素，显著低于No-F（14.1%）和NPK（9.5%）土壤，进一步证明长期有机肥配施化肥降低土壤对铵态氮的晶格固定能力。加入有效碳源显著增加各土壤微生物量氮含量，土壤微生物量氮的增加量占氮素固持量的30~53%，两者呈极显著正相关关系。培养期间MNPK土壤有机碳的降解率为3.3%，显著低于No-F和NPK土壤（4.4%和4.2%）；施用化学氮肥使No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤有机碳降解率分别显著提高54%，35%和21%。说明长期有机肥配施化肥增加了土壤有机碳的稳定性，施用化学氮肥促进各土壤有机碳的降解，增加了CO_2的释放。
（3）利用15N示踪技术研究了盆栽条件下氮肥（尿素）及其与秸秆配施（尿素氮和秸秆氮按1:1配施）在长期不同施肥土壤中的固持与供应特性。结果表明，与不施氮肥对照相比，单施尿素对No-F处理土壤小麦产量无影响，显著提高NPK和MNPK处理土壤小麦产量。单施尿素处理拔节期MNPK和NPK土壤分别有62%和58%施入的氮发生固持；而后，固持的氮素重新释放供小麦吸收利用，拔节期后小麦吸收的氮素分别有99%和74%源于前期固持氮素的释放。MNPK处理土壤氮肥利用率（61%）显著高于NPK（50%）和No-F（23%）处理土壤。与单施尿素处理相比，尿素与秸秆配施显著降低小麦产量和氮肥利用率，但MNPK处理小麦产量及氮肥利用率仍显著高于NPK处理。小麦收获时秸秆与尿素配施处理不同施肥处理土壤中仍有60%以上的尿素氮固持在土壤中。以上说明长期有机肥配施化肥增加作物生长前期氮素的固持，随后被固持的氮素发生释放供作物吸收利用，协调土壤氮素供应，从而提高作物产量及氮肥利用率；尿素氮和秸秆氮按1:1配施，在当季作物生长期间大部分氮素固持在土壤中，影响当季作物氮素吸收和作物产量。
（4）利用15N标记田间微区试验，研究了氮肥在小麦—休闲旱作制度下长期不同施肥处理土壤中的固持、吸收及损失情况。结果表明，在小麦拔节期，MNPK土壤有15.3%氮肥被微生物固持，显著高于NPK土壤（12.6%）；从小麦拔节期到开花期，MNPK和NPK土壤中被固持的氮素分别有82%和69%重新释放供作物吸收利用。No-F土壤小麦吸氮量和微生物对氮素固持量均较低，小麦收获时有超过30%的氮肥被淋溶到20cm土层以下，氮肥利用率仅为20%；而NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥利用率分别为61%和65%。小麦收获后，氮肥在No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤的回收率（作物吸收+土壤残留）分别为90%、97%和91%。经夏季休闲，氮肥在三土壤的回收率分别为57%、89%和86%，长期不施肥土壤氮素损失显著高于施肥土壤。可见，长期有机肥配施化肥可较好的协调土壤氮素供应和作物需氮的关系，提高氮肥利用率，减少氮素损失；在小麦-休闲种植制度下，本地区低肥力土壤中氮肥的损失主要发生在夏季休闲期间。
（5）通过15N标记田间微区试验，研究了氮肥在小麦—玉米轮作制度下长期不同施肥处理土壤的固持、吸收及损失的特性。结果表明，在小麦拔节期NPK和MNPK土壤分别有10%和14%氮肥被微生物固持，随后被固持的氮素有71%和84%发生释放供小麦吸收利用。MNPK土壤氮肥的利用率为62%，显著地高于NPK土壤（50%）及No-F土壤（仅为13%），MNPK土壤小麦产量也显著高于NPK和No-F土壤。小麦收获后残留在No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤0-100cm剖面的氮肥分别占施用量的88%、45%和38%，残留氮中矿质态氮所占的比例分别为67%、23%和4%。No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤中残留的肥料氮分别有11%、13%和5%被后茬玉米吸收利用，说明小麦季残留的肥料氮的有效性与其残留量及形态有密切关系。小麦—玉米轮作结束时，No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥的总回收率分别为45%、83%和85%。进一步说明，长期有机肥配施化肥协调了土壤氮素的固持与释放，进而提高小麦产量和氮素利用率，减少氮肥损失。
（6）通过(15)~N标记微区试验，研究了长期不同施肥和作物不同生长阶段对土壤可溶性有机氮含量的影响。结果表明，农田耕层（0-15cm）土壤可溶性有机氮的含量范围为7.5~29.3mg kg~(-1)，占可溶性总氮的13~76%。40-100cm剖面土壤可溶性有机氮占可溶性总氮的比例为40~57%。长期有机肥配施化肥显著提高0-15cm土层土壤可溶性有机氮含量，土壤可溶性有机氮占可溶性总氮的比例达60%。小麦开花期各土壤耕层可溶性有机氮的含量显著高于拔节期和收获期。(15)~N测定发现，耕层土壤有0.4~2.8%可溶性有机氮来源于施入的肥料氮，说明有少量肥料氮转化为土壤可溶性有机氮。可见农田土壤可溶性有机氮含量较高，其在土壤中的行为值得关注。
综上可见，增强土壤对氮素的生物固持及释放，提高土壤对氮肥的缓冲能力，进而协调了土壤供氮与作物需氮的关系，是有机肥与化肥长期配施处理提高作物产量、氮肥利用率的重要机理之一；长期有机肥配施化肥还提高了土壤有机碳的稳定性，有利于增加土壤固碳，减少温室气体排放。本研究中长期有机肥配施化肥处理化肥氮量的施用量仅为单施化肥处理的30%，化肥氮用量明显降低。因此，长期有机肥配施化肥在保障粮食生产、维持农业可持续发展方面作用重大。
Traditionally, manure was used for maintaining soil production in China. However, theapplication of manure to agricultural fields has declined since the1980s due to the increasinguse of inorganic fertilizers. Since the1950s, the increasing production of fertilizersdramatically has increased the agricultural productivity in most regions of the world.Meanwhile, the use efficiency of fertilizers is decreasing, especially for nitrogen. A high inputcombined with a low efficiency ultimately resulted in environmental problems, such as soildegradation, eutrophication, pollution of groundwater, and emission of ammonia andgreenhouse gases. In recent years, continuous and steady development of livestock breedinghas brought great impaction on natural environment. How to deal with the manure in thelivestock breeding is another challenge for us. Application of these manure to soil is awin-win way. It not only reduces the no point pollution of manure, but also improves soilfertility and increased crop yield. Application of manure affected theimmobilization-remineralization turnover (MIT) of N in soil. The researches about the effectsof manure on the MIT of N in agriculture were almost short-term (about1~3years). Fewexperiments have been conducted properly to test the long-term effects of the addition ofmanure on the MIT of N.
Therefore, three long-term fertilized soils (No-F, no fertilization; NPK, applied inorganicNPK fertilizers; and MNPK, applied manure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers) sampled from a19-year field trial were used to study the effects of long-term different fertilizationmanagements on the MIT of N, the yield of crop, the use, residue and loss of N fertilizer,stabilization of soil organic C in incubation, pot, and filed experiments. The main conclusionsfrom the study were as followed:
(1) An incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of long-term fertilizationmanagements on the abiotic and biotic immobilization of nitrogen. Addition of ammoniumincreased the fixed N in clay minerals by9.2%,7.4%, and8.0%in the No-F, NPK, and SNPK(straw plus NPK fertilizers) soils, and accounting for20%,17%, and19%of added N,respectively, but it had no effect on fixed N in the MNPK soil. After addition of ammonium, 20~60%of the added N was immobilized, the amount of immobilized N was only0~10%after addition of nitrate. Nitrification rate and immobilization rate of added ammonium weresignificantly correlative. Therefore, we concluded that long-term application of manure plusinorganic fertilizers reduces the ammonium fixation by clay minerals, and the nitrificationdecreased the immobilization of ammonium.
(2) Two short-term incubation experiments were conducted to assess the impact ofadding available nitrogen (NH4) and C (glucose) on NH4fixation by clay minerals, and thedecomposition of SOC in these soils. The NH4fixed by clay minerals in the MNPK soils(3.8%of added N) was significantly lower than that in the No-F, and NPK soils (14.1%, and9.5%of added N). After addition of available C, the increased soil microbial biomass Naccounted for30~53%of the amount of immobilized N, and the both were significantlycorrelative. The decomposition rate of SOC in the MNPK soil (3.3%) during the incubationwas significantly lower than in the No-F, and NPK soils (4.4%, and4.2%). Addition of NH_4significantly increased the decomposition of SOC in different soil treatments, and the MNPKsoil also had lower decomposition rate than the No-F, and NPK soils. We concluded thatlong-term combined application of manure and NPK fertilizers reduces the NH4fixation byclay minerals, and improves the stabilization of soil organic C.
(3) A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term differentfertilization managements on N retention and supply in soils after the addition of urea-N aloneor combined with straw. Addition of N fertilizer had no effect on grain yield of wheat in theNo-F soil, while it significantly increased grain yield of wheat in the NPK and MNPK soils.In the treatment of addition of urea-N alone,62%and58%of added N was immobilized inthe NPK and MNPK soils at elongation time of wheat. After elongation time,99%and74%of the assimilated N by wheat were from the remineralization of the immobilized N,respectively. When urea-N was added alone, the use efficiency of the urea-N in the MNPKsoils was as high as61%, and it significantly higher than in the NPK (50%) and the No-Fsoils (23%). Grain yield of wheat in the MNPK soil was also significantly (P<0.05) higherthan that in the NPK and No-F soils. Compared with addition of urea-N alone, the combinedaddition of straw and urea-N significantly decreased grain yield and N use efficiency. For theMNPK soil, the N use efficiency was only11%, it was still significantly higher than that ofNPK soil. After wheat harvest,59~66%of added urea-N in the treatment of combinedaddition of inorganic N and straw was still immobilized in the soil. We concluded thatlong-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers has a high ability to modulate the Nsupplying of soil by adjusting the N retention and release processes, and increases grain yieldand N use efficiency.
(4) We investigated the fates of15N-labeled fertilizer in three long-term differentfertilized farmlands under wheat-fallow cropping system. The15N use efficiency (NUE) in theNo-F soil was only20%; the majority of15N remained in soil after harvest. This compared toa NUE of60%and65%in the NPK and MNPK soils, respectively. The immobilized15N bymicroorganisms in the MNPK soil during the early stage of wheat growth was significantlyhigher than in the NPK soil (15.3%compared to12.6%of the added N); Of the Nimmobilized83%in the MNPK and69%in the NPK was released during the elongation andflowering stage of wheat. In comparison with NPK, the MNPK soil had significantly higher(P<0.05) grain yield (11t ha-1compared to8t ha-1). During the summer fallow,33%,8%,and5%of15N was lost from the No-F, NPK, and MNPK soils, respectively. Our findingshighlight that the importance of applying manure with inorganic fertilizers to modulating soilN retention and supply to increase N use efficiency and grain yield while minimizing N loss.
(5) Using15N tracer techniques, this study examined how long-term different fertilizationmanagements influence the N use efficiency and leaching through altering the MIT of N. Atwheat stem elongation,14%of the15N was immobilized by microorganisms of the MNPKsoil compared with10%in the NPK soil.70%in the NPK soil and84%in the MNPK soil ofthe immobilized15N was mineralized between stem elongation and flowering; almost all ofthese was taken up by the wheat. The15N use efficiency of wheat was62%in the MNPK soil,50%in the NPK soil, and13%in the No-F soil. Mineral N concentrations in the No-F soilwere high and more than50%of the15N was leached below the20cm depth at wheat harvest.Nearly88%of the15N-fertilizer remained in the0-100cm depth of the No-F soil after wheatharvest compared with45%in the NPK soil and38%in the MNPK soil. After wheat harvest,the total recovery rate of15N-fertilizer was101%in the No-F,95%in the NPK soil, and100%in the MNPK soil. The succeeding maize crop took up11%of the residual15N in the No-Fsoil,13%of the residual15N in the NPK soil, and5%of the residual15N in the MNPK soil.The total recovery rate of15N-fertilizer after maize harvest was45%for the No-F soil,83%for the NPK soil, and85%for the MNPK soil. We conclude that the long-term combinedapplication of manure and NPK fertilizers can affect MIT in soil and improve synchronybetween the N supply and crop demand.
(6) Using15N tracer techniques, a microplot experiment in the field was conducted toinvestigated the effect of long-term different fertilization managements and short-termaddition of N on content of water extractable organic N (WEON) during growth of wheat inwheat-fallow monoculture and wheat-maize rotation cropping systems. The WEON contentwas7.5~29.3mg kg-1, and accounted for13~76%of the total extractable N. In the40-100cmsoil layers, the accumulated WEON accounted for40~57%of the accumulated total soluble N. Long-term application of manure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers significantly increasedWEON in0-15cm soil layer, the ratio of WEON to total soluble N was about60%. Thepercent and amount of WEON at the flowering was the highest during growth of wheat.0.4~2.8%of the soil extractable organic N was derived from the15N-labeled fertilizer. Weconclude that WEON is a significant pool within agriculture soils, long-term application ofmanure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers increased the WEON content in the topsoil, and a partof the added N before seeding wheat converted to water extractable organic N in soil.
In general, long-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers increase crop yield andN use efficiency, which can partly be attributed to the MIT of N improving buffer capacity ofsoil and synchronizing N supply of soil and N demand of crop; furthermore, long-termapplication of manure plus NPK fertilizers improves the stability of soil organic C whichhelps to increase C sequestration; in addition, the rate of inorganic N fertilizer in the treatmentof long-term application of manure plus NPK fertilizers is only30%of the rate of N fertilizerin the treatment of application inorganic NPK fertilizers. Hence, long-term application ofmanure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers is an useful way for food production security andsustainable agriculture.
引文
Accoe F, Boeckx P, Videla X, Pino I, Hofman G, Van Cleemput O2005. Estimation of gross nitrogentransformations and nitrogen retention in grassland soils using FLUAZ. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,69:1967-1976.
Akinnifesi F, Makumba W, Sileshi G, Ajayi O, Mweta D2007. Synergistic effect of inorganic N and Pfertilizers and organic inputs from Gliricidia sepium on productivity of intercropped maize in SouthernMalawi. Plant and Soil,294:203-217.
Alvarez R2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage effects on soil organic carbonstorage. Soil Use and Management,21:38-52.
Ambus P, Robertson G P2006. The effect of increased N deposition on nitrous oxide, methane andcarbon dioxide fluxes from unmanaged forest and grassland communities in Michigan. Biogeochemistry,79:315-337.
Amos B, Walters D T2006. Maize root biomass and net rhizodeposited carbon: an analysis of theliterature. Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:1489-1503.
Barrett J, Burke I2002. Nitrogen retention in semiarid ecosystems across a soil organic-mattergradient. Ecological Applications,12:878-890.
Barrett J E, Johnson D W, Burke I C2002. Abiotic nitrogen uptake in semiarid grassland soils of theUS Great Plains. Soil Science Society of America Journal,66:979-987.
Becker M, Ladha J K,1997. Synchronizing residue N mineralization with rice N demand in floodedconditions. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.), Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition.CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp.231-238.
Bengtsson G, Bengtson P, Mansson K F2003. Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, andnitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35:143-154.
Berntson G M, Aber J D2000. Fast nitrate immobilization in N saturated temperate forest soils. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,32:151-156.
Bhattacharyya R, Kundu S, Srivastva A, Gupta H, Prakash V, Bhatt J2011. Long term fertilizationeffects on soil organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas. Plant and Soil,341:109-124.
Bhogal A, Murphy D, Fortune S, Shepherd M, Hatch D, Jarvis S, Gaunt J, Goulding K2000.Distribution of nitrogen pools in the soil profile of undisturbed and reseeded grasslands. Biology andFertility of Soils,30:356-362.
Blair N, Faulkner R D, Till A R, Korschens M, Schulz E2006. Long-term management impacts onsoil C, N and physical fertility-Part II: Bad Lauchstadt static and extreme FYM experiments. Soil andTillage Research,91:39-47.
Blankenau K, Olfs H W, Kuhlmann H2000. Effect of microbial nitrogen immobilization during thegrowth period on the availability of nitrogen fertilizer for winter cereals. Biology and Fertility of Soils,32:157-165.
Blankenau K, Olfs H W, Kuhlmann H2002. Strategies to improve the use efficiency of mineralfertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,188:146-154.
Booth M S, Stark J M, Rastetter E2005. Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: asynthetic analysis of literature data. Ecological Monographs,75:139-157.
Borlaug N E, Dowswell C R1994. Feeding a human population that increasingly crowds a fragileplanet.1994.[M],15th World Congress of Soil Science; Acapulco, Mexico.
Bouman O T, Curtin D, Campbell C A, Biederbeck V O, Ukrainetz H1995. Soil acidification fromlong-term use of anhydrous ammonia and urea. Soil Science Society of America Journal,59:1488-1494.
Brookes P2001. The soil microbial biomass: concept, measurement and applications in soil ecosystemresearch. Microbes and Environments,16:131-140.
Brookes P C, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson D S1985. Chloroform fumigation and the release ofsoil-nitrogen-a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,17:837-842.
Brumme R, Beese F1992. Effects of liming and nitrogen-fertilization on emissions of CO2and N2Ofrom a temporate forest. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,97:12851-12858.
Burger M, Venterea R T2008. Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization kinetics of cattle, hog, andturkey manure applied to soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,72:1570-1579.
Butnor J R, Johnsen K H, Oren R, Katul G G2003. Reduction of forest floor respiration byfertilization on both carbon dioxide-enriched and reference17-year-old loblolly pine stands. Global ChangeBiology,9:849-861.
Cabrera M L, Beare M H1993. Alkaline persulfate oxidation for determining total nitrogen inmicrobial biomass extracts. Soil Science Society of America Journal,57:1007-1012.
Cai G X, Chen D L, Ding H, Pacholski A, Fan X H, Zhu Z L2002. Nitrogen losses from fertilizersapplied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:187-195.
Campbell C, Myers R, Curtin D1995. Managing nitrogen for sustainable crop production. NutrientCycling in Agroecosystems,42:277-296.
Cassman K G, Dobermann A, Walters D T2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, andnitrogen management. Ambio,31:132-140.
erny J, Balík J, Pavlíková D, Zitková M, Sykora K2003. The influence of organic and mineralnitrogen fertilizers on microbial biomass nitrogen and extractable organic nitrogen in long-termexperiments with maize. Plant, Soil and Environment,49:560-564.
Chen H, Billen N, Stahr K, Kuzyakov Y2007. Effects of nitrogen and intensive mixing ondecomposition of14C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue in soils of different land use types. Soil andTillage Research,96:114-123.
Chen J, Stark J M2000. Plant species effects and carbon and nitrogen cycling in a sagebrush crestedwheatgrass soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,32:47-57.
Chivenge P, Vanlauwe B, Six J2011. Does the combined application of organic and mineral nutrientsources influence maize productivity? A meta-analysis. Plant and Soil,342:1-30.
Choi W, Lee S, Han G, Yoon K, Jung J, Lim S, Kwak J2006. Available organic carbon controlsnitrification and immobilization of ammonium in an acid loam-textured soil. Agricultural Chemistry andBiotechnology,49:28-32.
Choi W J, Jin S A, Lee S M, Ro H M, Yoo S H2001. Corn uptake and microbial immobilization of15N-labeled urea-N in soil as affected by composted pig manure. Plant and Soil,235:1-9.
Choi W J, Ro H M, Chang S X2004. Recovery of fertilizer-derived inorganic-15N in a vegetable fieldsoil as affected by application of an organic amendment. Plant and Soil,263:191-201.
Chu H, Lin X, Fujii T, Morimoto S, Yagi K, Hu J, Zhang J2007. Soil microbial biomass,dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,39:2971-2976.
Cleveland C C, Townsend A R2006. Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soilcarbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. PNAS,103:10316-10321.
Colman B P, Fierer N, Schimel J P2007. Abiotic nitrate incorporation in soil: is it real?Biogeochemistry,84:161-169.
Colman B P, Fierer N, Schimel J P2008. Abiotic nitrate incorporation, anaerobic microsites, and theferrous wheel. Biogeochemistry,91:223-227.
Compton J E, Boone R D2000. Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in NewEngland forests. Ecology,81:2314-2330.
Compton J E, Boone R D2002. Soil nitrogen transformations and the role of light fraction organicmatter in forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,34:933-943.
Conde E, Cardenas M, Ponce-Mendoza A, Luna-Guido M, Cruz-Mondragón C, Dendooven L2005.The impacts of inorganic nitrogen application on mineralization of14C-labelled maize and glucose, and onpriming effect in saline alkaline soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,37:681-691.
Constantinides M, Fownes J H1994. Nitrogen mineralization from leaves and litter of tropical plants:relationship to nitrogen, lignin and soluble polyphenol concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,26:49-55.
Corre M D, Beese F O, Brumme R2003. Soil nitrogen cycle in high nitrogen deposition forest:changes under nitrogen saturation and liming. Ecological Applications,13:287-298.
Corre M D, Brumme R, Veldkamp E, Beese F O2007. Changes in nitrogen cycling and retentionprocesses in soils under spruce forests along a nitrogen enrichment gradient in Germany. Global ChangeBiology,13:1509-1527.
Crews T, Peoples M2005. Can the synchrony of nitrogen supply and crop demand be improved inlegume and fertilizer-based agroecosystems? A review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,72:101-120.
Cui Z, Chen X, Zhang F2010. Current nitrogen management status and measures to improve theintensive wheat-maize system in China. Ambio,39:376-384.
Currie W S, Aber J D, Mcdowell W H, Boone R D, Magill A H1996. Vertical transport of dissolvedorganic C and N under long-term N amendments in pine and hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry,35:471-505.
Cusack D F, Silver W L, Torn M S, Mcdowell W H2010. Effects of nitrogen additions on above-andbelowground carbon dynamics in two tropical forests. Biogeochemistry,104:203-225.
Dail D B, Davidson E A, Chorover J2001. Rapid abiotic transformation of nitrate in an acid forest soil.Biogeochemistry,54:131-146.
Dannenmann M, Gasche R, Ledebuhr A, Papen H2006. Effects of forest management on soil Ncycling in beech forests stocking on calcareous soils. Plant and Soil,287:279-300.
Davidson E A, Chorover J, Dail D B2003. A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forestecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology,9:228-236.
Davidson E A, Dail D B, Chorover J2008. Iron interference in the quantification of nitrate in soilextracts and its effect on hypothesized abiotic immobilization of nitrate. Biogeochemistry,90:65-73.
Davidson E A, Hart S C, Firestone M K1992. Internal cycling of nitrate in soils of a matureconiferous forest. Ecology:1148-1156.
De Vries F T, Van Groenigen J W, Hoffland E, Bloem J2011. Nitrogen losses from two grassland soilswith different fungal biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43:997-1005.
Denef K, Zotarelli L, Boddey R M, Six J2007. Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnosticfraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,39:1165-1172.
Diacono M, Montemurro F2010. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,30:401-422.
Dise N B, Matzner E, Forsius M1998. Evaluation of organic horizon C: N ratio as an indicator ofnitrate leaching in conifer forests across Europe. Environmental Pollution,102:453-456.
Drinkwater L E, Snapp S S2007. Nutrients in agroecosystems: Rethinking the management paradigm.Advances in Agronomy,92:163-186.
Drinkwater L E, Wagoner P, Sarrantonio M1998. Legume-based cropping systems have reducedcarbon and nitrogen losses. Nature,396:262-265.
Drury C F, Beauchamp E G1991. Ammonium fixation, release, nitrification and immobilization inhigh-and low-fixing soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,55:125-129.
Dyke G V, George B J, Johnston A E, Poulton P R, Todd A D,1983. The Broadbalk Wheat Experiment1968–1978: yield and plant nutrients in crops grown continuously and in rotation., RothamstedExperimental Station Report for1982, part2., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, UK, pp.5-44.
Edgerton M D2009. Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. PlantPhysiology,149:7-13.
Edmeades D C2003. The long-term effects of manures and fertilisers on soil productivity and quality:a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,66:165-180.
Embacher A, Zsolnay A, Gattinger A, Munch J C2008. The dynamics of water extractable organicmatter (WEOM) in common arable topsoils: II. Influence of mineral and combined mineral and manurefertilization in a Haplic Chernozem. Geoderma,148:63-69.
Erisman J W, Bleeker A, Galloway J, Sutton M S2007. Reduced nitrogen in ecology and theenvironment. Environmental Pollution,150:140-149.
Erisman J W, Sutton M A, Galloway J, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W2008. How a century of ammoniasynthesis changed the world. Nature Geoscience,1:636-639.
Fan T L, Stewart B A, Yong W, Luo J J, Zhou G Y2005. Long-term fertilization effects on grain yield,water-use efficiency and soil fertility in the dryland of Loess Plateau in China. Agriculture Ecosystems andEnvironment,106:313-329.
Fan X L, Zhang Y P, Li L1994. Kinetics of ammonium fixation in manured loessial soil. ActaUniversitatis Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis,3:87-91(in Chinese).
Fontaine S, Barot S, Barré P, Bdioui N, Mary B, Rumpel C2007. Stability of organic carbon in deepsoil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature,450:277-280.
G rden s A I, gren G I, Bird J A, Clarholm M, Hallin S, Ineson P, K tterer T, Knicker H, Nilsson S I,N sholm T, Ogle S, Paustian K, Persson T, Stendahl J2011. Knowledge gaps in soil carbon and nitrogeninteractions-From molecular to global scale. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43:702-717.
Geisseler D, Horwath W R, Joergensen R G, Ludwig B2010. Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soilmicroorganisms-A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42:2058-2067.
Ghosh S, Wilson B R, Mandal B, Ghoshal S K, Growns I2010. Changes in soil organic carbon pool inthree long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soilamendments in the eastern cereal belt of India. Soil Research,48:413-420.
Glendining M J, Poulton P R, Powlson D S, Macdonald A J, Jenkinson D S2001. Availability of theresidual nitrogen from a single application of15N-labelled fertilizer to subsequent crops in a long-termcontinuous barley experiment. Plant and Soil,233:231-239.
Gong W, Yan X, Wang J, Hu T, Gong Y2009. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organicmatter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma,149:318-324.
Goulding K, Jarvis S, Whitmore A2008. Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,363:667-680.
Goulding K W T, Poulton P R, Webster C P, Howe M T2000. Nitrate leaching from the BroadbalkWheat Experiment, Rothamsted, UK, as influenced by fertilizer and manure inputs and the weather. SoilUse and Management,16:244-250.
Goyal S, Mishra M M, Hooda I S, Singh R1992. Organic matter-microbial biomass relationships infield experiments under tropical conditions: Effects of inorganic fertilization and organic amendments. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,24:1081-1084.
Guiraud G, Marol C, Fardeau J C1992. Balance and immobilization of (15NH4)2SO4in a soil after theaddition of Didin as a nitrification inhibitor. Biology and Fertility of Soils,14:23-29.
Gundersen P, Callesen I, De Vries W1998a. Nitrate leaching in forest ecosystems is related to forestfloor C/N ratios. Environmental Pollution,102:403-407.
Gundersen P, Emmett B A, Kj naas O J, Koopmans C J, Tietema A1998b. Impact of nitrogendeposition on nitrogen cycling in forests: a synthesis of NITREX data. Forest Ecology and Management,101:37-55.
Guo J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Shen J, Han W, Zhang W, Christie P, Goulding K, Vitousek P, Zhang F2010.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science,327:1008-1010.
Guo L P, Zhang F S, Wang X R, Mao D R, Chen X P2001. Effect of long-term fertilization on soilnitrate distribution. Journal of Environmental Sciences,13:58-63.
Hadas A, Molina J a E, Feigenbaum S, Clapp C E1992. Factors affecting nitrogen immobilization insoil as estimated by simulation models. Soil Science Society of America Journal,56:1481.
Hagedorn F, Spinnler D, Siegwolf R2003. Increased N deposition retards mineralization of old soilorganic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35:1683-1692.
Halvorson A D, Reule C A, Follett R F1999. Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogenin a dryland cropping system. Soil Science Society of America Journal,63:912-917.
Halvorson A D, Schweissing F C, Bartolo M E, Reule C A2005. Corn response to nitrogenfertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agronomy Journal,97:1222-1229.
Hamner K, Kirchmann H2005. Net nitrogen immobilization in soil induced by small additions ofenergy sources. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Plant Soil Science,55:177-185.
Han K H, Choi W J, Han G H, Yun S I, Yoo S H, Ro H M2004. Urea-nitrogen transformation andcompost-nitrogen mineralization in three different soils as affected by the interaction between both nitrogeninputs. Biology and Fertility of Soils,39:193-199.
Hannam K, Prescott C2003. Soluble organic nitrogen in forests and adjacent clearcuts in BritishColumbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,33:1709-1718.
Hart S C, Binkley D, Perry D A1997. Influence of red alder on soil nitrogen transformations in twoconifer forests of contrasting productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,29:1111-1123.
Hart S C, Nason G, Myrold D D, Perry D A1994. Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in anold-growth forest: the carbon connection. Ecology,75:880-891.
Haynes R J2005. Labile organic matter fractions as central components of the quality of agriculturalsoils: An overview. Advances in Agronomy,85:221-268.
Herai Y, Kouno K, Hashimoto M, Nagaoka T2006. Relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen,nitrate leaching and nitrogen uptake by corn in a compost and chemical fertilizer-amended regosol. SoilScience and Plant Nutrition,52:186-194.
Herrmann A M, Witter E2008. Predictors of gross N mineralization and immobilization duringdecomposition of stabilized organic matter in agricultural soil. European Journal of Soil Science,59:653-664.
Hines J, Megonigal J P, Denno R F2006. Nutrient subsidies to belowground microbes impactaboveground food web interactions. Ecology,87:1542-1555.
Hirobe M, Koba K, Tokuchi N2003. Dynamics of the internal soil nitrogen cycles under moder andmull forest floor types on a slope in a Cryptomeria japonica D. Don plantation. Ecological Research,18:53-64.
Hodge A, Robinson D, Fitter A2000a. Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competingfor nitrogen? Trends in Plant Science,5:304-308.
Hodge A, Stewart J, Robinson D, Griffiths B S, Fitter A H2000b. Competition between roots and soilmicro-organisms for nutrients from nitrogen-rich patches of varying complexity. Journal of Ecology,88:150-164.
Hu S, Chapin Iii F S, Firestone M K, Field C B, Chiariello N R, Chapin F S2001. Nitrogen limitationof microbial decomposition in a grassland under elevated CO2. Nature,409:188-191.
Huang S, Peng X X, Huang Q R, Zhang W J2010. Soil aggregation and organic carbon fractionsaffected by long-term fertilization in a red soil of subtropical China. Geoderma,154:364-369.
Hungate B A, Dijkstra P L, Johnson D E W, Hinkle C R S, Drake B T G1999. Elevated CO2increasesnitrogen fixation and decreases soil nitrogen mineralization in Florida scrub oak. Global Change Biology,5:781-789.
Hungate B A, Lund C P, Pearson H L, Chapin F S1997. Elevated CO2and nutrient addition after soilN cycling and N trace gas fluxes with early season wet-up in a California annual grassland.Biogeochemistry,37:89-109.
Isermeyer H,1952. Estimation of soil respiration in closed jars. In: Alef K, Nannipieri P (Eds.),Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London, pp.215-226.
Jackson L E, Schimel J P, Firestone M K1989. Short-term partitioning of ammonium and nitratebetween plants and microbes in an annual grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,21:409-415.
Janssen B H1996. Nitrogen mineralization in relation to C: N ratio and decomposability of organicmaterials. Plant and Soil,181:39-45.
Jenkinson D S, Brookes P C, Powlson D S2004. Measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,36:5-7.
Jensen E S1997. Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization during initial decomposition of15N-labelled pea and barley residues. Biology and Fertility of Soils,24:39-44.
Jensen L S, Mueller T, Magid J, Nielsen N E1997. Temporal variation of C and N mineralization,microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,29:1043-1055.
Jia S X, Wang Z Q, Li X P, Sun Y, Zhang X P, Liang A Z2010. N fertilization affects on soilrespiration, microbial biomass and root respiration in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandshurica plantationsin China. Plant and Soil,333:325-336.
Jin X, Xu Q, Huang C2005. Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China.Science in China Series C: Life Sciences,48:948-954.
Johnson D W, Cheng W, Burke I C2000. Biotic and abiotic nitrogen retention in a variety of forestsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,64:1503-1514.
Jones D L, Shannon D, V Murphy D, Farrar J2004. Role of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soilN cycling in grassland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:749-756.
Jones R B, Snapp S S, Phombeya H S K,1997. Management of leguminous leaf residues to improvenutrient use efficiency in the sub-humid tropics. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.), Driven by nature: Plantlitter quality and decomposition. CAB Int, Wallingford, England., pp.239-250.
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciencesteffens D, Sparks D L1999. Effect of residence time onthe kinetics of nonexchangeable ammonium release from illite and vermiculite. Journal of Plant Nutritionand Soil Science,162:599-605.
Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X P, Zhang S L, Zhang L J, Liu X J, Cui Z L, Yin B, Christie P, Zhu Z L2009.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Pans,106:3041-3046.
Ju X T, Zhang F S, Bao X M, Romheld V, Roelcke M2005. Utilization and management of organicwastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives. Science in China Series C-life Sciences,48:965-979.
Juang T, Wang M, Chen H, Tan C2001. Ammonium fixation by surface soils and clays. Soil Science,166:345-352.
Kaewpradit W, Toomsan B, Cadisch G, Vityakon P, Limpinuntana V, Saenjan P, Jogloy S, Patanothai A2009. Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Field CropsResearch,110:130-138.
Kalbitz K, Schmerwitz J, Schwesig D, Matzner E2003. Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolvedorganic matter as related to its properties. Geoderma,113:273-291.
Kalbitz K, Solinger S, Park J H, Michalzik B, Matzner E2000. Controls on the dynamics of dissolvedorganic matter in soils: A review. Soil Science,165:277-304.
Kanchikerimath M, Singh D2001. Soil organic matter and biological properties after26years ofmaize-wheat-cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a Cambisol in semiarid region ofIndia. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,86:155-162.
Kaur K, Kapoor K K, Gupta A P2005. Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizerson soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and SoilScience,168:117-122.
Khan S, Mulvaney R, Ellsworth T, Boast C2007. The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbonsequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality,36:1821-1832.
Kreutzer K, Butterbach-Bahl K, Rennenberg H, Papen H2009. The complete nitrogen cycle of anN-saturated spruce forest ecosystem. Plant Biology,11:643-649.
López-Bellido R, Lal R, Danneberger T, Street J2010. Plant growth regulator and nitrogen fertilizereffects on soil organic carbon sequestration in creeping bentgrass fairway turf. Plant and Soil,332:247-255.
Lal R2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science,304:1623-1627.
Lemke R L, Vandenbygaart A J, Campbell C A, Lafond G P, Grant B2010. Crop residue removal andfertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll.Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,135:42-51.
Li X, Ju X, Zhan G L, Wan Y, Liu S2008. Effects of differnet ferilization modes on soil ammoniavolatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19:99-104.
Liang B, Yang X, He X, Murphy D V, Zhou J2012. Long-term combined application of manure andNPK fertilizers influenced nitrogen retention and stabilization of organic C in Loess soil. Plant and Soil,353:249-260
Liang B, Yang X Y, He X H, Zhou J B2011. Effects of17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomassC and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth. Biology and Fertility of Soils,47:121-128.
Liu J G, Diamond J2005. China's environment in a globalizing world. Nature,435:1179-1186.
Liu Y J, Laird D A, Barak P1997. Release and fixation of ammonium and potassium under long-termfertility management. Soil Science Society of America Journal,61:310-314.
Liu Y L, Zhang B, Li C L, Hu F, Velde B2008. Long-term fertilizationinfluences on clay mineralcomposition and ammonium adsorption in a rice paddy soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,72:1580-1590.
Lovett G M, Weathers K C, Arthur M A2002. Control of nitrogen loss from forested watersheds bysoil carbon: nitrogen ratio and tree species composition. Ecosystems:712-718.
Lu C, Zhang X, Chen X, Shi Y, Ma J, Zhao M, Chi G, Huang B2010. Fixation of labeled (15NH4)2SO4and its subsequent release in black soil of Northeast China over consecutive crop cultivation. Soil andTillage Research,106:329-334.
Macdonald A, Poulton P, Stockdale E, Powlson D, Jenkinson D2002. The fate of residual15N-labelledfertilizer in arable soils: its availability to subsequent crops and retention in soil. Plant and Soil,246:123-137.
Madou M C, Haynes R J2006. Soluble organic matter and microbial biomass C and N in soils underpasture and arable management and the leaching of organic C, N and nitrate in a lysimeter study. AppliedSoil Ecology,34:160-167.
Mafongoya P, Giller K, Palm C1997. Decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree pruningsand litter. Agroforestry Systems,38:77-97.
Mafongoya P, Nair P, Dzowela B1996. Multipurpose tree prunings as a source of nitrogen to maizeunder semiarid conditions in Zimbabwe3. Interactions of pruning quality and time and method ofapplication on nitrogen recovery by maize in two soil types. Agroforestry Systems,35:57-70.
Majumder B, Mandal B, Bandyopadhyay P K, Gangopadhyay A, Mani P K, Kundu A L, Mazumdar D2008. Organic Amendments Influence Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Rice–Wheat Productivity. SoilScience Society of America Journal,72:775-785.
Makumba W, Akinnifesi F, Janssen B, Oenema O2007. Optimization of nitrogen released andimmobilization from soil-applied prunings of Sesbania sesban and maize stover. Scientific Research andEssay,2:400-407.
Manna M C, Swarup A, Wanjari R H, Singh Y V, Ghosh P K, Singh K N, Tripathi A K, Saha M N2006. Soil organic matter in a west Bengal inceptisol after30years of multiple cropping and fertilization.Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:121-129.
Mansson K, Bengtson P, Falkengren-Grerup U, Bengtsson G2009. Plant-microbial competition fornitrogen uncoupled from soil C:N ratios. Oikos,118:1908-1916.
Mary B, Fresneau C, Morel J L, Mariotti A1993. C-cycling and N-cycling during decomposition ofroot mucilage, roots and glucose in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,25:1005-1014.
Mary B, Recous S, Darwis D, Robin D1996. Interactions between decomposition of plant residuesand nitrogen cycling in soil. Plant and Soil,181:71-82.
Mary B, Recous S, Robin D1998. A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using15N tracing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,30:1963-1979.
Masto R E, Chhonkar P K, Singh D, Patra A K2006. Changes in soil biological and biochemicalcharacteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical inceptisol. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,38:1577-1582.
Mcdowell W H, Currie W S, Aber J D, Yano Y1998. Effects of chronic nitrogen amendments onproduction of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in forest soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution,105:175-182.
Mclauchlan K2006. The nature and longevity of agricultural impacts on soil carbon and nutrients: Areview. Ecosystems,9:1364-1382.
Mcneill A M, Sparling G P, Murphy D V, Braunberger P, Fillery I R P1998. Changes in extractableand microbial C, N, and P in a Western Australian wheatbelt soil following simulated summer rainfall.Australian Journal of Soil Research,36:841-854.
Mcswiney C P, Snapp S S, Gentry L E2010. Use of N immobilization to tighten the N cycle inconventional agroecosystems. Ecological Applications,20:648-662.
Meng L, Ding W X, Cai Z C2005. Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer onN2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,37:2037-2045.
Michelsen A, Schmidt I K, Jonasson S, Quarmby C, Sleep D1996. Leaf15N abundance of subarcticplants provides field evidence that ericoid, ectomycorrhizal and non-and arbuscular mycorrhizal speciesaccess different sources of soil nitrogen. Oecologia,105:53-63.
Micks P, Aber J D, Boone R D, Davidson E A2004. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogenimmobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests. ForestEcology and Management,196:57-70.
Mikan C J, Zak D R, Kubiske M E, Pregitzer K S2000. Combined effects of atmospheric CO2and Navailability on the belowground carbon and nitrogen dynamics of aspen mesocosms. Oecologia,124:432-445.
Mittal S, Grewal S, Agnihotri Y, Sud A1992. Substitution of nitrogen requirement of maize throughleaf biomass of Leucaena leucocephala: agronomic and economic considerations. Agroforestry Systems,19:207-216.
Moritsuka N, Yanai J, Mori K, Kosaki T2004. Biotic and abiotic processes of nitrogen immobilizationin the soil-residue interface. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:1141-1148.
Mueller T, Jensen L S, Nielsen N E, Magid J1998. Turnover of carbon and nitrogen in a sandy loamsoil following incorporation of chopped maize plants, barley straw and blue grass in the field. Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,30:561-571.
Mulvaney R L, Khan S A, Ellsworth T R2009. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: Aglobal dilemma for sustainable cereal production. Journal of Environmental Quality,38:2295-2314.
Murphy D V, Macdonald A J, Stockdale E A, Goulding K W T, Fortune S, Gaunt J L, Poulton P R,Wakefield J A, Webster C P, Wilmer W S2000. Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils. Biology andFertility of Soils,30:374-387.
Murphy D V, Stockdale E A, Poulton P R, Willison T W, Goulding K W T2007. Seasonal dynamics ofcarbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes under continuous arable and ley-arable rotations in a temperateenvironment. European Journal of Soil Science,58:1410-1424.
Myers R J K, Palm C A, Cuevas E, Gunatilleke I U N, Brossard M,1994. The synchronisation ofnutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand. In:.Woomer P I, Swift M J (Eds.), The biologicalmanagement of tropical soils. Wiley-Saye, Chichester, New York, USA, pp.81-116.
Myrold D, Bottomley P J,2008. Nitrogen mineralization and immobilization. In: S S J, Raun W B,Follett R F, et al.(Eds.), Nitrogen in agriculture systems. American society of agronomy, Wisconsin, WI, pp.157-172.
N sholm T, Ekblad A, Nordin A, Giesler R, H gberg M, H gberg P1998. Boreal forest plants take uporganic nitrogen. Nature,392:914-916.
Nadelhoffer K J, Downs M R, Fry B1999. Sinks for15N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a redpine plantation. Ecological Applications,9:72-86.
Nannipieri P, Ciardi C, Palazzi T1984. Plant uptake, microbial Immobilization, and residual soilfertilizer of urea-nitrogen in a grass-legume association. Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:452-457.
Nayak D R, Babu Y J, Adhya T K2007. Long-term application of compost influences microbialbiomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,39:1897-1906.
Neff J C, Townsend A R, Gleixner G, Lehman S J, Turnbull J, Bowman W D2002. Variable effects ofnitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature,419:915-917.
Nieder R, Benbi D K, Scherer H W2011. Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: a review.Biology and Fertility of Soils:1-14.
Nishio T, Oka N2003. Effect of organic matter application on the fate of15N labeled ammoniumfertilizer in an upland soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,49:397-403.
Nommik H, Vahtras K,1982. Retention and fixation of ammonium and ammonia in soils. In:Stevenson F J (Ed.), Nitrogen in agricultural soils, Madison, pp.123-171.
Norman R J, Edberg J C, Stucki J W1985. Determination of nitrate in soil extracts bydual-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:1182-1185.
Ocio J A, Martinez J, Brookes P C1991. Contribution of straw-derived N to total microbial biomass Nfollowing incorporation of cereal straw to soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,23:655-659.
Palm C, Giller K, Mafongoya P, Swift M J2001a. Management of organic matter in the tropics:translating theory into practice. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,61:63-75.
Palm C, Sanchez P1991. Nitrogen release from the leaves of some tropical legumes as affected bytheir lignin and polyphenolic contents. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,23:83-88.
Palm C A, Gachengo C N, Delve R J, Cadisch G, Giller K E2001b. Organic inputs for soil fertilitymanagement in tropical agroecosystems: application of an organic resource database. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,83:27-42.
Palm C A, Myers R J K, Nandwa S M,1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sourcesfor soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. In: Buresh R J, Sanchez P A, Calhoun F (Eds.),Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Soil Science Society of America&American Society of Agronomy,Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp.193-217.
Palm C A, Rowland A P,1997. A minimum dataset for charac-residues with chemically contrastingcompositions on maize terization of plant quality for decomposition. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.),Driven by nature: plant litter quality decomposition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp.379–393.
Paul G C, Solaiman A R M, Karim A J M S, Miah M a K2005. Contribution of organic matter andchemical nitrogen on soil microbial biomass and sugarcane early-growth dry matter. Sugar Tech,7:109-112.
Perakis S S, Hedin L O2001. Fluxes and fates of nitrogen in soil of an unpolluted old-growthtemperate forest, southern Chile. Ecology,82:2245-2260.
Perroni-Ventura Y, Monta a C, García-Oliva F2010. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in fertility islandsoil from a tropical semi-arid ecosystem. Functional Ecology,24:233-242.
Porter L K, Stewart B A1970. Organic interferences in the fixation of ammonium by soils and clayminerals. Soil Science,109:229-233.
Powlson D, Hirsch P, Brookes P2001. The role of soil microorganisms in soil organic matterconservation in the tropics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,61:41-51.
Powlson D S, Poulton P R, Addiscott T M, Mccann D S,1989. Leaching of nitrate from soils receivingorganic or inorganic fertilizers continuously for135years. In: Hansen J A, Henriksen K (Eds.), Nitrogen inorganic wastes applied to soils. Academic Press, London, pp.334-345.
Qualls R G, Haines B L1991. Geochemistry of dissolved organic nutrients in water percolatingthrough a forest ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal,55:1112-1123.
Rasul G, Khan A A, Khan K S, Joergensen R G2009. Immobilization and mineralization of nitrogen ina saline and alkaline soil during microbial use of sugarcane filter cake amended with glucose. Biology andFertility of Soils,45:289-296.
Richter D B, Hofmockel M C, Mac A P, David S S2007. Long-term soil experiments: keys tomanaging earth's rapidly changing ecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:266-279.
Roberts T,2007. Right product, right rate, right time and right place the foundation of bestmanagement practices for fertilizer. Fertilizer Best Management Practices: General Principles, Strategy fortheir Adoption, and Voluntary Initiatives vs. Regulations. A International Workshop onFertilizer BestManagement Practices.7-9March2007, Brussels, Belgium, pp.29-32.
Robertson G P, Paul E A, Harwood R R2000. Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture:Contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. Science,289:1922-1925.
Ros G H, Hoffland E, Van Kessel C, Temminghoff E J M2009. Extractable and dissolved soil organicnitrogen-A quantitative assessment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:1029-1039.
Ross D J, Scott N A, Tate K R, Rodda N J, Townsend J A2001. Root effects on soil carbon andnitrogen cycling in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation on a coastal sand. Australian Journal of Soil Research,39:1027-1040.
Rudrappa L, Purakayastha T J, Singh D, Bhadraray S2006. Long-term manuring and fertilizationeffects on soil organic carbon pools in a Typic Haplustept of semi-arid sub-tropical India. Soil and TillageResearch,88:180-192.
Russell A E, Cambardella C A, Laird D A, Jaynes D B, Meek D W2009. Nitrogen fertilizer effects onsoil carbon balances in Midwestern U.S. agricultural systems. Ecological Applications,19:1102-1113.
S rensen P2004. Immobilisation, remineralisation and residual effects in subsequent crops of dairycattle slurry nitrogen compared to mineral fertiliser nitrogen. Plant and Soil,267:285-296.
S rensen P, Jensen E S1995. Mineralization-immobilization and plant uptake of nitrogen asinfluenced by the spatial distribution of cattle slurry in soils of different texture. Plant and Soil,173:283-291.
Saleque M A, Abedin M J, Bhuiyan N I1996. Effect of moisture and temperature regimes on availablephosphorus in wetland rice soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,27:2017-2023.
Schipper L A, Parfitt R L, Ross C, Baisden W T, Claydon J J, Fraser S2010. Gains and losses in C andN stocks of New Zealand pasture soils depend on land use. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,139:611-617.
Sebilo M, Mayer B, Grably M, Billiou D, Mariotti A2004. The use of the ‘ammonium diffusion’method for δ15N-NH+4and δ15N-NO-3measurements: comparison with other techniques. EnvironmentalChemistry,1:99-103.
Shindo H, Nishio T2005. Immobilization and remineralization of N following addition of wheat strawinto soil: determination of gross N transformation rates by15N-ammonium isotope dilution technique. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,37:425-432.
Silva J A, Bremner J M1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of nitrogenin soils:5. Fixed ammonium. Soil Science Society of America Journal,30:587-594.
imon T2008. The influence of long-term organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter. Soiland Water Research,3:41-51.
Singh J S, Raghubanshi A S, Singh R S, Srivastava S C1989. Microbial biomass acts as a source ofplant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna. Nature,338:499-500.
Singh S, Ghoshal N, Singh K P2007a. Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due todiffering resource quality inputs in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,39:76-86.
Singh S, Ghoshala N, Singh K P2007b. Synchronizing nitrogen availability through application oforganic inputs of varying resource quality in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology,36:164-175.
Six J, Conant R T, Paul E A, Paustian K2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,241:155-176.
Smolander A, Kitunen V, M lk nen E2001. Dissolved soil organic nitrogen and carbon in a Norwayspruce stand and an adjacent clear-cut. Biology and Fertility of Soils,33:190-196.
Song M H, Jiang J, Cao G M, Xu X L2010. Effects of temperature, glucose and inorganic nitrogeninputs on carbon mineralization in a Tibetan alpine meadow soil. European Journal of Soil Biology,46:375-380.
Spiertz J H J2010. Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security. A review. Agronomy forSustainable Development,30:43-55.
Stark J M, Hart S C1997. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferousforests. Nature,385:61-64.
Stewart W, Dibb D, Johnston A, Smyth T2005. The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients tofood production. Agronomy Journal,97:1-6.
Su Y Z, Wang F, Suo D R, Zhang Z H, Du M W2006. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manureapplication on soil-carbon sequestration and soil fertility under the wheat-wheat-maize cropping system innorthwest China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,75:285-295.
Subbarao G V, Ito O, Sahrawat K L, Berry W L, Nakahara K, Ishikawa T, Watanabe T, Suenaga K,Rondon M, Rao I M2006. Scope and strategies for regulation of nitrification in agricultural systems:challenges and opportunities. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,25:303-335.
Sugihara S, Funakawa S2010. Dynamics of microbial biomass nitrogen in relation to plant nitrogenuptake during the crop growth period in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania. Soil Science and PlantNutrition,56:105-114.
Swift M J1985. Soil biological processes and tropical soil fertility: a proposal for a collaborativeprogramme of research. Biology international,5:1-38.
Tian G, Brussaard L, Kang B1995. An index for assessing the quality of plant residues and evaluatingtheir effects on soil and crop in the (sub-) humid tropics. Applied Soil Ecology,2:25-32.
Tilman D, Cassman K G, Matson P A, Naylor R, Polasky S2002. Agricultural sustainability andintensive production practices. Nature,418:671-677.
Tilston E L, Szili-Kovács T, Hopkins D W2009. Contributions of labile and resistant organicmaterials to the immobilization of inorganic soil N when used in the restoration of abandoned agriculturalfields. Soil Use and Management,25:168-174.
Trehan S P1996. Immobilisation of15NH4+in three soils by chemical and biological processes. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,28:1021-1027.
Trevors J1996. Sterilization and inhibition of microbial activity in soil. Journal of MicrobiologicalMethods,26:53-59.
Tu C, Ristaino J B, Hu S2006. Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems:Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,38:247-255.
Van Kessel C, Clough T, Van Groenigen J W2009. Dissolved organic nitrogen: an overlookedpathway of nitrogen loss from agricultural systems? Journal of Environmental Quality,38:393-401.
Vance E D, Chapin F S2001. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,33:173-188.
Vega-Jarquin C, Garcia-Mendoza M, Jablonowski N, Luna-Guido M, Dendooven L2003. Rapidimmobilization of applied nitrogen in saline-alkaline soils. Plant and Soil,256:379-388.
Vervaet H, Boeckx P, Boko A M C, Van Cleemput O, Hofman G2004. The role of gross and net Ntransformation processes and NH4+and NO3-immobilization in controlling the mineral N pool of atemperate mixed deciduous forest soil. Plant and Soil,264:349-357.
Vestgarden L S A, Stuanes G, Arne O2001. Soil solution response to nitrogen and magnesiumapplication in a Scots pine forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal,65:1812-1823.
Vinten A J, Whitmore A, Bloem J, Howard R, Wright F2002. Factors affecting Nimmobilisation/mineralisation kinetics for cellulose-, glucose-and straw-amended sandy soils. Biology andFertility of Soils,36:190-199.
Vitousek P M, Matson P A1988. Nitrogen transformations in a range of tropical forest soils. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,20:361-367.
Vries W D, Reinds G J, Gundersen P, Sterba H2006. The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbonsequestration in European forests and forest soils. Global Change Biology,12:1151-1173.
Waldrop M P, Zak D R, Sinsabaugh R L, Gallo M, Lauber C2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soilcarbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications,14:1172-1177.
Whalen J K, Bottomley P J, Myrold D D2000. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from light-andheavy-fraction additions to soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,32:1345-1352.
Wichern F, Eberhardt E, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T2008. Nitrogen rhizodeposition inagricultural crops: Methods, estimates and future prospects. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:30-48.
Wu C L, Shen Q R, Mao J D, Xu Y C2010. Fate of15N after combined application of rabbit manureand inorganic N fertilizers in a rice-wheat rotation system. Biology and Fertility of Soils,46:127-137.
Xing G X, Cao Y C, Shi S L, Sun G Q, Du L J, Zhu J G2001. N pollution sources and denitrificationin waterbodies in Taihu Lake region. Science in China Series B: Chemistry,44:304-314.
Yan D Z, Wang D J, Yang L Z2007. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure onlabile organic matter fractions in a paddy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils,44:93-101.
Yang H S2006. Resource management, soil fertility and sustainable crop production: Experiences ofChina. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,116:27-33.
Yang S, Li F, Malhi S S, Wang P, Suo D, Wang J2004. Long-term fertilization effects on crop yieldand nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil in northwestern China. Agronomy Journal,96:1039-1049.
Yevdokimov I V, Blagodatsky S A1993. Nitrogen immobilization and remineralization bymicroorganisms and nitrogen uptake by plants: interactions and rate calculations. Geomicrobiology Journal,11:185-193.
Yevdokimov I V, Saha S, Blagodatsky S A, Kudeyarov V N2005. Nitrogen immobilization by soilmicroorganisms depending on nitrogen application rates. Eurasian Soil Science,38:516-523.
Yoh M2001. Soil C/N ratio as affected by climate: an ecological factor of forest NO-3leaching. Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,130:661-666.
Zhang F, Cui Z, Fan M, Zhang W, Chen X, Jiang R2011. Integrated Soil–Crop System Management:Reducing Environmental Risk while Increasing Crop Productivity and Improving Nutrient Use Efficiencyin China. Journal of Environmental Quality,40:1051-1057.
Zhao B Q, Li X Y, Li X P, Shi X J, Huang S M, Wang B R, Zhu P, Yang X Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Poulton P,Powlson D, Todd A, Payne R2010. Long-term fertilizer experiment network in china: crop yields and soilnutrient trends. Agronomy Journal,102:216-230.
Zhao M X, Zhou J B, Kalbitz K2008. Carbon mineralization and properties of water-extractableorganic carbon in soils of the south Loess Plateau in China. European Journal of Soil Biology,44:158-165.
Zhao R F, Chen X P, Zhang F S, Zhang H L, Schroder J, R mheld V2006. Fertilization and nitrogenbalance in a wheat-maize rotation system in North China. Agronomy journal (USA),98:938-945.
Zhong Z, Makeschin F2003. Soluble organic nitrogen in temperate forest soils. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,35:333-338.
Zhou J B, Li S X, Chen Z J2002. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and its relationship to uptake ofnitrogen by plants. Pedosphere,12:251-256.
Zhu Z, Chen D2002. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on theenvironment and best management strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:117-127.
艾娜,周建斌,段敏2009.不同有机碳源对施入土壤中不同形态氮素固持的影响.土壤通报,40:1137-1141.
艾娜,周建斌,杨学云,梁斌,段敏2008.长期施肥及撂荒土壤对不同外源氮素固持及转化的影响.中国农业科学,41:4109-4118.
陈兴丽,周建斌,刘建亮,高忠霞,杨学云2009.不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响.应用生态学报,20:314-319.
樊小林,李昌纬, Mengel K1990.塿土中非代换铵(固定态)的有效性.土壤学报,27:301-308.
韩晓日,郭鹏,陈恩凤,邹德乙1998.土壤微生物对施入肥料氮的固持及其动态研究.土壤学报,35:412-418.
侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,李祖章,刘益仁,黄永兰,冀建华,邵彩虹,王福全2011.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,44:516-523.
巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁2002.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究.中国农业科学,35:1361-1368.
巨晓棠,张福锁2003.关于氮肥利用率的思考.生态环境,12:192-197.
李书田,金继运2011.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡.中国农业科学,44:4207-4229.
梁尧,韩晓增,宋春,李海波2011.不同有机物料还田对东北黑土活性有机碳的影响.中国农业科学,44:3565-3574.
彭佩钦,仇少君,侯红波,李恩尧,丘亚群2011.15N交叉标记有机与无机肥料氮的转化与残留.生态学报,31:858-865.
宋建国2001.土壤干燥过程对土壤易矿化有机态氮的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,7:183-188.
王激清,马文奇,江荣风,张福锁2008.养分资源综合管理与中国粮食安全.资源科学,30:415-422.
武天云, Schoenau J J,李凤民,钱佩源,张树清, Malhi S S,王方2004.土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展.应用生态学报,15:717-722.
杨绒,赵满兴,周建斌2005.过硫酸钾氧化法测定溶液中全氮含量的影响条件研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33:107-111.
张福锁,巨晓棠2002.对我国持续农业发展中氮肥管理与环境问题的几点认识.土壤学报,39:41-55.
张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风2008.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,45:915-924.
周建斌,王春阳,梁斌,刘晓军, Kalbitz K.2009.长期耕种土壤剖面累积有机碳量的空间分布及影响因素.农业环境科学学报,28:2540-2544.
朱显谟1964.塿土.农业出版社,北京.
朱维琴,章永松,林咸永2000.土壤矿物固定态铵研究进展.土壤与环境,9:333-335.
朱兆良,1992.农田生态系统中化肥氮的去向和氮素管理. In:朱兆良,文启孝(Eds.),中国土壤氮素.江苏科技出版社,南京, pp.37-59.
Akinnifesi F, Makumba W, Sileshi G, Ajayi O, Mweta D2007. Synergistic effect of inorganic N and Pfertilizers and organic inputs from Gliricidia sepium on productivity of intercropped maize in SouthernMalawi. Plant and Soil,294:203-217.
Alvarez R2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage effects on soil organic carbonstorage. Soil Use and Management,21:38-52.
Ambus P, Robertson G P2006. The effect of increased N deposition on nitrous oxide, methane andcarbon dioxide fluxes from unmanaged forest and grassland communities in Michigan. Biogeochemistry,79:315-337.
Amos B, Walters D T2006. Maize root biomass and net rhizodeposited carbon: an analysis of theliterature. Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:1489-1503.
Barrett J, Burke I2002. Nitrogen retention in semiarid ecosystems across a soil organic-mattergradient. Ecological Applications,12:878-890.
Barrett J E, Johnson D W, Burke I C2002. Abiotic nitrogen uptake in semiarid grassland soils of theUS Great Plains. Soil Science Society of America Journal,66:979-987.
Becker M, Ladha J K,1997. Synchronizing residue N mineralization with rice N demand in floodedconditions. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.), Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition.CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp.231-238.
Bengtsson G, Bengtson P, Mansson K F2003. Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, andnitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35:143-154.
Berntson G M, Aber J D2000. Fast nitrate immobilization in N saturated temperate forest soils. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,32:151-156.
Bhattacharyya R, Kundu S, Srivastva A, Gupta H, Prakash V, Bhatt J2011. Long term fertilizationeffects on soil organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas. Plant and Soil,341:109-124.
Bhogal A, Murphy D, Fortune S, Shepherd M, Hatch D, Jarvis S, Gaunt J, Goulding K2000.Distribution of nitrogen pools in the soil profile of undisturbed and reseeded grasslands. Biology andFertility of Soils,30:356-362.
Blair N, Faulkner R D, Till A R, Korschens M, Schulz E2006. Long-term management impacts onsoil C, N and physical fertility-Part II: Bad Lauchstadt static and extreme FYM experiments. Soil andTillage Research,91:39-47.
Blankenau K, Olfs H W, Kuhlmann H2000. Effect of microbial nitrogen immobilization during thegrowth period on the availability of nitrogen fertilizer for winter cereals. Biology and Fertility of Soils,32:157-165.
Blankenau K, Olfs H W, Kuhlmann H2002. Strategies to improve the use efficiency of mineralfertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,188:146-154.
Booth M S, Stark J M, Rastetter E2005. Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: asynthetic analysis of literature data. Ecological Monographs,75:139-157.
Borlaug N E, Dowswell C R1994. Feeding a human population that increasingly crowds a fragileplanet.1994.[M],15th World Congress of Soil Science; Acapulco, Mexico.
Bouman O T, Curtin D, Campbell C A, Biederbeck V O, Ukrainetz H1995. Soil acidification fromlong-term use of anhydrous ammonia and urea. Soil Science Society of America Journal,59:1488-1494.
Brookes P2001. The soil microbial biomass: concept, measurement and applications in soil ecosystemresearch. Microbes and Environments,16:131-140.
Brookes P C, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson D S1985. Chloroform fumigation and the release ofsoil-nitrogen-a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,17:837-842.
Brumme R, Beese F1992. Effects of liming and nitrogen-fertilization on emissions of CO2and N2Ofrom a temporate forest. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,97:12851-12858.
Burger M, Venterea R T2008. Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization kinetics of cattle, hog, andturkey manure applied to soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,72:1570-1579.
Butnor J R, Johnsen K H, Oren R, Katul G G2003. Reduction of forest floor respiration byfertilization on both carbon dioxide-enriched and reference17-year-old loblolly pine stands. Global ChangeBiology,9:849-861.
Cabrera M L, Beare M H1993. Alkaline persulfate oxidation for determining total nitrogen inmicrobial biomass extracts. Soil Science Society of America Journal,57:1007-1012.
Cai G X, Chen D L, Ding H, Pacholski A, Fan X H, Zhu Z L2002. Nitrogen losses from fertilizersapplied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:187-195.
Campbell C, Myers R, Curtin D1995. Managing nitrogen for sustainable crop production. NutrientCycling in Agroecosystems,42:277-296.
Cassman K G, Dobermann A, Walters D T2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, andnitrogen management. Ambio,31:132-140.
erny J, Balík J, Pavlíková D, Zitková M, Sykora K2003. The influence of organic and mineralnitrogen fertilizers on microbial biomass nitrogen and extractable organic nitrogen in long-termexperiments with maize. Plant, Soil and Environment,49:560-564.
Chen H, Billen N, Stahr K, Kuzyakov Y2007. Effects of nitrogen and intensive mixing ondecomposition of14C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue in soils of different land use types. Soil andTillage Research,96:114-123.
Chen J, Stark J M2000. Plant species effects and carbon and nitrogen cycling in a sagebrush crestedwheatgrass soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,32:47-57.
Chivenge P, Vanlauwe B, Six J2011. Does the combined application of organic and mineral nutrientsources influence maize productivity? A meta-analysis. Plant and Soil,342:1-30.
Choi W, Lee S, Han G, Yoon K, Jung J, Lim S, Kwak J2006. Available organic carbon controlsnitrification and immobilization of ammonium in an acid loam-textured soil. Agricultural Chemistry andBiotechnology,49:28-32.
Choi W J, Jin S A, Lee S M, Ro H M, Yoo S H2001. Corn uptake and microbial immobilization of15N-labeled urea-N in soil as affected by composted pig manure. Plant and Soil,235:1-9.
Choi W J, Ro H M, Chang S X2004. Recovery of fertilizer-derived inorganic-15N in a vegetable fieldsoil as affected by application of an organic amendment. Plant and Soil,263:191-201.
Chu H, Lin X, Fujii T, Morimoto S, Yagi K, Hu J, Zhang J2007. Soil microbial biomass,dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,39:2971-2976.
Cleveland C C, Townsend A R2006. Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soilcarbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. PNAS,103:10316-10321.
Colman B P, Fierer N, Schimel J P2007. Abiotic nitrate incorporation in soil: is it real?Biogeochemistry,84:161-169.
Colman B P, Fierer N, Schimel J P2008. Abiotic nitrate incorporation, anaerobic microsites, and theferrous wheel. Biogeochemistry,91:223-227.
Compton J E, Boone R D2000. Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in NewEngland forests. Ecology,81:2314-2330.
Compton J E, Boone R D2002. Soil nitrogen transformations and the role of light fraction organicmatter in forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,34:933-943.
Conde E, Cardenas M, Ponce-Mendoza A, Luna-Guido M, Cruz-Mondragón C, Dendooven L2005.The impacts of inorganic nitrogen application on mineralization of14C-labelled maize and glucose, and onpriming effect in saline alkaline soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,37:681-691.
Constantinides M, Fownes J H1994. Nitrogen mineralization from leaves and litter of tropical plants:relationship to nitrogen, lignin and soluble polyphenol concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,26:49-55.
Corre M D, Beese F O, Brumme R2003. Soil nitrogen cycle in high nitrogen deposition forest:changes under nitrogen saturation and liming. Ecological Applications,13:287-298.
Corre M D, Brumme R, Veldkamp E, Beese F O2007. Changes in nitrogen cycling and retentionprocesses in soils under spruce forests along a nitrogen enrichment gradient in Germany. Global ChangeBiology,13:1509-1527.
Crews T, Peoples M2005. Can the synchrony of nitrogen supply and crop demand be improved inlegume and fertilizer-based agroecosystems? A review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,72:101-120.
Cui Z, Chen X, Zhang F2010. Current nitrogen management status and measures to improve theintensive wheat-maize system in China. Ambio,39:376-384.
Currie W S, Aber J D, Mcdowell W H, Boone R D, Magill A H1996. Vertical transport of dissolvedorganic C and N under long-term N amendments in pine and hardwood forests. Biogeochemistry,35:471-505.
Cusack D F, Silver W L, Torn M S, Mcdowell W H2010. Effects of nitrogen additions on above-andbelowground carbon dynamics in two tropical forests. Biogeochemistry,104:203-225.
Dail D B, Davidson E A, Chorover J2001. Rapid abiotic transformation of nitrate in an acid forest soil.Biogeochemistry,54:131-146.
Dannenmann M, Gasche R, Ledebuhr A, Papen H2006. Effects of forest management on soil Ncycling in beech forests stocking on calcareous soils. Plant and Soil,287:279-300.
Davidson E A, Chorover J, Dail D B2003. A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forestecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology,9:228-236.
Davidson E A, Dail D B, Chorover J2008. Iron interference in the quantification of nitrate in soilextracts and its effect on hypothesized abiotic immobilization of nitrate. Biogeochemistry,90:65-73.
Davidson E A, Hart S C, Firestone M K1992. Internal cycling of nitrate in soils of a matureconiferous forest. Ecology:1148-1156.
De Vries F T, Van Groenigen J W, Hoffland E, Bloem J2011. Nitrogen losses from two grassland soilswith different fungal biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43:997-1005.
Denef K, Zotarelli L, Boddey R M, Six J2007. Microaggregate-associated carbon as a diagnosticfraction for management-induced changes in soil organic carbon in two Oxisols. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,39:1165-1172.
Diacono M, Montemurro F2010. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,30:401-422.
Dise N B, Matzner E, Forsius M1998. Evaluation of organic horizon C: N ratio as an indicator ofnitrate leaching in conifer forests across Europe. Environmental Pollution,102:453-456.
Drinkwater L E, Snapp S S2007. Nutrients in agroecosystems: Rethinking the management paradigm.Advances in Agronomy,92:163-186.
Drinkwater L E, Wagoner P, Sarrantonio M1998. Legume-based cropping systems have reducedcarbon and nitrogen losses. Nature,396:262-265.
Drury C F, Beauchamp E G1991. Ammonium fixation, release, nitrification and immobilization inhigh-and low-fixing soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,55:125-129.
Dyke G V, George B J, Johnston A E, Poulton P R, Todd A D,1983. The Broadbalk Wheat Experiment1968–1978: yield and plant nutrients in crops grown continuously and in rotation., RothamstedExperimental Station Report for1982, part2., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, UK, pp.5-44.
Edgerton M D2009. Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. PlantPhysiology,149:7-13.
Edmeades D C2003. The long-term effects of manures and fertilisers on soil productivity and quality:a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,66:165-180.
Embacher A, Zsolnay A, Gattinger A, Munch J C2008. The dynamics of water extractable organicmatter (WEOM) in common arable topsoils: II. Influence of mineral and combined mineral and manurefertilization in a Haplic Chernozem. Geoderma,148:63-69.
Erisman J W, Bleeker A, Galloway J, Sutton M S2007. Reduced nitrogen in ecology and theenvironment. Environmental Pollution,150:140-149.
Erisman J W, Sutton M A, Galloway J, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W2008. How a century of ammoniasynthesis changed the world. Nature Geoscience,1:636-639.
Fan T L, Stewart B A, Yong W, Luo J J, Zhou G Y2005. Long-term fertilization effects on grain yield,water-use efficiency and soil fertility in the dryland of Loess Plateau in China. Agriculture Ecosystems andEnvironment,106:313-329.
Fan X L, Zhang Y P, Li L1994. Kinetics of ammonium fixation in manured loessial soil. ActaUniversitatis Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis,3:87-91(in Chinese).
Fontaine S, Barot S, Barré P, Bdioui N, Mary B, Rumpel C2007. Stability of organic carbon in deepsoil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature,450:277-280.
G rden s A I, gren G I, Bird J A, Clarholm M, Hallin S, Ineson P, K tterer T, Knicker H, Nilsson S I,N sholm T, Ogle S, Paustian K, Persson T, Stendahl J2011. Knowledge gaps in soil carbon and nitrogeninteractions-From molecular to global scale. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43:702-717.
Geisseler D, Horwath W R, Joergensen R G, Ludwig B2010. Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soilmicroorganisms-A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42:2058-2067.
Ghosh S, Wilson B R, Mandal B, Ghoshal S K, Growns I2010. Changes in soil organic carbon pool inthree long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soilamendments in the eastern cereal belt of India. Soil Research,48:413-420.
Glendining M J, Poulton P R, Powlson D S, Macdonald A J, Jenkinson D S2001. Availability of theresidual nitrogen from a single application of15N-labelled fertilizer to subsequent crops in a long-termcontinuous barley experiment. Plant and Soil,233:231-239.
Gong W, Yan X, Wang J, Hu T, Gong Y2009. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organicmatter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma,149:318-324.
Goulding K, Jarvis S, Whitmore A2008. Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,363:667-680.
Goulding K W T, Poulton P R, Webster C P, Howe M T2000. Nitrate leaching from the BroadbalkWheat Experiment, Rothamsted, UK, as influenced by fertilizer and manure inputs and the weather. SoilUse and Management,16:244-250.
Goyal S, Mishra M M, Hooda I S, Singh R1992. Organic matter-microbial biomass relationships infield experiments under tropical conditions: Effects of inorganic fertilization and organic amendments. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,24:1081-1084.
Guiraud G, Marol C, Fardeau J C1992. Balance and immobilization of (15NH4)2SO4in a soil after theaddition of Didin as a nitrification inhibitor. Biology and Fertility of Soils,14:23-29.
Gundersen P, Callesen I, De Vries W1998a. Nitrate leaching in forest ecosystems is related to forestfloor C/N ratios. Environmental Pollution,102:403-407.
Gundersen P, Emmett B A, Kj naas O J, Koopmans C J, Tietema A1998b. Impact of nitrogendeposition on nitrogen cycling in forests: a synthesis of NITREX data. Forest Ecology and Management,101:37-55.
Guo J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Shen J, Han W, Zhang W, Christie P, Goulding K, Vitousek P, Zhang F2010.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science,327:1008-1010.
Guo L P, Zhang F S, Wang X R, Mao D R, Chen X P2001. Effect of long-term fertilization on soilnitrate distribution. Journal of Environmental Sciences,13:58-63.
Hadas A, Molina J a E, Feigenbaum S, Clapp C E1992. Factors affecting nitrogen immobilization insoil as estimated by simulation models. Soil Science Society of America Journal,56:1481.
Hagedorn F, Spinnler D, Siegwolf R2003. Increased N deposition retards mineralization of old soilorganic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,35:1683-1692.
Halvorson A D, Reule C A, Follett R F1999. Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogenin a dryland cropping system. Soil Science Society of America Journal,63:912-917.
Halvorson A D, Schweissing F C, Bartolo M E, Reule C A2005. Corn response to nitrogenfertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agronomy Journal,97:1222-1229.
Hamner K, Kirchmann H2005. Net nitrogen immobilization in soil induced by small additions ofenergy sources. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Plant Soil Science,55:177-185.
Han K H, Choi W J, Han G H, Yun S I, Yoo S H, Ro H M2004. Urea-nitrogen transformation andcompost-nitrogen mineralization in three different soils as affected by the interaction between both nitrogeninputs. Biology and Fertility of Soils,39:193-199.
Hannam K, Prescott C2003. Soluble organic nitrogen in forests and adjacent clearcuts in BritishColumbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,33:1709-1718.
Hart S C, Binkley D, Perry D A1997. Influence of red alder on soil nitrogen transformations in twoconifer forests of contrasting productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,29:1111-1123.
Hart S C, Nason G, Myrold D D, Perry D A1994. Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in anold-growth forest: the carbon connection. Ecology,75:880-891.
Haynes R J2005. Labile organic matter fractions as central components of the quality of agriculturalsoils: An overview. Advances in Agronomy,85:221-268.
Herai Y, Kouno K, Hashimoto M, Nagaoka T2006. Relationships between microbial biomass nitrogen,nitrate leaching and nitrogen uptake by corn in a compost and chemical fertilizer-amended regosol. SoilScience and Plant Nutrition,52:186-194.
Herrmann A M, Witter E2008. Predictors of gross N mineralization and immobilization duringdecomposition of stabilized organic matter in agricultural soil. European Journal of Soil Science,59:653-664.
Hines J, Megonigal J P, Denno R F2006. Nutrient subsidies to belowground microbes impactaboveground food web interactions. Ecology,87:1542-1555.
Hirobe M, Koba K, Tokuchi N2003. Dynamics of the internal soil nitrogen cycles under moder andmull forest floor types on a slope in a Cryptomeria japonica D. Don plantation. Ecological Research,18:53-64.
Hodge A, Robinson D, Fitter A2000a. Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competingfor nitrogen? Trends in Plant Science,5:304-308.
Hodge A, Stewart J, Robinson D, Griffiths B S, Fitter A H2000b. Competition between roots and soilmicro-organisms for nutrients from nitrogen-rich patches of varying complexity. Journal of Ecology,88:150-164.
Hu S, Chapin Iii F S, Firestone M K, Field C B, Chiariello N R, Chapin F S2001. Nitrogen limitationof microbial decomposition in a grassland under elevated CO2. Nature,409:188-191.
Huang S, Peng X X, Huang Q R, Zhang W J2010. Soil aggregation and organic carbon fractionsaffected by long-term fertilization in a red soil of subtropical China. Geoderma,154:364-369.
Hungate B A, Dijkstra P L, Johnson D E W, Hinkle C R S, Drake B T G1999. Elevated CO2increasesnitrogen fixation and decreases soil nitrogen mineralization in Florida scrub oak. Global Change Biology,5:781-789.
Hungate B A, Lund C P, Pearson H L, Chapin F S1997. Elevated CO2and nutrient addition after soilN cycling and N trace gas fluxes with early season wet-up in a California annual grassland.Biogeochemistry,37:89-109.
Isermeyer H,1952. Estimation of soil respiration in closed jars. In: Alef K, Nannipieri P (Eds.),Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London, pp.215-226.
Jackson L E, Schimel J P, Firestone M K1989. Short-term partitioning of ammonium and nitratebetween plants and microbes in an annual grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,21:409-415.
Janssen B H1996. Nitrogen mineralization in relation to C: N ratio and decomposability of organicmaterials. Plant and Soil,181:39-45.
Jenkinson D S, Brookes P C, Powlson D S2004. Measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,36:5-7.
Jensen E S1997. Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization during initial decomposition of15N-labelled pea and barley residues. Biology and Fertility of Soils,24:39-44.
Jensen L S, Mueller T, Magid J, Nielsen N E1997. Temporal variation of C and N mineralization,microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,29:1043-1055.
Jia S X, Wang Z Q, Li X P, Sun Y, Zhang X P, Liang A Z2010. N fertilization affects on soilrespiration, microbial biomass and root respiration in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandshurica plantationsin China. Plant and Soil,333:325-336.
Jin X, Xu Q, Huang C2005. Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China.Science in China Series C: Life Sciences,48:948-954.
Johnson D W, Cheng W, Burke I C2000. Biotic and abiotic nitrogen retention in a variety of forestsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,64:1503-1514.
Jones D L, Shannon D, V Murphy D, Farrar J2004. Role of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soilN cycling in grassland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:749-756.
Jones R B, Snapp S S, Phombeya H S K,1997. Management of leguminous leaf residues to improvenutrient use efficiency in the sub-humid tropics. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.), Driven by nature: Plantlitter quality and decomposition. CAB Int, Wallingford, England., pp.239-250.
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciencesteffens D, Sparks D L1999. Effect of residence time onthe kinetics of nonexchangeable ammonium release from illite and vermiculite. Journal of Plant Nutritionand Soil Science,162:599-605.
Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X P, Zhang S L, Zhang L J, Liu X J, Cui Z L, Yin B, Christie P, Zhu Z L2009.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Pans,106:3041-3046.
Ju X T, Zhang F S, Bao X M, Romheld V, Roelcke M2005. Utilization and management of organicwastes in Chinese agriculture: Past, present and perspectives. Science in China Series C-life Sciences,48:965-979.
Juang T, Wang M, Chen H, Tan C2001. Ammonium fixation by surface soils and clays. Soil Science,166:345-352.
Kaewpradit W, Toomsan B, Cadisch G, Vityakon P, Limpinuntana V, Saenjan P, Jogloy S, Patanothai A2009. Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Field CropsResearch,110:130-138.
Kalbitz K, Schmerwitz J, Schwesig D, Matzner E2003. Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolvedorganic matter as related to its properties. Geoderma,113:273-291.
Kalbitz K, Solinger S, Park J H, Michalzik B, Matzner E2000. Controls on the dynamics of dissolvedorganic matter in soils: A review. Soil Science,165:277-304.
Kanchikerimath M, Singh D2001. Soil organic matter and biological properties after26years ofmaize-wheat-cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a Cambisol in semiarid region ofIndia. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,86:155-162.
Kaur K, Kapoor K K, Gupta A P2005. Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizerson soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and SoilScience,168:117-122.
Khan S, Mulvaney R, Ellsworth T, Boast C2007. The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbonsequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality,36:1821-1832.
Kreutzer K, Butterbach-Bahl K, Rennenberg H, Papen H2009. The complete nitrogen cycle of anN-saturated spruce forest ecosystem. Plant Biology,11:643-649.
López-Bellido R, Lal R, Danneberger T, Street J2010. Plant growth regulator and nitrogen fertilizereffects on soil organic carbon sequestration in creeping bentgrass fairway turf. Plant and Soil,332:247-255.
Lal R2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science,304:1623-1627.
Lemke R L, Vandenbygaart A J, Campbell C A, Lafond G P, Grant B2010. Crop residue removal andfertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll.Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,135:42-51.
Li X, Ju X, Zhan G L, Wan Y, Liu S2008. Effects of differnet ferilization modes on soil ammoniavolatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19:99-104.
Liang B, Yang X, He X, Murphy D V, Zhou J2012. Long-term combined application of manure andNPK fertilizers influenced nitrogen retention and stabilization of organic C in Loess soil. Plant and Soil,353:249-260
Liang B, Yang X Y, He X H, Zhou J B2011. Effects of17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomassC and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth. Biology and Fertility of Soils,47:121-128.
Liu J G, Diamond J2005. China's environment in a globalizing world. Nature,435:1179-1186.
Liu Y J, Laird D A, Barak P1997. Release and fixation of ammonium and potassium under long-termfertility management. Soil Science Society of America Journal,61:310-314.
Liu Y L, Zhang B, Li C L, Hu F, Velde B2008. Long-term fertilizationinfluences on clay mineralcomposition and ammonium adsorption in a rice paddy soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,72:1580-1590.
Lovett G M, Weathers K C, Arthur M A2002. Control of nitrogen loss from forested watersheds bysoil carbon: nitrogen ratio and tree species composition. Ecosystems:712-718.
Lu C, Zhang X, Chen X, Shi Y, Ma J, Zhao M, Chi G, Huang B2010. Fixation of labeled (15NH4)2SO4and its subsequent release in black soil of Northeast China over consecutive crop cultivation. Soil andTillage Research,106:329-334.
Macdonald A, Poulton P, Stockdale E, Powlson D, Jenkinson D2002. The fate of residual15N-labelledfertilizer in arable soils: its availability to subsequent crops and retention in soil. Plant and Soil,246:123-137.
Madou M C, Haynes R J2006. Soluble organic matter and microbial biomass C and N in soils underpasture and arable management and the leaching of organic C, N and nitrate in a lysimeter study. AppliedSoil Ecology,34:160-167.
Mafongoya P, Giller K, Palm C1997. Decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree pruningsand litter. Agroforestry Systems,38:77-97.
Mafongoya P, Nair P, Dzowela B1996. Multipurpose tree prunings as a source of nitrogen to maizeunder semiarid conditions in Zimbabwe3. Interactions of pruning quality and time and method ofapplication on nitrogen recovery by maize in two soil types. Agroforestry Systems,35:57-70.
Majumder B, Mandal B, Bandyopadhyay P K, Gangopadhyay A, Mani P K, Kundu A L, Mazumdar D2008. Organic Amendments Influence Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Rice–Wheat Productivity. SoilScience Society of America Journal,72:775-785.
Makumba W, Akinnifesi F, Janssen B, Oenema O2007. Optimization of nitrogen released andimmobilization from soil-applied prunings of Sesbania sesban and maize stover. Scientific Research andEssay,2:400-407.
Manna M C, Swarup A, Wanjari R H, Singh Y V, Ghosh P K, Singh K N, Tripathi A K, Saha M N2006. Soil organic matter in a west Bengal inceptisol after30years of multiple cropping and fertilization.Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:121-129.
Mansson K, Bengtson P, Falkengren-Grerup U, Bengtsson G2009. Plant-microbial competition fornitrogen uncoupled from soil C:N ratios. Oikos,118:1908-1916.
Mary B, Fresneau C, Morel J L, Mariotti A1993. C-cycling and N-cycling during decomposition ofroot mucilage, roots and glucose in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,25:1005-1014.
Mary B, Recous S, Darwis D, Robin D1996. Interactions between decomposition of plant residuesand nitrogen cycling in soil. Plant and Soil,181:71-82.
Mary B, Recous S, Robin D1998. A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using15N tracing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,30:1963-1979.
Masto R E, Chhonkar P K, Singh D, Patra A K2006. Changes in soil biological and biochemicalcharacteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical inceptisol. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,38:1577-1582.
Mcdowell W H, Currie W S, Aber J D, Yano Y1998. Effects of chronic nitrogen amendments onproduction of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in forest soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution,105:175-182.
Mclauchlan K2006. The nature and longevity of agricultural impacts on soil carbon and nutrients: Areview. Ecosystems,9:1364-1382.
Mcneill A M, Sparling G P, Murphy D V, Braunberger P, Fillery I R P1998. Changes in extractableand microbial C, N, and P in a Western Australian wheatbelt soil following simulated summer rainfall.Australian Journal of Soil Research,36:841-854.
Mcswiney C P, Snapp S S, Gentry L E2010. Use of N immobilization to tighten the N cycle inconventional agroecosystems. Ecological Applications,20:648-662.
Meng L, Ding W X, Cai Z C2005. Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer onN2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,37:2037-2045.
Michelsen A, Schmidt I K, Jonasson S, Quarmby C, Sleep D1996. Leaf15N abundance of subarcticplants provides field evidence that ericoid, ectomycorrhizal and non-and arbuscular mycorrhizal speciesaccess different sources of soil nitrogen. Oecologia,105:53-63.
Micks P, Aber J D, Boone R D, Davidson E A2004. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogenimmobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests. ForestEcology and Management,196:57-70.
Mikan C J, Zak D R, Kubiske M E, Pregitzer K S2000. Combined effects of atmospheric CO2and Navailability on the belowground carbon and nitrogen dynamics of aspen mesocosms. Oecologia,124:432-445.
Mittal S, Grewal S, Agnihotri Y, Sud A1992. Substitution of nitrogen requirement of maize throughleaf biomass of Leucaena leucocephala: agronomic and economic considerations. Agroforestry Systems,19:207-216.
Moritsuka N, Yanai J, Mori K, Kosaki T2004. Biotic and abiotic processes of nitrogen immobilizationin the soil-residue interface. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,36:1141-1148.
Mueller T, Jensen L S, Nielsen N E, Magid J1998. Turnover of carbon and nitrogen in a sandy loamsoil following incorporation of chopped maize plants, barley straw and blue grass in the field. Soil Biologyand Biochemistry,30:561-571.
Mulvaney R L, Khan S A, Ellsworth T R2009. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: Aglobal dilemma for sustainable cereal production. Journal of Environmental Quality,38:2295-2314.
Murphy D V, Macdonald A J, Stockdale E A, Goulding K W T, Fortune S, Gaunt J L, Poulton P R,Wakefield J A, Webster C P, Wilmer W S2000. Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils. Biology andFertility of Soils,30:374-387.
Murphy D V, Stockdale E A, Poulton P R, Willison T W, Goulding K W T2007. Seasonal dynamics ofcarbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes under continuous arable and ley-arable rotations in a temperateenvironment. European Journal of Soil Science,58:1410-1424.
Myers R J K, Palm C A, Cuevas E, Gunatilleke I U N, Brossard M,1994. The synchronisation ofnutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand. In:.Woomer P I, Swift M J (Eds.), The biologicalmanagement of tropical soils. Wiley-Saye, Chichester, New York, USA, pp.81-116.
Myrold D, Bottomley P J,2008. Nitrogen mineralization and immobilization. In: S S J, Raun W B,Follett R F, et al.(Eds.), Nitrogen in agriculture systems. American society of agronomy, Wisconsin, WI, pp.157-172.
N sholm T, Ekblad A, Nordin A, Giesler R, H gberg M, H gberg P1998. Boreal forest plants take uporganic nitrogen. Nature,392:914-916.
Nadelhoffer K J, Downs M R, Fry B1999. Sinks for15N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a redpine plantation. Ecological Applications,9:72-86.
Nannipieri P, Ciardi C, Palazzi T1984. Plant uptake, microbial Immobilization, and residual soilfertilizer of urea-nitrogen in a grass-legume association. Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:452-457.
Nayak D R, Babu Y J, Adhya T K2007. Long-term application of compost influences microbialbiomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,39:1897-1906.
Neff J C, Townsend A R, Gleixner G, Lehman S J, Turnbull J, Bowman W D2002. Variable effects ofnitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature,419:915-917.
Nieder R, Benbi D K, Scherer H W2011. Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: a review.Biology and Fertility of Soils:1-14.
Nishio T, Oka N2003. Effect of organic matter application on the fate of15N labeled ammoniumfertilizer in an upland soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,49:397-403.
Nommik H, Vahtras K,1982. Retention and fixation of ammonium and ammonia in soils. In:Stevenson F J (Ed.), Nitrogen in agricultural soils, Madison, pp.123-171.
Norman R J, Edberg J C, Stucki J W1985. Determination of nitrate in soil extracts bydual-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:1182-1185.
Ocio J A, Martinez J, Brookes P C1991. Contribution of straw-derived N to total microbial biomass Nfollowing incorporation of cereal straw to soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,23:655-659.
Palm C, Giller K, Mafongoya P, Swift M J2001a. Management of organic matter in the tropics:translating theory into practice. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,61:63-75.
Palm C, Sanchez P1991. Nitrogen release from the leaves of some tropical legumes as affected bytheir lignin and polyphenolic contents. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,23:83-88.
Palm C A, Gachengo C N, Delve R J, Cadisch G, Giller K E2001b. Organic inputs for soil fertilitymanagement in tropical agroecosystems: application of an organic resource database. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,83:27-42.
Palm C A, Myers R J K, Nandwa S M,1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sourcesfor soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. In: Buresh R J, Sanchez P A, Calhoun F (Eds.),Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. Soil Science Society of America&American Society of Agronomy,Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp.193-217.
Palm C A, Rowland A P,1997. A minimum dataset for charac-residues with chemically contrastingcompositions on maize terization of plant quality for decomposition. In: Cadisch G, Giller K E (Eds.),Driven by nature: plant litter quality decomposition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp.379–393.
Paul G C, Solaiman A R M, Karim A J M S, Miah M a K2005. Contribution of organic matter andchemical nitrogen on soil microbial biomass and sugarcane early-growth dry matter. Sugar Tech,7:109-112.
Perakis S S, Hedin L O2001. Fluxes and fates of nitrogen in soil of an unpolluted old-growthtemperate forest, southern Chile. Ecology,82:2245-2260.
Perroni-Ventura Y, Monta a C, García-Oliva F2010. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in fertility islandsoil from a tropical semi-arid ecosystem. Functional Ecology,24:233-242.
Porter L K, Stewart B A1970. Organic interferences in the fixation of ammonium by soils and clayminerals. Soil Science,109:229-233.
Powlson D, Hirsch P, Brookes P2001. The role of soil microorganisms in soil organic matterconservation in the tropics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,61:41-51.
Powlson D S, Poulton P R, Addiscott T M, Mccann D S,1989. Leaching of nitrate from soils receivingorganic or inorganic fertilizers continuously for135years. In: Hansen J A, Henriksen K (Eds.), Nitrogen inorganic wastes applied to soils. Academic Press, London, pp.334-345.
Qualls R G, Haines B L1991. Geochemistry of dissolved organic nutrients in water percolatingthrough a forest ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal,55:1112-1123.
Rasul G, Khan A A, Khan K S, Joergensen R G2009. Immobilization and mineralization of nitrogen ina saline and alkaline soil during microbial use of sugarcane filter cake amended with glucose. Biology andFertility of Soils,45:289-296.
Richter D B, Hofmockel M C, Mac A P, David S S2007. Long-term soil experiments: keys tomanaging earth's rapidly changing ecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:266-279.
Roberts T,2007. Right product, right rate, right time and right place the foundation of bestmanagement practices for fertilizer. Fertilizer Best Management Practices: General Principles, Strategy fortheir Adoption, and Voluntary Initiatives vs. Regulations. A International Workshop onFertilizer BestManagement Practices.7-9March2007, Brussels, Belgium, pp.29-32.
Robertson G P, Paul E A, Harwood R R2000. Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture:Contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. Science,289:1922-1925.
Ros G H, Hoffland E, Van Kessel C, Temminghoff E J M2009. Extractable and dissolved soil organicnitrogen-A quantitative assessment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:1029-1039.
Ross D J, Scott N A, Tate K R, Rodda N J, Townsend J A2001. Root effects on soil carbon andnitrogen cycling in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation on a coastal sand. Australian Journal of Soil Research,39:1027-1040.
Rudrappa L, Purakayastha T J, Singh D, Bhadraray S2006. Long-term manuring and fertilizationeffects on soil organic carbon pools in a Typic Haplustept of semi-arid sub-tropical India. Soil and TillageResearch,88:180-192.
Russell A E, Cambardella C A, Laird D A, Jaynes D B, Meek D W2009. Nitrogen fertilizer effects onsoil carbon balances in Midwestern U.S. agricultural systems. Ecological Applications,19:1102-1113.
S rensen P2004. Immobilisation, remineralisation and residual effects in subsequent crops of dairycattle slurry nitrogen compared to mineral fertiliser nitrogen. Plant and Soil,267:285-296.
S rensen P, Jensen E S1995. Mineralization-immobilization and plant uptake of nitrogen asinfluenced by the spatial distribution of cattle slurry in soils of different texture. Plant and Soil,173:283-291.
Saleque M A, Abedin M J, Bhuiyan N I1996. Effect of moisture and temperature regimes on availablephosphorus in wetland rice soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,27:2017-2023.
Schipper L A, Parfitt R L, Ross C, Baisden W T, Claydon J J, Fraser S2010. Gains and losses in C andN stocks of New Zealand pasture soils depend on land use. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,139:611-617.
Sebilo M, Mayer B, Grably M, Billiou D, Mariotti A2004. The use of the ‘ammonium diffusion’method for δ15N-NH+4and δ15N-NO-3measurements: comparison with other techniques. EnvironmentalChemistry,1:99-103.
Shindo H, Nishio T2005. Immobilization and remineralization of N following addition of wheat strawinto soil: determination of gross N transformation rates by15N-ammonium isotope dilution technique. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,37:425-432.
Silva J A, Bremner J M1966. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of nitrogenin soils:5. Fixed ammonium. Soil Science Society of America Journal,30:587-594.
imon T2008. The influence of long-term organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter. Soiland Water Research,3:41-51.
Singh J S, Raghubanshi A S, Singh R S, Srivastava S C1989. Microbial biomass acts as a source ofplant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna. Nature,338:499-500.
Singh S, Ghoshal N, Singh K P2007a. Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due todiffering resource quality inputs in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,39:76-86.
Singh S, Ghoshala N, Singh K P2007b. Synchronizing nitrogen availability through application oforganic inputs of varying resource quality in a tropical dryland agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology,36:164-175.
Six J, Conant R T, Paul E A, Paustian K2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,241:155-176.
Smolander A, Kitunen V, M lk nen E2001. Dissolved soil organic nitrogen and carbon in a Norwayspruce stand and an adjacent clear-cut. Biology and Fertility of Soils,33:190-196.
Song M H, Jiang J, Cao G M, Xu X L2010. Effects of temperature, glucose and inorganic nitrogeninputs on carbon mineralization in a Tibetan alpine meadow soil. European Journal of Soil Biology,46:375-380.
Spiertz J H J2010. Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security. A review. Agronomy forSustainable Development,30:43-55.
Stark J M, Hart S C1997. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferousforests. Nature,385:61-64.
Stewart W, Dibb D, Johnston A, Smyth T2005. The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients tofood production. Agronomy Journal,97:1-6.
Su Y Z, Wang F, Suo D R, Zhang Z H, Du M W2006. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manureapplication on soil-carbon sequestration and soil fertility under the wheat-wheat-maize cropping system innorthwest China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,75:285-295.
Subbarao G V, Ito O, Sahrawat K L, Berry W L, Nakahara K, Ishikawa T, Watanabe T, Suenaga K,Rondon M, Rao I M2006. Scope and strategies for regulation of nitrification in agricultural systems:challenges and opportunities. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,25:303-335.
Sugihara S, Funakawa S2010. Dynamics of microbial biomass nitrogen in relation to plant nitrogenuptake during the crop growth period in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania. Soil Science and PlantNutrition,56:105-114.
Swift M J1985. Soil biological processes and tropical soil fertility: a proposal for a collaborativeprogramme of research. Biology international,5:1-38.
Tian G, Brussaard L, Kang B1995. An index for assessing the quality of plant residues and evaluatingtheir effects on soil and crop in the (sub-) humid tropics. Applied Soil Ecology,2:25-32.
Tilman D, Cassman K G, Matson P A, Naylor R, Polasky S2002. Agricultural sustainability andintensive production practices. Nature,418:671-677.
Tilston E L, Szili-Kovács T, Hopkins D W2009. Contributions of labile and resistant organicmaterials to the immobilization of inorganic soil N when used in the restoration of abandoned agriculturalfields. Soil Use and Management,25:168-174.
Trehan S P1996. Immobilisation of15NH4+in three soils by chemical and biological processes. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,28:1021-1027.
Trevors J1996. Sterilization and inhibition of microbial activity in soil. Journal of MicrobiologicalMethods,26:53-59.
Tu C, Ristaino J B, Hu S2006. Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems:Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,38:247-255.
Van Kessel C, Clough T, Van Groenigen J W2009. Dissolved organic nitrogen: an overlookedpathway of nitrogen loss from agricultural systems? Journal of Environmental Quality,38:393-401.
Vance E D, Chapin F S2001. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,33:173-188.
Vega-Jarquin C, Garcia-Mendoza M, Jablonowski N, Luna-Guido M, Dendooven L2003. Rapidimmobilization of applied nitrogen in saline-alkaline soils. Plant and Soil,256:379-388.
Vervaet H, Boeckx P, Boko A M C, Van Cleemput O, Hofman G2004. The role of gross and net Ntransformation processes and NH4+and NO3-immobilization in controlling the mineral N pool of atemperate mixed deciduous forest soil. Plant and Soil,264:349-357.
Vestgarden L S A, Stuanes G, Arne O2001. Soil solution response to nitrogen and magnesiumapplication in a Scots pine forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal,65:1812-1823.
Vinten A J, Whitmore A, Bloem J, Howard R, Wright F2002. Factors affecting Nimmobilisation/mineralisation kinetics for cellulose-, glucose-and straw-amended sandy soils. Biology andFertility of Soils,36:190-199.
Vitousek P M, Matson P A1988. Nitrogen transformations in a range of tropical forest soils. SoilBiology and Biochemistry,20:361-367.
Vries W D, Reinds G J, Gundersen P, Sterba H2006. The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbonsequestration in European forests and forest soils. Global Change Biology,12:1151-1173.
Waldrop M P, Zak D R, Sinsabaugh R L, Gallo M, Lauber C2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soilcarbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications,14:1172-1177.
Whalen J K, Bottomley P J, Myrold D D2000. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from light-andheavy-fraction additions to soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,32:1345-1352.
Wichern F, Eberhardt E, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T2008. Nitrogen rhizodeposition inagricultural crops: Methods, estimates and future prospects. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:30-48.
Wu C L, Shen Q R, Mao J D, Xu Y C2010. Fate of15N after combined application of rabbit manureand inorganic N fertilizers in a rice-wheat rotation system. Biology and Fertility of Soils,46:127-137.
Xing G X, Cao Y C, Shi S L, Sun G Q, Du L J, Zhu J G2001. N pollution sources and denitrificationin waterbodies in Taihu Lake region. Science in China Series B: Chemistry,44:304-314.
Yan D Z, Wang D J, Yang L Z2007. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure onlabile organic matter fractions in a paddy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils,44:93-101.
Yang H S2006. Resource management, soil fertility and sustainable crop production: Experiences ofChina. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,116:27-33.
Yang S, Li F, Malhi S S, Wang P, Suo D, Wang J2004. Long-term fertilization effects on crop yieldand nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil in northwestern China. Agronomy Journal,96:1039-1049.
Yevdokimov I V, Blagodatsky S A1993. Nitrogen immobilization and remineralization bymicroorganisms and nitrogen uptake by plants: interactions and rate calculations. Geomicrobiology Journal,11:185-193.
Yevdokimov I V, Saha S, Blagodatsky S A, Kudeyarov V N2005. Nitrogen immobilization by soilmicroorganisms depending on nitrogen application rates. Eurasian Soil Science,38:516-523.
Yoh M2001. Soil C/N ratio as affected by climate: an ecological factor of forest NO-3leaching. Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,130:661-666.
Zhang F, Cui Z, Fan M, Zhang W, Chen X, Jiang R2011. Integrated Soil–Crop System Management:Reducing Environmental Risk while Increasing Crop Productivity and Improving Nutrient Use Efficiencyin China. Journal of Environmental Quality,40:1051-1057.
Zhao B Q, Li X Y, Li X P, Shi X J, Huang S M, Wang B R, Zhu P, Yang X Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Poulton P,Powlson D, Todd A, Payne R2010. Long-term fertilizer experiment network in china: crop yields and soilnutrient trends. Agronomy Journal,102:216-230.
Zhao M X, Zhou J B, Kalbitz K2008. Carbon mineralization and properties of water-extractableorganic carbon in soils of the south Loess Plateau in China. European Journal of Soil Biology,44:158-165.
Zhao R F, Chen X P, Zhang F S, Zhang H L, Schroder J, R mheld V2006. Fertilization and nitrogenbalance in a wheat-maize rotation system in North China. Agronomy journal (USA),98:938-945.
Zhong Z, Makeschin F2003. Soluble organic nitrogen in temperate forest soils. Soil Biology andBiochemistry,35:333-338.
Zhou J B, Li S X, Chen Z J2002. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and its relationship to uptake ofnitrogen by plants. Pedosphere,12:251-256.
Zhu Z, Chen D2002. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production, impacts on theenvironment and best management strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,63:117-127.
艾娜,周建斌,段敏2009.不同有机碳源对施入土壤中不同形态氮素固持的影响.土壤通报,40:1137-1141.
艾娜,周建斌,杨学云,梁斌,段敏2008.长期施肥及撂荒土壤对不同外源氮素固持及转化的影响.中国农业科学,41:4109-4118.
陈兴丽,周建斌,刘建亮,高忠霞,杨学云2009.不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响.应用生态学报,20:314-319.
樊小林,李昌纬, Mengel K1990.塿土中非代换铵(固定态)的有效性.土壤学报,27:301-308.
韩晓日,郭鹏,陈恩凤,邹德乙1998.土壤微生物对施入肥料氮的固持及其动态研究.土壤学报,35:412-418.
侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,李祖章,刘益仁,黄永兰,冀建华,邵彩虹,王福全2011.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响.中国农业科学,44:516-523.
巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁2002.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究.中国农业科学,35:1361-1368.
巨晓棠,张福锁2003.关于氮肥利用率的思考.生态环境,12:192-197.
李书田,金继运2011.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡.中国农业科学,44:4207-4229.
梁尧,韩晓增,宋春,李海波2011.不同有机物料还田对东北黑土活性有机碳的影响.中国农业科学,44:3565-3574.
彭佩钦,仇少君,侯红波,李恩尧,丘亚群2011.15N交叉标记有机与无机肥料氮的转化与残留.生态学报,31:858-865.
宋建国2001.土壤干燥过程对土壤易矿化有机态氮的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,7:183-188.
王激清,马文奇,江荣风,张福锁2008.养分资源综合管理与中国粮食安全.资源科学,30:415-422.
武天云, Schoenau J J,李凤民,钱佩源,张树清, Malhi S S,王方2004.土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展.应用生态学报,15:717-722.
杨绒,赵满兴,周建斌2005.过硫酸钾氧化法测定溶液中全氮含量的影响条件研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),33:107-111.
张福锁,巨晓棠2002.对我国持续农业发展中氮肥管理与环境问题的几点认识.土壤学报,39:41-55.
张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风2008.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,45:915-924.
周建斌,王春阳,梁斌,刘晓军, Kalbitz K.2009.长期耕种土壤剖面累积有机碳量的空间分布及影响因素.农业环境科学学报,28:2540-2544.
朱显谟1964.塿土.农业出版社,北京.
朱维琴,章永松,林咸永2000.土壤矿物固定态铵研究进展.土壤与环境,9:333-335.
朱兆良,1992.农田生态系统中化肥氮的去向和氮素管理. In:朱兆良,文启孝(Eds.),中国土壤氮素.江苏科技出版社,南京, pp.37-59.