施肥和打顶对烤烟中主要含氮化合物含量的影响
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摘要
2002.4月—2003.11月，在河南省确山县烟草研究所以及河南农业大学科教园区进行了大田和盆栽试验。初步探讨了不同施氮量、不同有机无机肥配比、不同打顶时期对烤烟烟叶中含氮化合物含量的影响，结果如下：
1．氮肥与打顶时间对烤烟烟碱、降烟碱含量的影响：
烟碱、降烟碱含量与施氮水平是呈正相关关系，氮肥施用量越高，烟叶中烟碱、降烟碱含量也越高。中部叶烟碱在成熟末期有上升趋势，而降烟碱的含量有下降趋势，且随施氮量的减少下降更加明显，这对于减少去甲基烟碱的负面影响是有利的。在相同的施氮量情况下，有机肥比例高时烤烟中总烟碱和降烟碱的含量都较低；反之，二者的含量都较高。也就说有机肥在一定程度上可降低生物碱的含量，并且对降烟碱的降低作用比烟碱更为明显。
在不同的打顶时间时，中、下部叶都表现出打顶越早，烟碱、降烟碱含量越高的趋势。对于上部叶，却表现出打顶越晚，烟碱、降烟碱含量越高的现象，说明以晚打顶的方式来降低烤烟中烟碱含量的做法是不可取的。总的来说，适期打顶(中打顶)是保证烟叶中烟碱含量适量的有效方式。
2、氮肥与打顶时间对游离烟碱含量的影响
随着施氮量的提高，中、下部叶游离烟碱的含量及游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例都提高；上部叶游离烟碱含量虽有提高，但游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例变化不大。在相同的施氮水平下，随着无机氮比例的提高，上部叶游离烟碱含量及其占总烟碱的比例都有上升趋势；但中、下部
一不同栽培措施对烤烟种主要含氮化合物含量的影响
叶游离烟碱含量没有随之提高，而是在当施用100%有机氮肥时游离
烟碱含量及所占比例最高。说明过多的施用有机氮肥虽然可减少上部
叶游离烟碱含量，但却增加了中、下部叶游离烟碱含量及烟叶刺激性。
在不同打顶时间时，对中、下部叶而言，游离烟碱含量及其所占
总烟碱比例以晚打顶最高，中打顶最低，说明过早或者过晚打顶对烟
叶品质都是不利的。但对上部叶，游离烟碱含量及其所占比例却以中
打顶最大，晚打顶最小。
3、氮肥及打顶对硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量及硝酸还原酶活性的影响
施氮量较高的处理其烟叶内的硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量在各个时期
都是很高的，而施氮量较小的处理硝态氮含量始终维持在较低水平，
说明较高的施氮量可提高烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量。并且，从
打顶当天起至打顶后2周时硝态氮含量下降，亚硝态氮含量上升，说明
这一时期是硝态氮向亚硝态氮转化的关键时期。对于硝酸还原酶活性
而言，也是施氮量最高的处理硝酸还原酶活性最强，施氮量最低的处
理硝酸还原酶活性最低。并且，从打顶前一周到打顶这期间硝酸还原
酶活性是下降的，但打顶后其活性急剧上升。
在施氮量相同，而有机无机肥配比不同时，在前期100%有机肥的
处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量相对其他处理较低，而在打顶后两周后含量
已经赶上或超过其他处理。100%无机肥处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量一
直较高，50%有机肥+50%无机肥处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量一直较平
稳，处于居中水平。硝酸还原酶的活性也表现出与硝态氮含量相同的
规律。另外，在施氮量相同，而有机、无机肥配比不同时，各处理在
一不同栽培措施对烤烟种主要含氮化合物含量的影响
成熟时亚硝态氮含量差别并不大，这说明不同的有机、无机肥配比对
烤烟烟叶亚硝态氮含量并无太大影响。
在不同打顶时间下，早打顶的处理其烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮的
含量都较高。早打顶对上部叶硝态氮含量、对中部叶亚硝态氮含量的
提高作用更为明显，亦即对他们的影响更大一些。
总之，较高的施氮量可以提高烟叶中的主要含氮化合物烟碱、去
甲基烟碱、游离烟碱、硝态氮、亚硝态氮的含量，同时亦可提高硝酸
还原酶的活性及中、下部叶游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例。在施氮量相同，
而有机、无机肥配比不同时，较高的有机肥比例可降低烟碱、去甲基
烟碱的含量;但可以造成游离烟碱含量的增加，从而增加烟叶的刺激
性，以50%有机肥巧O%无机肥的处理游离烟碱含量及其所占总烟碱
比例最低;烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量并没有大的差别。打顶越早
主要含氮化合物烟碱、去甲基烟碱、游离烟碱、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含
量越高，但打顶过晚又可以增加游离烟碱含量及其所占总烟碱比例。
另外，需要特别指出的是，虽然烟碱和降烟碱的含量水平是平行
的，但是在施氮量逐渐降低以及有机肥比例逐渐提高时，降烟碱含量
下降的速度要比烟碱快。
因此，在供试土壤肥力下，推荐施肥方式是:施氮量，52.5k吵m“
纯氮，有机无机配比(50%有机巧0%无机);推荐打顶时期是第一朵中心
花开放时。
Experiment in field and pots were carried out during 2002-2003 in tobacco company of QueShan Henna provice and the farm of Henna agricultural university. Mainly study the effect of some cultural measures on the content of important nitric compounds in flue-cured tobacco leaf. These ways are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the rate of organic fertilizer and the periods of topping.The conclusions are as follows:
1. The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of nicotine and nornicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf
The content of nicotine and nornicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf has direct relation with the nitrogen fertilizer level.the higher application of nitrogen fertilizer amount,the higher content of nicotine and nornicotine in leaf.In cutters, the content of nicotine is on the rise in the latter stage of maturity, on the other side, according to the content of nornicotine, there is downward trend at the same period, which is favorable for reducing the negative effect of nornicotine. In the situation of applying same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the higher proportion of organic fertilizer can decrease the content of both nicotine and nornicotine. That is to say organic fertilizer can reduce the content of alkaloids in some degree,and it has more obvious reducing function on nornicotine than on nicotine.
In the different periods of topping, cutters and lugs appear the trend that the earlier of topping time the higher content of nicotine and nornicotine.Regarding to the upper leaf, which show the law that the latter of topping time the higher content of alkaloids;So it is inadvisable that postponing the topping time in order to reduce the amount of alkaloids. All in all, topping at the right time (neither too early no too late) is an effective way to guarantee tobacco leaf with proper alkaloids.
2. The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of free nicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf
With the amount nitrogen fertilizer rising,the content of free nicotine and the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine are increasing in cutters and lugs; though the free nicotine content in upper leaf also has a rise, the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine don't change much.In the situation of applying same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with the higher proportion of inorganic fertilizer, the content of free nicotine and the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine rising in upper leaf; But according to cutters and lugs the content of free nicotine doesn't not improved thereupon; when all the fertilizer are organic both of
cutters and lugs with highest content and proportion of free nicotine. Even applying too much organic nitrogen fertilizer can decrease the content of free nicotine in upper leaves,but it also increase the content of it in cutters and lugs and make them more irritating.
According to the different periods of topping, for the cutters and lugs, the content and the proportion of free nicotine are highest when topping too late and lowest when topping at the proper time. It shows that it is negative for the tobacco leaf quality if we don't topping it at the proper time.But about the upper leaf, the content and the proportion of free nicotine are highest when topping at the proper time and lowest when topping late.lt is different from the cutters and lugs.
3> The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of nitrate, nitrite and activity of nitrate reductases in flue-cured tobacco leaf
Being applied more nitrogen fertilizer,there are higher content of nitrate and nitrite in all the periods of the tobacco life,and the leaf contain low amount of nitrate and nitrite with low nitrogen fertilizer application.Which may tells us that higher nitrogen fertilizer application can increase the content of nitrate and nitrite in flue-cured tobacco leaf.
Furthermore,from the topping day to 2 weeks later of it,the content of nitrate is decreasing and the content of nitrite is increasing, which show that this is a
1．氮肥与打顶时间对烤烟烟碱、降烟碱含量的影响：
烟碱、降烟碱含量与施氮水平是呈正相关关系，氮肥施用量越高，烟叶中烟碱、降烟碱含量也越高。中部叶烟碱在成熟末期有上升趋势，而降烟碱的含量有下降趋势，且随施氮量的减少下降更加明显，这对于减少去甲基烟碱的负面影响是有利的。在相同的施氮量情况下，有机肥比例高时烤烟中总烟碱和降烟碱的含量都较低；反之，二者的含量都较高。也就说有机肥在一定程度上可降低生物碱的含量，并且对降烟碱的降低作用比烟碱更为明显。
在不同的打顶时间时，中、下部叶都表现出打顶越早，烟碱、降烟碱含量越高的趋势。对于上部叶，却表现出打顶越晚，烟碱、降烟碱含量越高的现象，说明以晚打顶的方式来降低烤烟中烟碱含量的做法是不可取的。总的来说，适期打顶(中打顶)是保证烟叶中烟碱含量适量的有效方式。
2、氮肥与打顶时间对游离烟碱含量的影响
随着施氮量的提高，中、下部叶游离烟碱的含量及游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例都提高；上部叶游离烟碱含量虽有提高，但游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例变化不大。在相同的施氮水平下，随着无机氮比例的提高，上部叶游离烟碱含量及其占总烟碱的比例都有上升趋势；但中、下部
一不同栽培措施对烤烟种主要含氮化合物含量的影响
叶游离烟碱含量没有随之提高，而是在当施用100%有机氮肥时游离
烟碱含量及所占比例最高。说明过多的施用有机氮肥虽然可减少上部
叶游离烟碱含量，但却增加了中、下部叶游离烟碱含量及烟叶刺激性。
在不同打顶时间时，对中、下部叶而言，游离烟碱含量及其所占
总烟碱比例以晚打顶最高，中打顶最低，说明过早或者过晚打顶对烟
叶品质都是不利的。但对上部叶，游离烟碱含量及其所占比例却以中
打顶最大，晚打顶最小。
3、氮肥及打顶对硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量及硝酸还原酶活性的影响
施氮量较高的处理其烟叶内的硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量在各个时期
都是很高的，而施氮量较小的处理硝态氮含量始终维持在较低水平，
说明较高的施氮量可提高烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量。并且，从
打顶当天起至打顶后2周时硝态氮含量下降，亚硝态氮含量上升，说明
这一时期是硝态氮向亚硝态氮转化的关键时期。对于硝酸还原酶活性
而言，也是施氮量最高的处理硝酸还原酶活性最强，施氮量最低的处
理硝酸还原酶活性最低。并且，从打顶前一周到打顶这期间硝酸还原
酶活性是下降的，但打顶后其活性急剧上升。
在施氮量相同，而有机无机肥配比不同时，在前期100%有机肥的
处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量相对其他处理较低，而在打顶后两周后含量
已经赶上或超过其他处理。100%无机肥处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量一
直较高，50%有机肥+50%无机肥处理中烟叶的硝态氮含量一直较平
稳，处于居中水平。硝酸还原酶的活性也表现出与硝态氮含量相同的
规律。另外，在施氮量相同，而有机、无机肥配比不同时，各处理在
一不同栽培措施对烤烟种主要含氮化合物含量的影响
成熟时亚硝态氮含量差别并不大，这说明不同的有机、无机肥配比对
烤烟烟叶亚硝态氮含量并无太大影响。
在不同打顶时间下，早打顶的处理其烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮的
含量都较高。早打顶对上部叶硝态氮含量、对中部叶亚硝态氮含量的
提高作用更为明显，亦即对他们的影响更大一些。
总之，较高的施氮量可以提高烟叶中的主要含氮化合物烟碱、去
甲基烟碱、游离烟碱、硝态氮、亚硝态氮的含量，同时亦可提高硝酸
还原酶的活性及中、下部叶游离烟碱占总烟碱的比例。在施氮量相同，
而有机、无机肥配比不同时，较高的有机肥比例可降低烟碱、去甲基
烟碱的含量;但可以造成游离烟碱含量的增加，从而增加烟叶的刺激
性，以50%有机肥巧O%无机肥的处理游离烟碱含量及其所占总烟碱
比例最低;烟叶中硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量并没有大的差别。打顶越早
主要含氮化合物烟碱、去甲基烟碱、游离烟碱、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含
量越高，但打顶过晚又可以增加游离烟碱含量及其所占总烟碱比例。
另外，需要特别指出的是，虽然烟碱和降烟碱的含量水平是平行
的，但是在施氮量逐渐降低以及有机肥比例逐渐提高时，降烟碱含量
下降的速度要比烟碱快。
因此，在供试土壤肥力下，推荐施肥方式是:施氮量，52.5k吵m“
纯氮，有机无机配比(50%有机巧0%无机);推荐打顶时期是第一朵中心
花开放时。
Experiment in field and pots were carried out during 2002-2003 in tobacco company of QueShan Henna provice and the farm of Henna agricultural university. Mainly study the effect of some cultural measures on the content of important nitric compounds in flue-cured tobacco leaf. These ways are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the rate of organic fertilizer and the periods of topping.The conclusions are as follows:
1. The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of nicotine and nornicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf
The content of nicotine and nornicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf has direct relation with the nitrogen fertilizer level.the higher application of nitrogen fertilizer amount,the higher content of nicotine and nornicotine in leaf.In cutters, the content of nicotine is on the rise in the latter stage of maturity, on the other side, according to the content of nornicotine, there is downward trend at the same period, which is favorable for reducing the negative effect of nornicotine. In the situation of applying same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the higher proportion of organic fertilizer can decrease the content of both nicotine and nornicotine. That is to say organic fertilizer can reduce the content of alkaloids in some degree,and it has more obvious reducing function on nornicotine than on nicotine.
In the different periods of topping, cutters and lugs appear the trend that the earlier of topping time the higher content of nicotine and nornicotine.Regarding to the upper leaf, which show the law that the latter of topping time the higher content of alkaloids;So it is inadvisable that postponing the topping time in order to reduce the amount of alkaloids. All in all, topping at the right time (neither too early no too late) is an effective way to guarantee tobacco leaf with proper alkaloids.
2. The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of free nicotine in flue-cured tobacco leaf
With the amount nitrogen fertilizer rising,the content of free nicotine and the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine are increasing in cutters and lugs; though the free nicotine content in upper leaf also has a rise, the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine don't change much.In the situation of applying same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with the higher proportion of inorganic fertilizer, the content of free nicotine and the proportion of free nicotine accounting total nicotine rising in upper leaf; But according to cutters and lugs the content of free nicotine doesn't not improved thereupon; when all the fertilizer are organic both of
cutters and lugs with highest content and proportion of free nicotine. Even applying too much organic nitrogen fertilizer can decrease the content of free nicotine in upper leaves,but it also increase the content of it in cutters and lugs and make them more irritating.
According to the different periods of topping, for the cutters and lugs, the content and the proportion of free nicotine are highest when topping too late and lowest when topping at the proper time. It shows that it is negative for the tobacco leaf quality if we don't topping it at the proper time.But about the upper leaf, the content and the proportion of free nicotine are highest when topping at the proper time and lowest when topping late.lt is different from the cutters and lugs.
3> The impact of nitrogen fertilizer and topping on the content of nitrate, nitrite and activity of nitrate reductases in flue-cured tobacco leaf
Being applied more nitrogen fertilizer,there are higher content of nitrate and nitrite in all the periods of the tobacco life,and the leaf contain low amount of nitrate and nitrite with low nitrogen fertilizer application.Which may tells us that higher nitrogen fertilizer application can increase the content of nitrate and nitrite in flue-cured tobacco leaf.
Furthermore,from the topping day to 2 weeks later of it,the content of nitrate is decreasing and the content of nitrite is increasing, which show that this is a
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