榆林沙区衬膜水稻栽培技术研究与构建
|
摘要
沙地衬膜水稻是根据沙地的自然特性和水稻的生长发育习性,在漏水漏肥、养分含量极低、风沙活动强烈的流动、半流动沙丘或丘间地上,经拉沙造田平整后采取铺设衬膜以形成防渗层,运用配方施肥、节水灌溉等综合措施,栽培种植水稻,以获得高产的一项技术。衬膜种稻不仅从根本上解决了沙害和漏水漏肥的弊端,同时又是自然资源开发利用的新途径,即达到促进低湿沙地集约性农业生产发展的目的。发展节水农业,进行水稻衬膜节水栽培技术的研究与应用,是发展水稻生产,合理利用水资源,缓解水资源紧缺的矛盾,提高水资源利用率的有效途径。对于促进我国沙地治理开发具有重要意义。
榆林沙区沙漠化土地占全市总面积的56.8%,占全省总面积的11.9%,占毛乌素沙地总面积的48.6%,是我国北方典型的沙区。由于气候干旱,风沙灾害严重,长期以来,农牧业生产的产量低而不稳,粮食问题更是当地经济发展的主要矛盾。论文通过实地调查、田间试验、室内考种及统计分析等方法进行沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的研究,针对沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的特殊性,进行了品种观察试验、最佳播种量试验、栽培密度试验、氮磷配方施肥试验、节水灌溉试验,得出如下主要结论:
1.通过连续3年的品种比较试验和区域示范,筛选出适于毛乌素沙区榆林沙地栽培的优良品种超优一号、辽粳294、铁粳5号等,并先后作为榆林市水稻主栽和搭配品种在生产中进行推广应用。
2.试验结果表明,榆林沙地衬膜水稻适宜育秧播种期为4月上旬,高产插秧期为5月上旬,可确保在8月5日前安全齐穗。
3.通过3年密度试验,得出超优一号沙地衬膜栽培的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为8508kg/hm2;辽粳294的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为7813.5 kg/hm2;铁粳5号的最佳密度是23.1×13cm,平均单产为7488 kg/hm2。
4.根据榆林采用薄膜保温旱育移栽的特点和综合评判顺序以及秧床利用率等情况来衡量,每平方米播种量为0.4kg是榆林沙地衬膜水稻的最佳播量。
5.通过测土配方,分别确定了适合在沙区中高产田和低产田科学施肥管理的方法,改以往习惯施肥法为看苗看地的“诊断施肥法”,即全层施肥法、分期追肥既保证了秧苗的正常需求,同时还提出了夏季水稻生产所需养分的平衡供应种类及数量,彻底改变了以前因施肥不当引发的脱肥早衰、贪青晚熟及稻瘟病的发生现象。沙地水稻土普遍缺氮、缺磷。沙区衬膜水稻单产8250 kg/hm2时,其最佳化肥施用量为:施N357 kg/hm2,P2O5180 kg/hm2。
6.沙地衬膜水稻能够有效地拦截耕层水分的渗漏,衬膜水稻仅用水为12000m3/hm2,较常规用水量21000 m3/hm2节水9000 m3/hm2,节水率42%。
总之,沙地衬膜水稻技术简单,适于农户进行小型经营,沙地衬膜水稻在毛乌素沙地榆林沙区具有良好的应用前景。沙地衬膜水稻不仅增加了粮食,而且可以为畜牧业提供更多的饲料草,有利于农牧结合和农牧互补。
The cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was a technology in which,according to the natural characteristic of sand and paddy rice's growth habit, membrane capable of guarding against infiltration was formed on the flowing and half-moving dune featured by water and fertilizer leakage,poor nutrition ,intensive wind and sandstorm ,then saving-water irrigation and formula fertilizer were employed to reach high yield . This technology not only fundamentally eased the effect of sandstorm and water and fertilizer leakage, and simultaneously served as a new way of taping the natural resource. The development of saving-water agriculture and lining membrane saving-water cultivation technology for the paddy rice could serve the purpose of expanding the paddy rice production, using water resources reasonably, alleviating the scarce of water resources, improving the efficiency of its use ,prompting the management and exploitation of sand land . Land prone to dissertation in Yulin accounts for 56.8% of the total area, 11.9% of the whole area of the province , 48.6% of entire sand land of Mao Wusu. So Yulin was a typical sandy land in the north of China .
Because of the arid climate and serious sandstorm disasters, the animal husbandry production was low and unstable for a long time .The grain became the principal contradiction for the local economy development The paper studied the technology of membrane paddy rice cultivation through field investigation, field test, room plants tests and statistical analysis.
In view of the particularity of the technology, the variety observation experiment, premium sowing quantity experiment, cultivation density experiment, nitrogen phosphorus formula fertilizer experiment, saves- water irrigation experiment were carried on. The main conclusions were following:
1. Through 3-year variety comparison test and region demonstration, several good varieties suitable for planting in Mao Wusu were screened,such as : superior rice 1,Liao japonica rice 294, hard japonica rice 5 and so on, and then they , as major and complimentary varieties, were applied and expanded successively.
2. The test result indicated that, the suitable sowing time for Yulin membrane paddy rice was the beginning of April ,and the transplanting time was the beginning of May which could guarantee ears to emerge chorally before August 5.
3. Through 3-year density experiment, the premium density was 26.4×13cm for the superior rice 1,and its average yield per unit area was 8508kg/hm2; 26.4×13cm for the density of Liao japonica rice 294, 7813.5 kg/hm2 for its average yield; 23.1×13cm for the density of hard japonica rice 5, 7,488 kg/hm2 for its average yield .
4.According to the characteristic of transplant of plants cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land of Yulin and synthesis judgment order as well as shoot bed use efficiency in Yulin , the premium sowing quantity per square meter was 0.4kg .
5.The method of scientific fertilizer and management suitable for the high-yield field and the low-yield field in sandy land . The diagnosis fertilizer method, as a good substitute for the habitual fertilizer method ,including entire level fertilizer method and stages topdressing method was raised and could satisfy the normal demand of seedling . The method of balance supply type and quantity of needed nutrients for paddy rice production were also proposed. Both of the methods could serve the purpose of entirely changing the occurrence of early-decrepitude caused by scarcity of fertilizer and late-mature caused by abundance of fertilizer and rice blast. The sandy soil generally lacks the nitrogen and phosphorus. When the yield of paddy rice per unit area obtained 8,250 kg/hm2, the best chemical fertilizer was : N357 kg/hm2, P2O5180 kg/hm2.
6. The paddy rice cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land could effectively intercept the leakage of the topsoil moisture content .the water used for lining membrane paddy rice was only 12000m3/hm2, 9000 m3/hm2 as against of the conventional water use,saving water volume 21,000 m3/hm2.the rate of saving-water could reach 42%.
In brief, the technology of cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was simple and suitable for the peasant household to carry on a small scale, and its future was promising .The sand lining membrane paddy rice not only increased the grain, moreover may provide more feeds for the animal husbandry ,capable for the combination and supplementary of agriculture and stock farm .
榆林沙区沙漠化土地占全市总面积的56.8%,占全省总面积的11.9%,占毛乌素沙地总面积的48.6%,是我国北方典型的沙区。由于气候干旱,风沙灾害严重,长期以来,农牧业生产的产量低而不稳,粮食问题更是当地经济发展的主要矛盾。论文通过实地调查、田间试验、室内考种及统计分析等方法进行沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的研究,针对沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的特殊性,进行了品种观察试验、最佳播种量试验、栽培密度试验、氮磷配方施肥试验、节水灌溉试验,得出如下主要结论:
1.通过连续3年的品种比较试验和区域示范,筛选出适于毛乌素沙区榆林沙地栽培的优良品种超优一号、辽粳294、铁粳5号等,并先后作为榆林市水稻主栽和搭配品种在生产中进行推广应用。
2.试验结果表明,榆林沙地衬膜水稻适宜育秧播种期为4月上旬,高产插秧期为5月上旬,可确保在8月5日前安全齐穗。
3.通过3年密度试验,得出超优一号沙地衬膜栽培的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为8508kg/hm2;辽粳294的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为7813.5 kg/hm2;铁粳5号的最佳密度是23.1×13cm,平均单产为7488 kg/hm2。
4.根据榆林采用薄膜保温旱育移栽的特点和综合评判顺序以及秧床利用率等情况来衡量,每平方米播种量为0.4kg是榆林沙地衬膜水稻的最佳播量。
5.通过测土配方,分别确定了适合在沙区中高产田和低产田科学施肥管理的方法,改以往习惯施肥法为看苗看地的“诊断施肥法”,即全层施肥法、分期追肥既保证了秧苗的正常需求,同时还提出了夏季水稻生产所需养分的平衡供应种类及数量,彻底改变了以前因施肥不当引发的脱肥早衰、贪青晚熟及稻瘟病的发生现象。沙地水稻土普遍缺氮、缺磷。沙区衬膜水稻单产8250 kg/hm2时,其最佳化肥施用量为:施N357 kg/hm2,P2O5180 kg/hm2。
6.沙地衬膜水稻能够有效地拦截耕层水分的渗漏,衬膜水稻仅用水为12000m3/hm2,较常规用水量21000 m3/hm2节水9000 m3/hm2,节水率42%。
总之,沙地衬膜水稻技术简单,适于农户进行小型经营,沙地衬膜水稻在毛乌素沙地榆林沙区具有良好的应用前景。沙地衬膜水稻不仅增加了粮食,而且可以为畜牧业提供更多的饲料草,有利于农牧结合和农牧互补。
The cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was a technology in which,according to the natural characteristic of sand and paddy rice's growth habit, membrane capable of guarding against infiltration was formed on the flowing and half-moving dune featured by water and fertilizer leakage,poor nutrition ,intensive wind and sandstorm ,then saving-water irrigation and formula fertilizer were employed to reach high yield . This technology not only fundamentally eased the effect of sandstorm and water and fertilizer leakage, and simultaneously served as a new way of taping the natural resource. The development of saving-water agriculture and lining membrane saving-water cultivation technology for the paddy rice could serve the purpose of expanding the paddy rice production, using water resources reasonably, alleviating the scarce of water resources, improving the efficiency of its use ,prompting the management and exploitation of sand land . Land prone to dissertation in Yulin accounts for 56.8% of the total area, 11.9% of the whole area of the province , 48.6% of entire sand land of Mao Wusu. So Yulin was a typical sandy land in the north of China .
Because of the arid climate and serious sandstorm disasters, the animal husbandry production was low and unstable for a long time .The grain became the principal contradiction for the local economy development The paper studied the technology of membrane paddy rice cultivation through field investigation, field test, room plants tests and statistical analysis.
In view of the particularity of the technology, the variety observation experiment, premium sowing quantity experiment, cultivation density experiment, nitrogen phosphorus formula fertilizer experiment, saves- water irrigation experiment were carried on. The main conclusions were following:
1. Through 3-year variety comparison test and region demonstration, several good varieties suitable for planting in Mao Wusu were screened,such as : superior rice 1,Liao japonica rice 294, hard japonica rice 5 and so on, and then they , as major and complimentary varieties, were applied and expanded successively.
2. The test result indicated that, the suitable sowing time for Yulin membrane paddy rice was the beginning of April ,and the transplanting time was the beginning of May which could guarantee ears to emerge chorally before August 5.
3. Through 3-year density experiment, the premium density was 26.4×13cm for the superior rice 1,and its average yield per unit area was 8508kg/hm2; 26.4×13cm for the density of Liao japonica rice 294, 7813.5 kg/hm2 for its average yield; 23.1×13cm for the density of hard japonica rice 5, 7,488 kg/hm2 for its average yield .
4.According to the characteristic of transplant of plants cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land of Yulin and synthesis judgment order as well as shoot bed use efficiency in Yulin , the premium sowing quantity per square meter was 0.4kg .
5.The method of scientific fertilizer and management suitable for the high-yield field and the low-yield field in sandy land . The diagnosis fertilizer method, as a good substitute for the habitual fertilizer method ,including entire level fertilizer method and stages topdressing method was raised and could satisfy the normal demand of seedling . The method of balance supply type and quantity of needed nutrients for paddy rice production were also proposed. Both of the methods could serve the purpose of entirely changing the occurrence of early-decrepitude caused by scarcity of fertilizer and late-mature caused by abundance of fertilizer and rice blast. The sandy soil generally lacks the nitrogen and phosphorus. When the yield of paddy rice per unit area obtained 8,250 kg/hm2, the best chemical fertilizer was : N357 kg/hm2, P2O5180 kg/hm2.
6. The paddy rice cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land could effectively intercept the leakage of the topsoil moisture content .the water used for lining membrane paddy rice was only 12000m3/hm2, 9000 m3/hm2 as against of the conventional water use,saving water volume 21,000 m3/hm2.the rate of saving-water could reach 42%.
In brief, the technology of cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was simple and suitable for the peasant household to carry on a small scale, and its future was promising .The sand lining membrane paddy rice not only increased the grain, moreover may provide more feeds for the animal husbandry ,capable for the combination and supplementary of agriculture and stock farm .
引文
[1]肖洪浪,李福兴,龚家栋,等.中国沙漠和沙地的资源优势与农业发展[J].中国沙漠 1999,19(3): 199-205
[2]杨朝飞.中国生态危机的挑战与思考[J].中国环境管理.1998,(1):7-10
[3]杨素哲,高峰,齐凯新.西部地区农业水资源利用与节水农业问题研究.中国水利学会2000学术年会论文集,2001.281-285
[4]宋豫秦,张力小,曹淑艳.科尔沁沙地衬膜与滩涂水稻主要营养元素分析[J].中国沙漠,2000,20 (增刊 1):73-76
[5]王英鸽,井维廷.推广衬膜水稻是治理开发荒漠的有效途径[J].国土绿化,1998,(5):15-16
[6]严宗卜.美国水稻生产概况[J].种子,2001,(1):71-73
[7]金京德,张三元.浅谈日本水稻生产概况及吉林省水稻生产发展方向[J].吉林农业科学,2000.25(5):18-22
[8]蔡明,刘国权.澳大利亚水稻生产现状与发展趋势[J].现代化农业,2005,(2):4-5
[9]杨义群.回归设计及多元分析在农业上的应用[M].杨凌:天则出版社,1990.55-59
[10]蔡洪法.我国水稻生产现状与发展展望[J].中国稻米,2006,(6):5-8
[11]许迪,康绍忠.现代节水农业技术研究进展与发展趋势.高技术通讯,2002,(12):103-108
[12]松岛省三.水稻栽培新技术[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1987
[13]程道远.流沙地带铺设沥青底层防渗试验报告[J].中国沙漠,1986,6(2):52-56
[14]黄崇文,严哲洙.沙地衬膜水稻栽培研究[J].干旱区研究,1999,16(4):69-71
[15]竺可桢.变沙漠为绿洲[A].竺可桢文集[C ].北京:科学出版社, 1979
[16]侯仁之.敦煌县南湖绿洲沙漠化监测[J].中国沙漠,1981,1(1):13—20
[17]王贵平.向沙漠要粮已梦想成真-沙地衬膜种稻技术[J]现代农业,1995,(10):17-18
[18]朱震达,刘恕.中国北方地区的沙漠化过程及其治理区划[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1981: 83
[19]朱震达.全球变化与荒漠化[J].地学前缘,1997,(4):1-2
[20]廖汝棠,张文军.毛乌素流动沙地植物的水分关系与适宜种植规模.内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3): 22-23
[21]陕西省榆林地区治沙研究所.毛乌素沙地榆林沙区立地分类评价和适地适树的研究[M].榆林:榆林报社,1991.7-44
[22]杨忠信,胡宏飞,王有跺.榆林沙区生态农业优化模式的研究[J].陕西林业科技,1998(3):6-8
[23]贾宝全,张红旗,张志强,等.甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究.生态学报,2003,23(7): 1442-1448
[24]李守中,肖洪浪,宋耀选,等.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用.中国沙漠,2002,22(6): 612-616
[25]蒲庸昌,韩天宝.固定沙地的水分状况与沙地造林[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊 1):34-40
[26]刘新民,严哲株,赵哈林,等.沙地种稻技术[J].林业科技管理,1997(2):19-20
[27]李镇江.榆林沙区水稻高产综合栽培技术研究[A].沙地开发利用国际学术研讨会和全国治水及沙业学会成立大会论文集[C].榆林:榆林地区科学技术协会,1992.146-156
[28]朱震达,陈广庭.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.29-40
[29]慈龙骏.我国荒漠化发生机理与防治对策[J].第四纪研究.1998,(2):97-105
[30]杨伟.陕北沙区综合治理技术措施[J].干旱区研究,1999,16(4):69-71
[31]冯仲云.内蒙古奈曼旗中部地区沙漠化土壤养分动态分析[A].科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究[C].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993.80-87
[32]Jordan WR,Gilpin J D,Aber J D,et al.Restoration ecology:A synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge University Press,1987
[33]Hobbs R J. Towards a conceptual framework of restoration ecology. Restoration ecology,1996,4(2):93-110
[34]朱震达,刘恕.中国的沙漠化及其治理[M].北京:科技出版社.1989:47-48
[35]郭美兰.水稻沙地种植技术[J].内蒙古林业,2004,(4):30-30
[36]古丽巴哈,古力努尔.水稻品种比较试验[J].新疆农业科技,1997,(3):30-30
[37]明道绪.田间试验与统计分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.107-109
[38]徐润邑.宁夏晚熟水稻品种比较试验[J].种子,2004,(1):72-74
[39]佟立杰,张凤娟.水稻品种比较试验[J].农村科学实验,2004(3):15-15
[40]宋豫秦,张力小,曹淑艳.科尔沁沙地衬膜与滩涂水稻主要营养元素分析[J]中国沙漠,2000,(S1)78-79
[41]张雄,山颖,张继平,等.沙地衬膜水稻施肥效应与技术研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(1):139-142
[42]叶庆忠,张鹏翔,高翔,等.水稻全程地膜节水栽培技术试验研究报告[R].榆林:2000
[43]赵辉,沈传明.水稻节水栽培效益和节水灌溉技术[J].河南气象,2006,(3):61--62
[44]潘学渊,陈晓飞.不同节水措施对水田生态环境的影响研究[J].科技导报,2006,(4):59-63
[45]初江.水稻节水少耕栽培技术项目效益分析[J].农业机械学报,2006,(5):169-170
[46]李凤霞,张学艺,袁海燕,等.宁夏引黄灌区水稻节水灌溉生产效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):46-50
[47]冯仲云.沙地种稻技术[M].兰州沙漠研究所.1997.1-25
[48]黄东红,周铭诚,沈志刚,等.浅谈培育水稻壮秧的六个技术环节[J].农业装备技术,2004,30(2):19-19
[49]姜永红等.水稻早育无盘抛秧高产载培技术.现代农业科技.2006(4):22-23
[50]历农.绿色水稻插秧及田间管理[J].农业科学实验,2006(5):10-10
[51]王淑珍.北方寒冷稻区水稻育苗技术要点[J].农村科学实验,2001,(3):9-9
[52]胡秀芳,张敏,王雁来.高产水稻育苗技术要点[J].垦殖与稻作,2004,(6):27-28
[53]李晓平,宁爽.水稻育苗技术要点[J].吉林农业,2006(4):16-17
[54]徐宏富.植物保护学[M].北京:高教出版社,2004.118-120
[55]何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊.我国水稻病虫害防治技术研究现状及发展策略[J]. 西南农业学报,2004,17(1):110-114
[56]钟以兵.水稻病虫害综合防治[J].现代农业科技,2005,(7):30-30
[57]张学道.水稻病虫害防治技术[J].现代农业科技,2006,(03s):37-38,49
[58]朱俊凤,朱震达.中国沙漠化防治[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1999. 169-170,194-198
[59]尚康乾.引水拉沙造田技术[A].沙地开发利用国际学术研讨会和全国治水及沙业学会成立大会论文集[C].榆林:榆林地区科学技术协会,1992.103-109
[60]陕西省榆林地区治沙所.沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术规程[R].榆林: 陕西省榆林地区治沙所,1998.1-14
[61]李镇江.沙区水稻早育稀植技术探讨[A].榆林地区农业科技资料汇编(4)[C].榆林:榆林地区农业局,1989.139-141
[62]刘晓峰,方萍.合理稀植是实现水稻高产高效的重要途径[J].现代农业科技,2006,(9): 141-141,143
[63]严宗卜.水稻不同栽培方式对产量效益及生育特性的影响[J].种子,2001,(1):71-73
[64]刘江,张士良,薛连秋.无公害水稻栽培技术初探[J].垦殖与稻作,2006,(6):38-39
[65]王寒梅,沈宏彦.无公害水稻栽培技术[J].农业科技通讯,2006,(4):24-25
[66]蒋纪芸.作物栽培学[M].北京:世界图书出版社,1995.82-100
[67]吴光南,邹江存.水稻栽培的理论与技术[M].北京:农业出版社,1987.35-37
[68]张丽娟.有机水稻栽培技术[J].牡丹江师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,(2):24-25
[69]任珺,王辉,周晓雷,等. 沙地衬膜小麦土壤水分动态的研究[J]甘肃农业大学学报,2000, (2):152-156
[70]吴行一,孔少林.关于菲律宾、泰国水稻病虫害防治情况的考察报告[J].安徽农业科学,2002, 30(5):703-705,719
[71]于成宝.水稻病虫害总体防治技术[J].现代农业科技,2006,(08X):55-55
[72]刘翠英等.榆林沙区水稻节水控灌.陕西农业:2000(5):13-15
[73]王永桢,刘千枝,宋汉国.景电二期灌区沙地衬膜技术规程与经济效益核算[J]甘肃林业科技, 2000,(02):47-49
[74]宋云民,周泽福,党宏忠.北方半干旱沙地植被建设中节水技术的应用研究进展2006.(03):23-25
[2]杨朝飞.中国生态危机的挑战与思考[J].中国环境管理.1998,(1):7-10
[3]杨素哲,高峰,齐凯新.西部地区农业水资源利用与节水农业问题研究.中国水利学会2000学术年会论文集,2001.281-285
[4]宋豫秦,张力小,曹淑艳.科尔沁沙地衬膜与滩涂水稻主要营养元素分析[J].中国沙漠,2000,20 (增刊 1):73-76
[5]王英鸽,井维廷.推广衬膜水稻是治理开发荒漠的有效途径[J].国土绿化,1998,(5):15-16
[6]严宗卜.美国水稻生产概况[J].种子,2001,(1):71-73
[7]金京德,张三元.浅谈日本水稻生产概况及吉林省水稻生产发展方向[J].吉林农业科学,2000.25(5):18-22
[8]蔡明,刘国权.澳大利亚水稻生产现状与发展趋势[J].现代化农业,2005,(2):4-5
[9]杨义群.回归设计及多元分析在农业上的应用[M].杨凌:天则出版社,1990.55-59
[10]蔡洪法.我国水稻生产现状与发展展望[J].中国稻米,2006,(6):5-8
[11]许迪,康绍忠.现代节水农业技术研究进展与发展趋势.高技术通讯,2002,(12):103-108
[12]松岛省三.水稻栽培新技术[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1987
[13]程道远.流沙地带铺设沥青底层防渗试验报告[J].中国沙漠,1986,6(2):52-56
[14]黄崇文,严哲洙.沙地衬膜水稻栽培研究[J].干旱区研究,1999,16(4):69-71
[15]竺可桢.变沙漠为绿洲[A].竺可桢文集[C ].北京:科学出版社, 1979
[16]侯仁之.敦煌县南湖绿洲沙漠化监测[J].中国沙漠,1981,1(1):13—20
[17]王贵平.向沙漠要粮已梦想成真-沙地衬膜种稻技术[J]现代农业,1995,(10):17-18
[18]朱震达,刘恕.中国北方地区的沙漠化过程及其治理区划[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1981: 83
[19]朱震达.全球变化与荒漠化[J].地学前缘,1997,(4):1-2
[20]廖汝棠,张文军.毛乌素流动沙地植物的水分关系与适宜种植规模.内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3): 22-23
[21]陕西省榆林地区治沙研究所.毛乌素沙地榆林沙区立地分类评价和适地适树的研究[M].榆林:榆林报社,1991.7-44
[22]杨忠信,胡宏飞,王有跺.榆林沙区生态农业优化模式的研究[J].陕西林业科技,1998(3):6-8
[23]贾宝全,张红旗,张志强,等.甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究.生态学报,2003,23(7): 1442-1448
[24]李守中,肖洪浪,宋耀选,等.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用.中国沙漠,2002,22(6): 612-616
[25]蒲庸昌,韩天宝.固定沙地的水分状况与沙地造林[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(增刊 1):34-40
[26]刘新民,严哲株,赵哈林,等.沙地种稻技术[J].林业科技管理,1997(2):19-20
[27]李镇江.榆林沙区水稻高产综合栽培技术研究[A].沙地开发利用国际学术研讨会和全国治水及沙业学会成立大会论文集[C].榆林:榆林地区科学技术协会,1992.146-156
[28]朱震达,陈广庭.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.29-40
[29]慈龙骏.我国荒漠化发生机理与防治对策[J].第四纪研究.1998,(2):97-105
[30]杨伟.陕北沙区综合治理技术措施[J].干旱区研究,1999,16(4):69-71
[31]冯仲云.内蒙古奈曼旗中部地区沙漠化土壤养分动态分析[A].科尔沁沙地生态环境综合整治研究[C].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993.80-87
[32]Jordan WR,Gilpin J D,Aber J D,et al.Restoration ecology:A synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge University Press,1987
[33]Hobbs R J. Towards a conceptual framework of restoration ecology. Restoration ecology,1996,4(2):93-110
[34]朱震达,刘恕.中国的沙漠化及其治理[M].北京:科技出版社.1989:47-48
[35]郭美兰.水稻沙地种植技术[J].内蒙古林业,2004,(4):30-30
[36]古丽巴哈,古力努尔.水稻品种比较试验[J].新疆农业科技,1997,(3):30-30
[37]明道绪.田间试验与统计分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.107-109
[38]徐润邑.宁夏晚熟水稻品种比较试验[J].种子,2004,(1):72-74
[39]佟立杰,张凤娟.水稻品种比较试验[J].农村科学实验,2004(3):15-15
[40]宋豫秦,张力小,曹淑艳.科尔沁沙地衬膜与滩涂水稻主要营养元素分析[J]中国沙漠,2000,(S1)78-79
[41]张雄,山颖,张继平,等.沙地衬膜水稻施肥效应与技术研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(1):139-142
[42]叶庆忠,张鹏翔,高翔,等.水稻全程地膜节水栽培技术试验研究报告[R].榆林:2000
[43]赵辉,沈传明.水稻节水栽培效益和节水灌溉技术[J].河南气象,2006,(3):61--62
[44]潘学渊,陈晓飞.不同节水措施对水田生态环境的影响研究[J].科技导报,2006,(4):59-63
[45]初江.水稻节水少耕栽培技术项目效益分析[J].农业机械学报,2006,(5):169-170
[46]李凤霞,张学艺,袁海燕,等.宁夏引黄灌区水稻节水灌溉生产效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):46-50
[47]冯仲云.沙地种稻技术[M].兰州沙漠研究所.1997.1-25
[48]黄东红,周铭诚,沈志刚,等.浅谈培育水稻壮秧的六个技术环节[J].农业装备技术,2004,30(2):19-19
[49]姜永红等.水稻早育无盘抛秧高产载培技术.现代农业科技.2006(4):22-23
[50]历农.绿色水稻插秧及田间管理[J].农业科学实验,2006(5):10-10
[51]王淑珍.北方寒冷稻区水稻育苗技术要点[J].农村科学实验,2001,(3):9-9
[52]胡秀芳,张敏,王雁来.高产水稻育苗技术要点[J].垦殖与稻作,2004,(6):27-28
[53]李晓平,宁爽.水稻育苗技术要点[J].吉林农业,2006(4):16-17
[54]徐宏富.植物保护学[M].北京:高教出版社,2004.118-120
[55]何忠全,张志涛,陈志谊.我国水稻病虫害防治技术研究现状及发展策略[J]. 西南农业学报,2004,17(1):110-114
[56]钟以兵.水稻病虫害综合防治[J].现代农业科技,2005,(7):30-30
[57]张学道.水稻病虫害防治技术[J].现代农业科技,2006,(03s):37-38,49
[58]朱俊凤,朱震达.中国沙漠化防治[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1999. 169-170,194-198
[59]尚康乾.引水拉沙造田技术[A].沙地开发利用国际学术研讨会和全国治水及沙业学会成立大会论文集[C].榆林:榆林地区科学技术协会,1992.103-109
[60]陕西省榆林地区治沙所.沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术规程[R].榆林: 陕西省榆林地区治沙所,1998.1-14
[61]李镇江.沙区水稻早育稀植技术探讨[A].榆林地区农业科技资料汇编(4)[C].榆林:榆林地区农业局,1989.139-141
[62]刘晓峰,方萍.合理稀植是实现水稻高产高效的重要途径[J].现代农业科技,2006,(9): 141-141,143
[63]严宗卜.水稻不同栽培方式对产量效益及生育特性的影响[J].种子,2001,(1):71-73
[64]刘江,张士良,薛连秋.无公害水稻栽培技术初探[J].垦殖与稻作,2006,(6):38-39
[65]王寒梅,沈宏彦.无公害水稻栽培技术[J].农业科技通讯,2006,(4):24-25
[66]蒋纪芸.作物栽培学[M].北京:世界图书出版社,1995.82-100
[67]吴光南,邹江存.水稻栽培的理论与技术[M].北京:农业出版社,1987.35-37
[68]张丽娟.有机水稻栽培技术[J].牡丹江师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,(2):24-25
[69]任珺,王辉,周晓雷,等. 沙地衬膜小麦土壤水分动态的研究[J]甘肃农业大学学报,2000, (2):152-156
[70]吴行一,孔少林.关于菲律宾、泰国水稻病虫害防治情况的考察报告[J].安徽农业科学,2002, 30(5):703-705,719
[71]于成宝.水稻病虫害总体防治技术[J].现代农业科技,2006,(08X):55-55
[72]刘翠英等.榆林沙区水稻节水控灌.陕西农业:2000(5):13-15
[73]王永桢,刘千枝,宋汉国.景电二期灌区沙地衬膜技术规程与经济效益核算[J]甘肃林业科技, 2000,(02):47-49
[74]宋云民,周泽福,党宏忠.北方半干旱沙地植被建设中节水技术的应用研究进展2006.(03):23-25